Schema Changes Research Articles

Should Global Brands Engage in Brand Activism?

Brand activism, taking a stance on current and divisive sociopolitical issues, has emerged as a novel means of expressing a brand's values and engaging with the firm's customer base. Yet, globally, companies lack conclusive guidance on the consequences of taking a stance. This research asks a novel question: Should global brands engage in activism? Using varying activism manipulations (e.g., statements and actions), five studies reveal consumer preference for activist global brands. More importantly, guided by schema change theory, the authors find that the positive brand activism effect is particularly strong for global brands associated with negative brand origin, irrespective of consumers’ prior attitude valence. However, brands with positive origin associations benefit from activism only when consumers’ prior attitude valence is in alignment. The authors also identify the mediating effects of self–brand connection, which has downstream consequences for behavioral intentions. Taken together, this work sheds new light on consumer perceptions of brand activism across cultures, elucidates why consumers prefer global brands that engage in activism, and offers actionable insights for global brand managers.

NoSQL document data migration strategy in the context of schema evolution

In Agile development, one approach cannot be chosen and used all the time. Constant updates and strategy changes are necessary. We want to show that combining several migration strategies is better than choosing only one. Also, we emphasize the need to consider the type of schema change. This paper introduces a novel approach designed to optimize the migration process for NoSQL databases. The approach represents a significant advancement in migration strategy planning, providing a quantitative framework to guide decision-making. By incorporating critical factors such as schema changes, database size, the necessity of data in search functionalities, and potential latency issues, the approach comprehensively evaluates the migration feasibility and identifies the optimal migration path. Unlike existing methodologies, this approach adapts to the dynamic nature of NoSQL databases, offering a scalable and flexible approach to migration planning.

Experiencing an Elongated Limb in Virtual Reality Modifies the Tactile Distance Perception of the Corresponding Real Limb.

In measurement, a reference frame is needed to compare the measured object to something already known. This raises the neuroscientific question of which reference frame is used by humans when exploring the environment. Previous studies suggested that, in touch, the body employed as measuring tool also serves as reference frame. Indeed, an artificial modification of the perceived dimensions of the body changes the tactile perception of external object dimensions. However, it is unknown if such a change in tactile perception would occur when the body schema is modified through the illusion of owning a limb altered in size. Therefore, employing a virtual hand illusion paradigm with an elongated forearm of different lengths, we systematically tested the subjective perception of distance between two points [tactile distance perception (TDP) task] on the corresponding real forearm following the illusion. Thus, the TDP task is used as a proxy to gauge changes in the body schema. Embodiment of the virtual arm was found significantly greater after the synchronous visuotactile stimulation condition compared with the asynchronous one, and the forearm elongation significantly increased the TDP. However, we did not find any link between the visuotactile-induced ownership over the elongated arm and TDP variation, suggesting that vision plays the main role in the modification of the body schema. Additionally, significant effect of elongation found on TDP but not on proprioception suggests that these are affected differently by body schema modifications. These findings confirm the body schema malleability and its role as a reference frame in touch.

Studying EFL Teachers' Philosophy of ESP Teaching: Zooming on the Tunisian Higher Education Context

Despite the expanding data streamon the importance of ESP teaching in EFL education worldwide, relatively little attention has been paid to the EFL teachers’ beliefs and understanding about the pedagogy related to ESP. In the Tunisian context, there are some calls to focus on this particular concern to boost practitioners' awareness and professional development. Thus, this exploratory study focused on tracing EFL teachers’ philosophy of teaching ESP in the tertiary Tunisian system. to identify their previous knowledge and experience. The data was gathered over a period of two months. Data analysis provided support for the challenges faced by the teachers in approaching ESP teaching that parallel the ones found in the literature on teacher change and teacher cognition. In light of the findings, the researcher recommends that ESP teacher educators focus on adopting a reflective model of training in order to boost teacher development and schema change in relation to the existing challenges identified in this study.

