Scheffe Post-hoc Test Research Articles

Contraceptives’ Usage Among Undergraduates in Yoruba Ethnic Group of Nigeria: The Roles of Age and Gender

This study explored the influence of age and gender on contraceptive use among undergraduates in South-West Nigeria. The primary aim was to examine how contraceptive use among students is moderated by age and gender. The research employed a descriptive survey design, with a sample of 1,200 undergraduates (both male and female, aged 15 and above) selected through a multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected using a self-developed questionnaire, the "Contraceptive Usage Questionnaire" (CUQ), which had a Pearson reliability coefficient (r) of 0.70. Inferential statistics were used for data analysis, with t-tests and ANOVA employed to test the hypotheses. When the ANOVA results indicated significant differences, a Scheffe Posthoc test was conducted to pinpoint the specific areas of significance. The results revealed that gender does not significantly affect contraceptive use among undergraduates, whereas age plays a role in determining usage patterns. Based on these findings, the study recommends that government and university authorities collaborate to introduce a comprehensive sexuality education course to inform students about responsible contraceptive use. Additionally, professional counselors and relevant stakeholders should hold bi-monthly seminars and workshops to educate students on the proper and acceptable use of contraceptives.

Differential Influence of Demographic Factors on Academic Stress of Higher Secondary School Students of Kerala

This descriptive study aimed to find out the differential influence of selected socio-demographic factors like gender, type of family, birth order, socio-economic status and the type of school management on academic stress of higher secondary school students of Kerala. The normative survey method was adopted to collect data from a stratified random sample of 1232 higher secondary school students (Male = 583; Female = 649) by administering the Academic Stress Scale for Secondary School Students and a Personal Data Sheet, both developed by the investigators. The data were analysed by employing independent sample t-test, one way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test to test five null hypotheses formulated for the study. The result showed that while socio-demographic factors like gender, type of family, birth order, and type of school management has significant differential influence on academic stress of higher secondary school students, the effect of socio-economic status is not significant. Being female student and member of nuclear family are contributory to academic stress among higher secondary school students. The ‘only-child’ experience greater academic stress than the ‘last-born’. The government schools exert lowest academic stress on learners compared to schools in aided and unaided sector.

Effect of different brushing parameters on erosive tooth wear in primary bovine enamel and dentin.

This in-vitro study aimed to analyse the effect of brushing and different brushing parameters (kind of toothpaste, kind of toothbrush, brushing force) on erosive tooth wear of primary bovine enamel and dentin. Specimens were prepared from primary bovine enamel or dentin (each group n = 12) and cyclically eroded (6 × 60 s/d, citric acid, pH 2.4) and brushed with children's toothbrushes (2 × 15 s/d) over 5 days. The brushing parameters under investigation were: toothpaste (fluoridated, fluoride-free), toothbrush (manual; rotating-oscillating and sonic, each at two different activation modes) and brushing force (1 N, 2 N). Specimens that were only eroded and not brushed served as controls. Enamel and dentin wear was quantified using widefield confocal microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using three- and one-way ANOVAs followed by Scheffe's (enamel) or Tamhane's (dentin) post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). Brushing with the fluoridated toothpaste was able to significantly reduce erosive wear in enamel (by 15 to 37%, 6 of 10 groups) and in dentin (by 58 to 72%, all groups), while brushing with the fluoride-free toothpaste was not different from the controls. Considering the kind of toothpaste and brushing force, slight differences between the toothbrushes were observed in enamel, but not in dentin. Within the same toothbrush and activation mode, almost no differences between 1 and 2 N brushing force were detected. In conclusion, erosive tooth wear on primary bovine dental hard tissue mainly depends on the kind of toothpaste, rather than on the kind of toothbrush and the brushing force.

초중고 교사들의 정신건강에 대한 연구

This study was conducted to examine factors related to the current mental health level andjob stress of elementary, middle, and high school teachers, using the Brief Mental DiagnosisScale and the Job Stress Scale to examine the teacher's gender, school type (private and public),and years of service. We wanted to look at the impact of this. For this purpose, a survey wasconducted from March 10 to September 21, 2020, targeting 562 elementary, middle, and highschool teachers nationwide, based on gender, school type (private vs. public, elementary,middle, and high school, and years of service). The purpose was to examine the impact onmental health and job stress. For this purpose, as a result of t-testing the gender meandifference, it was found that the mental health scale was higher for female teachers and the jobstress scale was higher for male teachers. In addition, as a result of the F-test and Scheffe posthoc test to determine differences between groups, mental health according to years of workshowed significant results in interpersonal sensitivity in those under 10 years and over 20 years,and in depression, in those under 10 years and over 20 years. Significant results were found inless than a year. Additionally, job stress was found to be higher in private than in public. Inaddition, middle school teachers were found to be more stressed by loss of authority thanelementary school teachers, and high school teachers were found to be under more timepressure than elementary school teachers.

