Schema-based Approach Research Articles

Schema-Based Approach in Teaching Literature

Schema-Based Approach in Teaching Literature

Strategy as learning in multi-academy trusts in England: strategic thinking in action

ABSTRACT Multi-academy trusts are groups of schools in England led by an Executive Head Teacher and a Board of Trustees. High profile failures of these organisations raise questions over the way they are strategically led. Leadership studies argue that the absence of strategic thinking is a major detractor from performance & sustainability. However, creating strategy for a single organisation is very different to creating it for a collaboration. This article adopts a schema-based approach to examine the ways in leadership boards approach strategy as learning. Drawing on 42 qualitative interviews it asks: What evidence is there that strategy is a learning activity; What organisational implications are there for this? What are the implications of this for Trustee and CEO development in this area? And what theoretical contribution does this study make to what is known about strategy learning in multi-level organisations? The paper concludes that there is evidence to suggest that respondents view strategy as learning, whilst also suggesting areas for professional development for school leaders. From a theoretical perspective, the paper adds to knowledge on the role of metacognition in a strategy as learning approach to strategic decision-making.

Retracted] Schema‐Based Mapping Approach for Data Transformation to Enrich Semantic Web

Modern web wants the data to be in Resource Description Framework (RDF) format, a machine‐readable form that is easy to share and reuse data without human intervention. However, most of the information is still available in relational form. The existing conventional methods transform the data from RDB to RDF using instance‐level mapping, which has not yielded the expected results because of poor mapping. Hence, in this paper, a novel schema‐based RDB‐RDF mapping method (relational database to Resource Description Framework) is proposed, which is an improvised version for transforming the relational database into the Resource Description Framework. It provides both data materialization and on‐demand mapping. RDB‐RDF reduces the data retrieval time for nonprimary key search by using schema‐level mapping. The resultant mapped RDF graph presents the relational database in a conceptual schema and maintains the instance triples as data graph. This mechanism is known as data materialization, which suits well for the static dataset. To get the data in a dynamic environment, query translation (on‐demand mapping) is best instead of whole data conversion. The proposed approach directly converts the SPARQL query into SQL query using the mapping descriptions available in the proposed system. The mapping description is the key component of this proposed system which is responsible for quick data retrieval and query translation. Join expression introduced in the proposed RDB‐RDF mapping method efficiently handles all complex operations with primary and foreign keys. Experimental evaluation is done on the graphics designer database. It is observed from the result that the proposed schema‐based RDB‐RDF mapping method accomplishes more comprehensible mapping than conventional methods by dissolving structural and operational differences.

Age stereotypes in distributed software development: The impact of culture on age-related performance expectations

ContextDue to demographic changes in most developed countries, distributed software development (DSD) teams might suffer new barriers above and beyond the well-known cultural and distance-based challenges. Remarkably, six out of the twelve most important barriers for DSD are related to typical problems induced by both cultural and age diversity. Age stereotypes can hinder communication, trust, knowledge exchange and coordination in software development. They have been studied based on individual level whereas context-related factors such as culture have been less in focus yet. ObjectiveWe examine the effects of national and organizational culture on age stereotypes. Therein we explore the conditions and processes that might increase age stereotypes. MethodWe conducted a quantitative study with 457 employees in two software development companies in China, Germany, Poland and Bulgaria. ResultsResults show a significant bias in performance expectations favoring middle-aged employees over younger and older employees across national cultures. Stereotypes toward older employees are more negative in Eastern Europe and China than in Germany, while stereotypes toward younger employees are more negative in Germany than in China and Eastern Europe. Lower average team age and lower contact frequency foster stereotypes in China and Eastern Europe. Negative stereotypes can be buffered by an organizational culture which values team achievement and trust over individual performance and control. ConclusionsThe study advances the literature by integrating value- and schema-based approaches when examining cultural influences, extending the stereotype content model and the situated dynamics framework. Moreover, it may help finding new solutions for human-related problems in DSD based on intangible barriers that hinder development processes. Companies that use DSD might consider reducing age stereotypes in China and Eastern Europe by intensively increasing contact to older workers, including age stereotype aspects into cultural training or by increasing values of team achievement within their organizational culture.