Group schema therapy: the temporal relationship between early maladaptive schemas and global psychological distress

Objective: Schema therapy is an effective treatment for personality disorders (PDs). The theory of schema therapy assumes that the decrease of global psychological distress is mediated by change in Early Maladaptive Schemas. The few studies that have investigated a temporal relationship have produced contradictory results. This study examined the temporal relationship between changes in Early Maladaptive Schemas and global psychological distress in Group Schema Therapy (GST) for patients with personality disorders. Method: Assessments were made of 115 patients at baseline, after 20, 40 and after 60 sessions of treatment. We used the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) to measure the severity of Early Maladaptive Schemas and the Symptom Check List-90 Revisited (SCL-90R) to measure global psychological distress. Linear mixed model analyzes were used to examine the temporal relationship between the initial phase (0–20 and 0–40 sessions) and the later phase (40–60 sessions). Results: Change in Early Maladaptive Schemas does not precede change in global psychological distress. Conversely, global psychological distress does not precede change in Early Maladaptive Schemas; the improvement in both indicators is concurrent. Conclusion: In this study, we could not confirm that the decrease of Early Maladaptive Schemas precedes decrease of global psychological distress. We found a concurrent relationship.

3D MODELING OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURES ACCORDING TO CITYGML 3.0 AND ITS CITYJSON ENCODING

Abstract. This study proposes a systematic approach for standardized 3D modeling of road infrastructures based on CityGML 3.0 and its CityJSON encoding. The approach involves generating a LoD2 3D model of the road infrastructure based on a semi-automatic extraction of linear features from mobile mapping LiDAR data. This enables geometric and semantic modeling of the roads. A codification system is proposed to assign predefined codes to each linear feature, allowing each section and intersection and each road surface to be modeled separately. The resulting model is converted to a CityJSON file, stored in a document-oriented database and visualized through a web application. The proposed approach provides a cost-effective alternative to traditional manual modeling methods while maintaining a high level of accuracy and consistency. It also considers the validation of data schema and geometric primitives to ensure that any non-conformity with CityJSON schemas, and any topological and/or geometric errors can be detected and then corrected. This is important since schema changes in new versions of CityJSON can result in compatibility issues, while geometric and topological errors can affect the accuracy of 3D models and ultimately lead to inaccurate simulation outcomes or analysis results.

Benchmarking Whole Knowledge Graph Embedding Techniques

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) are gaining popularity and are being widely used in a plethora of applications. They owe their popularity to the fact that KGs are an ideal form to integrate and retrieve data originating from various sources. Using KGs as input for Machine Learning (ML) tasks allows to perform predictions on these popular graph structures. However, KGs cannot directly be used as ML input in their graph representation, they first require to be transformed to a vector space representation through an embedding technique. As ML techniques are data-driven, they can generalize over unseen input data that deviates to some extent from the data they were trained upon. To fully exploit the generalization capabilities of ML algorithms when using embedded KGs as input, small changes in the KGs should also result in small changes in the embedding space. Various embedding techniques for graphs in general exist, however, they have not been tailored towards embedding whole KGs, while KGs can be considered a special kind of graph that adheres to a certain KG schema. This paper evaluates if these existing embedding techniques that embed the whole graphs can represent the similarity between KGs in their embedding space, allowing ML algorithms to generalize over their input. We compare the similarities between KGs in terms of changes in size, entity labels, and KG schema. We found that most techniques were able to represent the similarities in terms of size and entity labels in their embedding space, however, none of the techniques were able to capture the similarities in KG schema.

When Business Model Innovation Creates Value for Companies: A Meta‐Analysis on Institutional Contingencies