Effects of Ion-Releasing Materials on Dentine: Analysis of Microhardness, Appearance, and Chemical Composition

The aim of this study was to compare the potential of standard ion-releasing materials to repair demineralized lesions with recently introduced alkasite and glass hybrid materials. Glass ionomer (GC Fuji TRIAGE), two glass hybrids (EQUIA Forte HT, Riva SC), calcium silicate cement (Biodentine) and an alkasite (Cention Forte) were tested. A total of 72 human third molars were used for sample preparation; on the dentine surface, a class-I cavity was prepared, and one half was covered with nail varnish. The teeth were subjected to a demineralization protocol, filled with the examined materials, and cut in half. The evaluation included a dentine microhardness assessment (n = 10) and SEM/EDS analysis (n = 2). The results were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software and compared using an analysis of variance and Scheffe post-hoc test. The statistical significance level was set to 0.05. Mean microhardness values (HV0.1) after 14 and 28 days were, respectively: EQUIA Forte HT (26.7 ± 1.45 and 37.74 ± 1.56), Riva Self Cure (19.66 ± 1.02 and 29.58 ± 1.18), Cention Forte (19.01 ± 1.24 and 27.93 ± 1.33), Biodentine (23.35 ± 1.23 and 29.92 ± 1.02), GC Fuji TRIAGE (25.94 ± 1.35 and 33.87 ± 5.57) and control group (15.57 ± 0.68 and 15.64 ± 0.82). The results were significantly different between most groups (p &lt; 0.001). SEM/EDS revealed varying patterns, material deposits and distinct elemental variations. To conclude, all materials increased microhardness and affected the dentine surface appearance and chemical composition; EQUIA Forte HT demonstrated the most pronounced effects.

INVESTIGATION OF MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE, TRANSLUCENCY PARAMETERS, AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF TWO PRESSABLE LITHIUM DISILICATE GLASS-CERAMIC MATERIALS.

To investigate the microscopic structure and fracture toughness of two pressable glass-ceramics-GC Initial LiSi Press (LiSi) and IPS e.max Press (e.max)-with different levels of translucency. Two groups each of LiSi and e.max, with medium opacity and high translucency levels, were examined. The crystal morphology of acid-etched specimens was observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Six specimens in each group were fabricated in a square shape (12 ' 12 ' 1.5 mm) to measure translucency parameters (TP) using a spectrophotometer. Ten bar-shaped specimens in each group with dimensions of 23 x 2 x 4 mm were used to determine the fracture toughness (KIc) by a surface crack in flexure (SCF) using a universal testing machine. One-way ANOVA and Scheffe post-hoc tests were used for statistical analysis. LiSi showed fine dense crystals 1 to 1.5 μm in size, while e.max showed long rod-shaped crystals 3 to 4 μm in size. The TP values of all specimens coincided with their translucency levels. There was no statistical difference in the KIc between different translucency for both ceramics (P < .05). However, the KIc of e.max was significantly higher than that of LiSi at both translucency levels. As a result of larger and longer crystals, e.max provided better crack deviation mechanism to resist the fracture. Within the limitations of this study, the translucency levels of both lithium disilicate ceramics did not affect the fracture toughness of the materials. The fracture toughness of e.max was statistically higher than LiSi.

Examination of narcissistic personality traits of volleyball players according to some variables

This research is conducted to analyze the narcissistic personality traits of volleyball players in terms of certain variables. In the study, a personal data form prepared by the researcher to collect data related to participants' gender, age, league category, and national team status, and the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory developed by Ames, Rose, and Anderson in 2005, and adapted to Turkish by Atay in 2009, is used. The research group consists of a total of 221 volleyball players, 111 female and 110 male. The scale and personal data form have been applied to the volleyball players who participated in the study using an online method through purposive sampling. The data obtained from the research have been analyzed using the SPSS.22 package program. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test for binary group comparisons, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multiple group comparisons have been applied. Post-Hoc (Scheffe) tests have also been used to determine the direction of the difference between groups. A significance level of 0.05 is considered in interpreting the results. When the narcissistic personality trait scores of volleyball players are analyzed according to the age variable, any significant difference could not been observed. When the study data have been evaluated in terms of the gender variable, the statistical analysis has revealed that the average narcissistic personality levels of volleyball players do not differ according to the age variable. When the narcissistic personality traits of volleyball players have been examined according to the league category variable, a statistically significant difference has been found in the sub-dimension scores of superiority for volleyball players playing in the Efeler and Sultanlar Leagues compared to those playing in the 1st League. In the study, when the narcissistic personality traits of volleyball players have been examined according to the national team variable, it has been identified that the narcissistic personality scores of the national team players are higher than those who are not national team players.