Using a New Schema Approach with Primary At-Risk Students in Word Problem Solving

This comparative study of two approaches contrasts a schema-based approach to represent a solution approach to solving whole number contextual problems for Grades 2 and 3 with the traditional textbook approach. The participants are 9 to 11-year-old Afghani refugee students enrolled in non-public schools administered by NGO organization in Iran. The subjects have difficulty with grade-level mathematics and have been retained in grade at least one year. Subjects were randomly selected from four classrooms in two schools. The schema-based experimental approach is called the Problem Patterns (PP) approach. Students receiving this instructional approach were taught to break problems into data, units, and desired solution, removing irrelevant information, and make a solution model with manipulatives. Control students followed the traditional classroom approach. All classes were taught by the first researcher. Evaluation results showed the PP students had higher achievement and growth scores than the control students. The results also showed the schema building portion of instruction contributed most to the differences in performance of the experimental groups’ students.

A Schema-Based Approach to Enable Data Integration on the Fly

On-the-fly data integration, i.e. at query time, happens mostly in tightly coupled, homogeneous environments where the partitioning of the data can be controlled or is known in advance. During the process of data fusion, the information is homogenized and data inconsistencies are hidden from the application. Beyond this, we propose in this paper the Nexus metadata model and a processing approach that support on-the-fly data integration in a loosely coupled federation of autonomous data providers, thereby advancing the status quo in terms of flexibility and expressive power. It is able to represent data and schema inconsistencies like multi-valued attributes and multi-typed objects. In an open environment, this best suites the application needs where the data processing infrastructure is not able to decide which attribute value is correct. The Nexus metadata model provides the foundation for integration schemata that are specific to a given application domain. The corresponding processing model provides four complementary query semantics in order to account for the subtleties of multi-valued and missing attributes. In this paper we show that this query semantics is sound, easy to implement, and it builds upon existing query processing techniques. Thus the Nexus metadata model provides a unique level of flexibility for on-the-fly data integration.

Mental representation of brands: a schema-based approach to consumers’ organization of market knowledge

Purpose – This paper aims to review the notion of schemata in consumer behavior, placing particular emphasis on the conceptualization of brand knowledge, and illustrate how schema theory may act as a unifying conceptual framework to study what consumers know about products and brands. Extant research on how consumers conceptualize brands lacks a single, coherent theoretical framework. The literature is fragmented into different approaches that may prevent comparisons across studies and make it difficult to draw conclusive results. Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the central tenets of schema theory and then presents the structure of schematic knowledge and the main typology of consumer schemata. It focuses on the brand schema, delineating its internal properties and drawing analogies with other approaches used to describe consumers’ mental representation of brands. Findings – Schema theory can provide a comprehensive framework to analyze how consumers perceive brand information. A cognitive schema specifies the parameters of knowledge content, discriminates between different types of information and indicates how various pieces of information relate to one another. Importantly, the internal structure of schemata remains stable across conceptual domains, allowing to investigate brand-specific knowledge in different contexts and in conjunction with superordinate and subordinate knowledge structures. Originality/value – This is the first systematic review of the notion of schemata in consumer behavior. It thoroughly describes how schema theory from psychology has been applied in marketing research to describe the organization of market knowledge and illustrates how it may function as an analytical tool.

Executive summary of “Mental representation of brands: a schema-based approach to consumers' organization of market knowledge”

Executive summary of “Mental representation of brands: a schema-based approach to consumers' organization of market knowledge”

Validating the Islamic Orientation Scale with Grade Four Senior High Schools Students and Comparing Its Underlying Factors with Those of Pilgrims of Imam Reza Shrine: A Schema-Based Approach

This study aimed to determine the factors underlying grade four senior high school (G4SHS) students’ Islamic orientation and compare them with those of pilgrims who visited and prayed in Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad, Iran. To this end the 44-sentence Islami...

A constructional approach to transitional formatives

The noun head is commonly found in the second position of many English noun compounds. Typically, noun compounds with head in the right are endocentric formations, that is, composite forms which designate a more specific type of the concept denoted by head (e.g. pinhead). The noun head is also found in a significant number of so called ‘exocentric’ formations with a variety of interconnected meanings (e.g. airhead, acidhead, Potterhead). The different exocentric patterns where head participates raise questions about the grammatical status of this element, which is sometimes analysed as a suffixal element, illustrating the fuzzy boundaries between derivation and compounding. In the linguistic literature there is an extensive debate as to whether processes like this one are to be regarded as cases of grammaticalization or lexicalisation. In this paper it will be proposed that exocentric formations in -head are suitable for an analysis using a schema-based approach in Ryder’s (1994) fashion, or a constructional approach (Booij, 2010a) insofar as new creations arise by analogy with the patterns that can be extracted from existing cases. The different patterns of exocentric formations with head can be conveniently characterized by postulating a hierarchical lexicon with schemas or constructions of different degree of abstraction.