AbstractUsing a meta‐analysis based on 147 primary studies from 27 countries, we synthesize extant knowledge on the relationship between business model innovation (BMI) and firm performance. Our results show that the positive BMI‐firm performance relationship is robust across various conceptualizations of and measures for BMI. Building on prior research suggesting that not all companies benefit equally from engaging in BMI, we set out to study important institutional‐level contingencies for the BMI‐performance relationship. We build on the institution‐based view as theoretical perspective and combine it with insights from the innovation literature to theorize that the magnitude of the positive effect of BMI on firm performance depends on institutional contingencies, specifically national culture and pro‐market institutions, because these national institutions affect BMI‐driven organizational learning processes. Specifically, we argue and show that the positive relationship between BMI and performance is weaker in countries characterized by high levels of masculinity and individualism, and stronger in countries characterized by high levels of customer orientation, economic freedom, and education. Besides the country‐level contingencies, the inclusion of various control variables in our meta‐analysis also reveals that, even if located in the same institutional environment, start‐up firms benefit more from BMI than mature firms and that there are no observable differences regarding BMI benefits among different industries. Moreover, a nuanced analysis shows that the positive effect on performance is stronger when BMI rely on changes in cognitive schemas compared to BMI that are of more technical nature.

Emergence of sense of body ownership but not agency during virtual tool-use training is associated with an altered body schema

In this study we examined if training with a virtual tool in augmented reality (AR) affects the emergence of ownership and agency over the tool and whether this relates to changes in body schema (BS). 34 young adults learned controlling a virtual gripper to grasp a virtual object. In the visuo-tactile (VT) but not the vision-only (V) condition, vibro-tactile feedback was applied to the palm, thumb and index fingers through a CyberTouch II glove when the tool touched the object. Changes in the forearm BS were assessed with a tactile distance judgement task (TDJ) where participants judged distances between two tactile stimuli applied to their right forearm either in proximodistal or mediolateral orientation. Participants further rated their perceived ownership and agency after training. TDJ estimation errors were reduced after training for proximodistal orientations, suggesting that stimuli oriented along the arm axis were perceived as closer together. Higher ratings for ownership were associated with increasing performance level and more BS plasticity, i.e., stronger reduction in TDJ estimation error, and after training in the VT as compared to the V feedback condition, respectively. Agency over the tool was achieved independent of BS plasticity. We conclude that the emergence of a sense of ownership but not agency depends on performance level and the integration of the virtual tool into the arm representation.

ANALISA PERBANDINGAN TINGKAT EFISIENSI ALGORITMA DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE COPY, INPLACE, INSTANT DATABASE MYSQL

<p><em>MySQL database schema changes are becoming more frequent than ever, Four out of five application updates (releases) require appropriate database changes, For Database schema changes are more often a repetitive task, it may be a request from the application team to add or modify a column in a table and many cases other. This study aims to measure the level of time efficiency to modify the sales transaction table schema which consists of 50000 number of records in the MySQL database with the Data Definition Language (DDL) Copy, Inplace and Instant algorithm on the MySQL database.</em><em></em></p>

Neurocognitive Model of Schema-Congruent and -Incongruent Learning in Clinical Disorders: Application to Social Anxiety and Beyond

Negative schemas lie at the core of many common and debilitating mental disorders. Thus, intervention scientists and clinicians have long recognized the importance of designing effective interventions that target schema change. Here, we suggest that the optimal development and administration of such interventions can benefit from a framework outlining how schema change occurs in the brain. Guided by basic neuroscientific findings, we provide a memory-based neurocognitive framework for conceptualizing how schemas emerge and change over time and how they can be modified during psychological treatment of clinical disorders. We highlight the critical roles of the hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and posterior neocortex in directing schema-congruent and -incongruent learning (SCIL) in the interactive neural network that comprises the autobiographical memory system. We then use this framework, which we call the SCIL model, to derive new insights about the optimal design features of clinical interventions that aim to strengthen or weaken schema-based knowledge through the core processes of episodic mental simulation and prediction error. Finally, we examine clinical applications of the SCIL model to schema-change interventions in psychotherapy and provide cognitive-behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder as an illustrative example.