Effects of Motivational Interviewing and Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapies on Academic Burnout among Extra-mural Students in Ekiti State

Academic burnout is a mental and emotional fatigue state caused by continuous stress among extra-mural students. This syndrome is usually caused by repeated failure and overload of work in the school, which eventually leads to high dropout rate, truancy and failure. Academic burnout hinders academic success of students, as it truncates their advancement in moving to the next academic stage. Previous studies focused largely on predictors of academic burnout of in-school adolescents, while little attention was paid to extra-mural students. This study, therefore, was designed to determine the effects of Motivational Interviewing Therapy (MIT) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (M-BCT) on academic burnout among extra-mural students in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Moderating effects of academic self-efficacy and goal setting were also examined. Pretest-posttest control group quasi experimental design with 3x3x3 factorial matrix was adopted. Three extra-mural centres were randomly selected in Ekiti State, while the simple random sampling technique was used to select participants from each of the remedial study centres. The remedial centres were randomly assigned to MIT (29), M-BCT (51) and control (25) groups, making a total of 105 participants. The instruments used were Academic Burnout Indicator Inventory (for screening – ?=0.92), Maslash Academic Burnout (?=0.70), Academic self-Efficacy (?=0.86) and Goal Setting (?=0.80) scales and instructional guides. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics, Analysis of covariance and Scheffe post-hoc test at 0.05 level of significance. Participants’ age was 22.14±3.15years. The majority of the participants were female (61.5%). There was a significant main effect of treatment on academic burnout of the participants (F(2;84)=140.13. partial ?2=0.77). The participants in the control group (111.04) had the highest mean scores on academic burnout, followed by the M-BCT (88.20) and the MIT (61.59) groups. There was no significant main effect of academic self-efficacy and goal setting on academic burnout. There was a significant interaction effect of treatment and goal setting on academic burnout (F(2;84) =3.93, partial ?2=.16), in favour of the participants with high goal setting from the MIT group. Motivational interviewing and mindfulness-based cognitive therapies reduced academic burnout among extra-mural students in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Counselling psychologists and other help professionals should adopt these therapies.

Effect of physical activity on the quality of life of emergency room nurses working in public hospitals

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of physical activity on the quality of life of emergency room nurses working in public hospitals. The sample for the preliminary research consisted of 476 nurses, working in emergency rooms in the 3rd, 4th and 5th Health Regions of Greece. The participants’ ages ranged from 22 to 60 years (age 42.49 ± 9.5 years). The latter completed questionnaires where the quality of life and physical activity were assessed. The questionnaire SF12 was used – a questionnaire developed as a shorter alternative solution to the questionnaire SF36 (Ware &amp; Sherbourne 1992). Furthermore, for the assessment of physical activity, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short version) was used (Craig, et. al., 2003). The results of statistical analysis showed that nurses’ quality of life level was low, and the majority of nurses displayed a low level of physical activity. Also, according to the post-hoc Scheffe test, physical activity is directly correlated to the quality of life, because it positively affects physical and mental health indicators - F(2,473), p &lt; .05. We conclude that physical activity helps to improve the quality of life parameters, improving physical and mental health indicators.

Grain size and mineral variability of glacial marine sediments

ABSTRACT Glacial marine sediment deposition varies both spatially and temporally, but nearly all studies evaluate down-core (∼ time) variations in sediment variables with little consideration for across core variability, or even the consistency of a data set over distance scales of 1 to 1000 m. Grain size and quantitative X-ray diffraction (qXRD) methods require only ≤ 1 g of sediment and thus analyses assume that the identification of coarse sand (i.e., ice-rafted debris) and sediment mineral composition are representative of the depth intervals. This assumption was tested for grain size and mineral weight % on core MD99-2317, off East Greenland. Samples were taken from two sections of the core that had contrasting coarse-sand content. A total of fourteen samples were taken consisting of seven (vertical) and two (horizontal) samples, with five replicates per sample for qXRD analyses and ∼ 10 to 20 replicates for grain size. They had an average dry weight of 10.5 ± 0.5 g and are compared with two previous sets of sediment samples that averaged 54.1 ± 18.9 g and 20.77 ± 5.8 g dry weight. The results indicated some significant differences between the pairs of samples for grain-size parameters (mean sortable silt, and median grain size) but little difference in the estimates of mineral weight percentages. Out of 84 paired mineral and grain-size comparisons only 17 were significantly different at p = &amp;lt; 0.05 in the post-hoc Scheffe test, all of which were linked to grain-size attributes.

Relationship between Participation in Physical Activity and Subjective Well-Being: Evidence from Korea during the Pandemic.