Should we teach using schemas? Evidence from a randomised trial

Schema-based instruction may alter knowledge organisation and diagnostic reasoning strategies through the provision of structured knowledge to novice trainees. The effects of schema-based instruction on diagnostic accuracy and knowledge organisation have not been rigorously tested. Year 2 medical students were randomised to learn four cardiac diagnoses using schema-based instruction (n = 26) or traditional instruction (n = 27) on a high-fidelity cardiopulmonary simulator (CPS). Students completed case-based learning in groups of two to five and underwent individual written and practical tests. The written test consisted of questions testing features that linked or distinguished diagnoses (structured knowledge) and questions testing features of individual diagnoses (factual knowledge). A practical test of diagnostic accuracy on the CPS was performed for two diagnoses present in the learning phase (taught lesions) and two untaught lesions. A majority of students (n = 37, 70%) voluntarily returned for follow-up written testing 2-4 weeks later. Learning time and accuracy did not differ between students on schema-based and those on traditional instruction. Students receiving schema-based instruction performed better on structured knowledge questions (p < 0.001) and no differently on factual knowledge questions (p = 0.7). Relative differences between groups remained unchanged on follow-up testing. Diagnostic success was higher in the schema-based instruction group for taught lesions (mean difference = 38%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 20-56; p < 0.001) and untaught lesions (mean difference = 31%, 95% CI 15-48; p < 0.001). Schema-based instruction was associated with improved retention of structured knowledge and diagnostic performance among novices. This study provides important proof-of-concept for a schema-based approach and suggests there is substantial benefit to using this approach with novice trainees.

Multiple Exponence on Archi Pronouns

In this paper we consider multiple exponence in Archi pronouns. We investigate the morphological structure of pronominal forms with several class markers, and demonstrate how the schema-based approach advocated by Harris (2009) can account for their occurrence. We show that pronominal forms with multiple class markers consist of a number of independent morphemes, each taking a class marker. Finally we show that concord is responsible for obligatory co-occurrence of the morphemes on the sequences of reflexive pronouns in Archi. This paper provides additional arguments for a layered structure of words in languages with multiple exponence based on morphological schemas.

Assessing College Students' Attitudes Toward Responsible Drinking Messages to Identify Promising Binge Drinking Intervention Strategies

Health communication appeals were utilized through a Web site simulation to evaluate the potential effectiveness of 3 intervention approaches to promote responsible drinking among college students. Within the Web site simulation, participants were exposed to a persuasive message designed to represent either the generalized social norms advertising approach (based on others' behavior), the personalized behavioral feedback approach (tailored to the individual's behavior), or the schema-based approach (tailored to the individual's self-schema, or personality). A control group was exposed to a message that was designed to be neutral (it was designed to discourage heavy drinking, but it did not represent any of the previously mentioned approaches). It was hypothesized that the more personalized the message was to the individual, the more favorable college students' attitudes would be toward the responsible drinking message. Participants receiving the more personalized messages did report more favorable attitudes toward the responsible drinking message.

Filtering unsatisfiable XPath queries

The satisfiability test checks, whether or not the evaluation of a query returns the empty set for any input document, and can be used in query optimization for avoiding the submission and the computation of unsatisfiable queries. Thus, applying the satisfiability test before executing a query can save processing time and query costs. We focus on the satisfiability problem for queries formulated in the XML query language XPath, and propose a schema-based approach to the satisfiability test of XPath queries, which checks whether or not an XPath query conforms to the constraints in a given schema. If an XPath query does not conform to the constraints given in the schema, the evaluation of the query will return an empty result for any valid XML document. Thus, the XPath query is unsatisfiable. We present a complexity analysis of our approach, which proves that our approach is efficient for typical cases. We present an experimental analysis of our developed prototype, which shows the optimization potential of avoiding the evaluation of unsatisfiable queries.