Enabling schema-independent data retrieval queries in MongoDB

NoSQL databases are designed to allow data to be stored without a fixed schema. In this scenario, writing data access code (queries and associated code) is challenging for two main reasons: (i) the query developer needs to know all details regarding the logical/physical schema; (ii) whenever the schema needs to change, all queries need to be rewritten. The literature presents some solutions to mitigate these challenges by making queries independent from the schema, but they are either restricted to simple queries or depend on a prescribed schema. In this paper, we propose a solution based on conceptual data modeling and code generation to enable the writing of complex data retrieval queries in a document-oriented database, independent from the logical/physical schema. We created a language for a classic ER algebra, with a concrete syntax and generative operational semantics targeting MongoDB. Based on the ideas of model management, the generative semantics uses a model that establishes the mapping between entities, relationships and document collections. From a single ER-based data retrieval query, native query code is automatically generated for any logical/physical schema. Additionally, the resulting data structure produced by the generated code is always the same. Tests show that our implementation produces consistent results. Also, we show that our solution is able to obtain up to 500% gains in throughput and response time by simply changing the schema, without modifying the queries. Our solution requires a little extra effort from the database designer, to create the mapping, but makes the job of the query developer easier. It also results in more flexibility. Whenever the schema changes, only the mapping needs to be updated, not the queries.

Online schema evolution is (almost) free for snapshot databases

Modern database applications often change their schemas to keep up with the changing requirements. However, support for online and transactional schema evolution remains challenging in existing database systems. Specifically, prior work often takes ad hoc approaches to schema evolution with "patches" applied to existing systems, leading to many corner cases and often incomplete functionality. Applications therefore often have to carefully schedule downtimes for schema changes, sacrificing availability. This paper presents Tesseract, a new approach to online and transactional schema evolution without the aforementioned drawbacks. We design Tesseract based on a key observation: in widely used multi-versioned database systems, schema evolution can be modeled as data modification operations that change the entire table, i.e., data-definition-as-modification (DDaM). This allows us to support schema almost "for free" by leveraging the concurrency control protocol. By simple tweaks to existing snapshot isolation protocols, on a 40-core server we show that under a variety of workloads, Tesseract is able to provide online, transactional schema evolution without service downtime, and retain high application performance when schema evolution is in progress.

Business Models for Sustainable Technology: Strategic Re-Framing and Business Model Schema Change in Internal Corporate Venturing

Established firms often develop new businesses through internal corporate venturing (ICV), for instance, to capture value from novel sustainable technologies. We illuminate the early definition stage of ICV’s by asking: When and how business model schemas—that is, managerial understandings of how value is created and captured— change in ICV? We conduct a qualitative, embedded case study of the change in a business model schema for e-mobility in a Swiss utility’s ICV. We uncover a key trigger: strategic re-framing—the active re-formulation of the definition of a given situation within ICV–top manager interactions. The strategic re-framing’s specificity level provokes either schema restrictions or expansions via the distinct accommodation practices it induces. Our theoretical model of business model schema change contributes to the literatures on managerial cognition, business models, and ICV, suggesting that business model schema change in ICV is a semi-autonomous process that involves both independent and joint endeavors.

Does Cognitive Therapy Change the Early Maladaptive Schemas in Individuals with Alcohol Dependence? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Although early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) have been suggested as potential vulnerability markers for alcohol dependence (AD), there is less emphasis on addressing these schemas in substance abuse treatment programs. We thus aimed to examine the change in schemas in response to cognitive therapy in individuals with AD. In this an open-label randomized controlled study, individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS, n = 84) were randomized to the intervention group (n = 45), which received six cognitive therapy sessions combined with treatment as usual (TAU), or the control group (n = 39), which was on TAU only. Participants were assessed on the measures of EMSs, alcohol use severity, and perceived stress at baseline and posttreatment. The intervention group showed significant improvement in 5 out of 18 EMSs, that is, emotional deprivation, defectiveness, self-sacrifice, unrelenting standard, and negativity, compared to the control group, at the end of the treatment. There was a significant between-group effect for perceived stress but not for alcohol use severity. EMSs can be changed with cognitive therapy in individuals with AD and could be a crucial area to address in treatment programs. Further studies with long-term follow-up are warranted. The trial was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2015/12/006441) on December 17, 2015.

Bao

Recent efforts applying machine learning techniques to query optimization have shown few practical gains due to substantive training overhead, inability to adapt to changes, and poor tail performance. Motivated by these difficulties, we introduce Bao (the Bandit optimizer). Bao takes advantage of the wisdom built into existing query optimizers by providing per-query optimization hints. Bao combines modern tree convolutional neural networks with Thompson sampling, a well-studied reinforcement learning algorithm. As a result, Bao automatically learns from its mistakes and adapts to changes in query workloads, data, and schema. Experimentally, we demonstrate that Bao can quickly learn strategies that improve end-to-end query execution performance, including tail latency, for several workloads containing longrunning queries. In cloud environments, we show that Bao can offer both reduced costs and better performance compared with a commercial system.

Adaptive Body Schema Learning System Considering Additional Muscles for Musculoskeletal Humanoids

One of the important advantages of musculoskeletal humanoids is that the muscle arrangement can be easily changed and the number of muscles can be increased according to the situation. In this study, we describe an overall system of muscle addition for musculoskeletal humanoids and the adaptive body schema learning while taking into account the additional muscles. For hardware, we describe a modular body design that can be fitted with additional muscles, and for software, we describe a method that can learn the changes in body schema associated with additional muscles from a small amount of motion data. We apply our method to a simple 1-DOF tendon-driven robot simulation and the arm of the musculoskeletal humanoid Musashi, and show the effectiveness of muscle tension relaxation by adding muscles for a high-load task.

Investigating the role of risk perception in place-based responses: case studies of the 2003 Bam and 2017 Ezgeleh-Sarpol Zahab earthquakes

Purpose The purpose of this study is to clarify changes in people-place interrelationship and hidden layers of survivors psychological challenges in the reconstructed housing environment, the 2003 Bam and 2017 Ezgeleh-Sarpol Zahab earthquakes occurred in Iran, because perception of earthquake risk in residential dwellings and traumatic experiences during and after its occurrence are among stressful events making communities face with various spectrum of emotional and cognitive consequences. Such events shape memory “traumascapes” and cause changes in mental schemas and as a result, altering decisions and behavioral responses in long-term familiar environments. Because, in the disaster-affected communities, psychological recovery will be greatly influenced by residential experiences. Design/methodology/approach The current research was performed with a qualitative and multicase study design, and data were collected using deep and semistructured private interviews and discussions in focus groups with participation of 33 people by narrative technique. Findings According to findings, people are facing enduring cognitive disruptions regarding home concept and its location as a safe and secure paradigm. Findings showed that there are a considerable amount of behavioral responses and emotional consequences in the form of protective behaviors, severe sensitivity to environmental stimuli, fears, phobias in residential dwellings and disturbances in place attachments. Originality/value It is noteworthy that despite all time and place differences, the two studied communities had significant similarities in earthquake traumatic experiences and perceptions and also resulting conscious and subconscious responses.

Acceptability and mechanisms of change associated with group cognitive behavioural therapy using the Recovering from Childhood Abuse Programme among women with CPTSD: a qualitative analysis

AbstractSurvivors of childhood trauma are at increased risk of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). The Recovering from Child Abuse Programme (RCAP) is a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) group promoting adaptive coping strategies which may help overcome CPTSD symptoms in adult survivors of childhood trauma. We sought to explore patient experiences of factors influencing treatment acceptability and potential mechanisms of therapeutic change in a sample of participants in the RCAP programme. As the group was delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic, necessitating a transition to remote therapy, we further aimed to capture experiences of the transition to telehealth delivery of the programme. A naturalistic sample of 10 women with CPTSD attending a specialist out-patient psychological trauma service participated in the study. Therapy sessions were recorded, transcribed verbatim and group members completed written feedback forms following each session. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the written feedback and transcripts. The RCAP was acceptable to group members and several themes were identified related to the experience of change in the group. Key themes centred on group solidarity; safety in the psychotherapeutic process; schema changes related to the self, others and future catalysed by the shifting of self-blame; increased emotional regulation to feel safer in the present; and increased future optimism. Therapeutic progress continued following the transition to telehealth, although face-to-face delivery was generally preferred. The programme was acceptable and led to cognitive change, enabling increased emotional regulation in the present and improved self-concept, thereby addressing key symptoms of CPTSD.Key learning aims(1)To identify potential mechanisms of therapeutic change related to participation in the Recovery from Childhood Abuse group CBT intervention.(2)To understand factors influencing acceptability of the group intervention among women with CPTSD to childhood sexual abuse.