CBT for Occupational Stress in Health Professionals. Introducing a Schema-Based Approach

CBT for Occupational Stress in Health Professionals. Introducing a Schema-Based Approach

A context-specific mediating schema approach for information exchange between heterogeneous hospital systems

Secure and seamless exchange of electronic patient-care information among heterogeneous interoperable systems is an important goal for future healthcare information systems. However, fast and efficient exchange of information between heterogeneous healthcare systems is inhibited by the variations in the data models used to define patient-care records, and the prohibitive costs associated with standardisation and software upgrades. In this paper, we analyse the factors impeding the adoption of interoperable healthcare systems and propose the use of a mediating schema-based approach that can enable interoperability and also minimise the impact of the impeding factors. The proposed mechanism uses context-specific mediating schemas for data translation and can enable the seamless exchange of electronic patient-care records between different healthcare systems. Our approach builds on existing technologies and is specifically adapted to the healthcare context. We illustrate the viability of our approach using a scenario relating to pre-hospital to hospital information exchange.

A Context-Specific Mediating Schema Approach for Information Exchange between Heterogeneous Hospital Systems

Secure and seamless exchange of electronic patient care information among heterogeneous interoperable systems is an important goal for future healthcare information systems. However, fast and efficient exchange of information between heterogeneous healthcare systems is inhibited by the variations in the data models used to define patient care records, and the prohibitive costs associated with standardization and software upgrades. In this paper, we analyze the factors impeding the adoption of interoperable healthcare systems and propose the use of a mediating schema-based approach that can enable interoperability and also minimizes the impact of the factors impeding factors. The proposed mechanism uses context specific mediating schemas for data translation and can enable the seamless exchange of electronic patient care records between different healthcare systems. Our approach builds on existing technologies and is specifically adapted to the healthcare context. We illustrate the viability of our approach using a scenario relating to pre-hospital to hospital information exchange.

Making constraints positional: toward a compositional model of C on

In Optimality Theory, the phonological grammar of each language is a particular ranking of a set of constraints C on [Prince and Smolensky, Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Unpublished manuscript, Rutgers University and University of Colorado, Boulder. Rutgers Optimality Archive ( http://roa.rutgers.edu), ROA-537]. An understanding of universal grammar therefore requires an understanding of the nature of C on. Several researchers have argued that C on is systematically structured; in particular, that formally similar constraints should be modeled as specific instantiations of a general schema, such as the Generalized Alignment schema [Yearbook of Morphology 1993 (1993) 79]. One advantage of a schema-based approach to C on is that the formulation of each individual constraint is compositional, determined by the combination of the general schema (a function) with the specific phonological elements involved in each constraint (arguments of the function). This paper examines the formal structure of positional constraints—constraints that are relativized to certain phonological positions, such as stressed syllables or released consonants. Positional constraints are systematically related both to the general (non-positional) constraints on which they are based, and to other positional constraints for the same position. Therefore, these relationships should be formally captured with a compositional constraint schema. The focus here is on one particular set of positional constraints, the positional augmentation constraints (markedness constraints relativized to phonologically prominent positions). A compositional constraint schema is developed that is flexible enough to extend to the many different kinds of positions and constraints involved in positional augmentation, while still determining precisely how the formulation of each general constraint is to be modified in its positional counterpart. Implications of the approach for another set of positional constraints, the positional faithfulness constraints, are also considered.

Design issues and challenges for RDF- and schema-based peer-to-peer systems

Databases have employed a schema-based approach to store and retrieve structured data for decades. For peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, similar approaches are just beginning to emerge. While quite a few database techniques can be re-used in this new context, a P2P data management infrastructure poses additional challenges which have to be solved before schema-based P2P networks become as common as schema-based databases. We will describe some of these challenges and discuss approaches to solve them. Our discussion will be based on the design decisions we have employed in our Edutella infrastructure, a schema-based P2P network based on RDF and RDF schemas, and will also point out additional work addressing the issues discussed.

An Overview on Behaviour-Based Methods for AUV Control

Traditionally, deliberative reasoning methods based on a world model have been used to guide Autonomous Vehicles. Nevertheless, due to serious problems when dealing with complex and changing environments the alternative approach of reactive architectures appeared, directly coupling perception and action without any world representation. This paper describes the characteristics and variants of reactive architectures as well as four of the most suitable ones to guide Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Schema-based approach, Subsumption, Process Description Language and Action Selection Dynamics. Each architecture is described and evaluated using an underwater simulator with an AUV model.