Painting as a Modern Art in Early Renaissance Italy by Robert Brennan

Reviewed by: Painting as a Modern Art in Early Renaissance Italy by Robert Brennan Esther Theiler Brennan, Robert, Painting as a Modern Art in Early Renaissance Italy (Renovatio Artium, 3), Turnhout, Brepols, 2019; hardback; pp. 366; 11 b/w, 115 colour illustrations, 1 b/w table; R.R.P. €125.00; ISBN 9781912554003. This is a fabulous read that, while not exhausting its overarching theme—what constitutes modernity in painting in the early Renaissance—certainly exhausts its chosen textual examples through minute, focused analysis and multiple tangential excursions. The book comprises an essay into a concept of modernity that acknowledges the relativity and complexity of the term, its evanescent nature. Robert Brennan structures his argument around statements from fourteenth-century writers Cennino Cennini and Franco Sacchetti, and Michele Savonarola of the fifteenth century. The approach is primarily textual and philological. Brennan retrieves the cultural context in which these views were current and examines their reception. Giorgio Vasari's description of Giotto in his Lives of the Artists provides the hinge—that 'the modern' was revived by Giotto, who 'banished completely that rude Greek manner' (p. 6). In Chapter 1, Cennini's comment from his Libro dell'arte that Giotto 'changed the art of painting from Greek into Latin, and made it modern, and had the art more complete that anyone since', is examined (p. 17). Brennan analyses each of these phrases—what comprises 'the art of painting', what this progress 'from Greek into Latin' entails, what was Cennini's concept of modernization, and what 'complete' means. The author draws on multiple sources to illuminate this change and concludes that it is the scientific basis on which Giotto placed his art that 'made it modern'. Chapter 2 draws on Sacchetti's Trecentonovelle of the 1390s. During a discussion among Florentine artists about the decay of painting, the question is asked 'Which master of painting was the greatest of all, aside from Giotto?' (p. 93). The sculptor Alberto contends that the greatest artists are the ladies of Florence, whose application of cosmetics 'could make white out of black' or make a pale figure resemble a rose (p. 9). The ambiguity in the chapter is that this 'retouching' of a God-given figure, here considered frivolous, is made to also comment on contemporary painting. After Giotto, who brought 'the art into conformity with nature' (p. 102), advancement was meant to be towards an art that enables the practitioner to 'restore things where nature is deficient'. This leads to a discussion of the emulation of nature, the concept of beauty, and the effects of fashion. Changes are driven by ideas of beauty, for instance replacing the 'yellow' skin of Byzantine figures with a more attractive pink and white, or incorporating contemporary modes of dress (p. 162). When the author moves into visual analysis there are some beautifully navigated passages, for instance on the representation of head coverings (pp. 133–47). Sacchetti's ironic and implicitly critical comment on how far fashion and cosmetics, both in people and paintings, takes art from its foundations is not entirely resolved, as reflected in the final [End Page 154] sentence of the chapter, suggesting that Sacchetti could only 'faintly recognize the power dynamics' driving change (p. 180). In the third chapter, the author jumps to the 1440s and the physician Michele Savonarola, who, writing about the 'ideal canon of human proportion', laments the failure of painters to adhere to this classical ideal, relying too much on their imaginative perceptions (p. 183). This included Giotto, who, nevertheless, 'first modernized ancient and mosaic figures' (p. 181). The rational application of proportion, light (perspective), and colour theory produces beauty. A relative version of modernity is tucked into the discourse—the modern apprehended as 'of the now', 'ephemeral', prone to decay and dissolution (p. 215). Visual analyses offer welcome demonstrations of changes in facial schemas, such as the leap from the stylized 'V' between eyebrows, and oblong eye pouches, to more realistic representations. This movement is attributed to classicizing and rationalizing impulses to correct defects in the prototype, remaking the icon in the guise of reality and producing a version of beauty that was more appealing to a contemporary audience. It is...