The lack of physical activity because of restrictions from the pandemic has increased interest in the deterioration of mental and physical health. This is the first study in Korea to investigate how participation in physical activity is correlated with subjective well-being among Koreans in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey was conducted among those aged >13 years, from August 24 to September 7, 2020. The process included self-reported surveys, telephone surveys, and face-to-face household interviews; 11,604 people (men=7,758 and women=3,846) participated. Frequency, correlation, and one-way analysis of variance were performed to identify differences between age and sex groups according to the physical activity level, while post-hoc Scheffe tests to examine between-group differences when significant results were observed. Statistically significant correlations were observed between life satisfaction, living environment satisfaction, and levels of happiness and anxiety based on sex and age (P<0.05). There were significant differences between frequency and time spent on physical activity and subjective well-being according to sex and age (P<0.05). The study results are highly generalizable considering the analysis of a large-scale sample within a big area in Korea. The findings emphasize that subjective well-being is influenced by sex, age, frequency, and time spent engaged in physical activity. Such basic data can be helpful for establishing policies related to physical activity.

An In-Vitro Study Comparing The Push Out Bond Strength Of A Fiber Post System Employing Four Different Resin Cements.

Background: Debonding is one of the common reasons for failure in fiber-reinforced composite posts, and it tends to occur at the post space-dentin adhesive contact. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the push-out bond strength of a fiber-reinforced post system by using four distinct types of resin cement.Materials and Methods: This in-vitro research used a decoronation technique on forty mandibular premolars, and endodontic treatment was performed on the roots. After the post space preparation was complete, the root specimens were divided up into four groups of ten each and categorized accordingly. The following are the names of the four resin cement systems that were used to cement fiber-reinforced composite posts: (a) Multilink Speed, (b) Rely X Unicem, (c) Calibra, and (d) Permaflo DC. Three portions of each root were cut to a thickness of three millimeters, and these parts were prepared. The bond strength values were determined by performing a push-out test using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of one millimeter per minute (mm/min). After compiling the results, a post-hoc Scheffe test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were carried out on the data.Result: The product with the greatest mean push-out bond strength was Rely X Unicem, followed by Multilink Speed and then Permaflo DC. Calibra was found to have the mean push-out bond strength that was the lowest. Using the MANOVA and post-hoc Scheffe tests, we discovered that the push-out bond strength of resin cement varied significantly across the various root canal areas. These variations were statistically significant.Conclusion: The mean push-out bond strength of Rely X Unicem was the greatest, followed by Multilink Speed and Permaflo DC in that order. When compared to Calibra, the mean push-out bond strength was found to be the weakest.

The impact of type 2 diabetes duration on serum asymmetric dimethylarginine and C-reactive protein concentration in Bosnian patients.

Objective. The present study assessed the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) duration on the serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in Bosnian patients. Methods. Participants for this cross-sectional study were randomly selected from the Family Medicine Clinic (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Serum ADMA concentration was determined by ELISA. Serum high-sensitivity (hs-CRP) was determined by particle-enhanced immunonephelometry. ANOVA test followed by Scheffe post-hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Man-Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. Results. The study included 38 patients in up to 10 years diabetes duration (≤10 years T2DM) group, 22 patients in greater than 10 years diabetes duration (>10 years T2DM) group, and 60 controls. Serum ADMA concentration in the >10 years T2DM group (1.81±0.15 μmol/L) was significantly higher compared to serum ADMA concentration in the ≤10 years T2DM group (1.38±0.41 μmol/L; p<0.001) and in controls (0.62±0.15 μmol/L; p<0.001). A significant difference in serum ADMA concentration was found between the <10 years T2DM group and the controls (p<0.001). The serum CRP concentration in the >10 years T2DM group [5.95 (4.20-9.12) mg/L] was significantly higher compared to serum CRP concentration in the <10 years T2DM group [2.35 (1.40-4.30) mg/L; p<0.001] and controls [0.85 (0.50-1.30) mg/L; p<0.001]. Significant difference in serum CRP concentration was observed between the <10 years T2DM group and controls (p<0.001). Conclusions. The present study showed an increase in the serum ADMA and CRP concentrations with the advancement of T2DM. These results suggest that ADMA and CRP may serve as indicators of endothelial dysfunction and chronic low-grade inflammation progression in patients with T2DM. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm the observed findings.

태권도 겨루기, 시범 그리고 품새 종목 간 민첩성(Agility) Test Battery 비교 분석

This study aimed to provide the test battery of applying appropriate agility tests for each competition, demonstration, and Poomsae in Taekwondo.BR In this study, seven competition players, eleven Poomsae players, one World Taekwondo Federation demonstration player, two Korean University Taekwondo Federation players, and four Chungcheongnamdo demonstration players who have won awards were recruited.BR One-way ANOVA was conducted to analyze the difference between every eleven types of agility. furthermore, the scheffe post-hoc test was performed for data showing significant differences in mean and standard deviation.BR As a result of the analysis, the jump step test, side-step test, and SEMO agility test showed appropriation for the competition group. Also, the burpee test, quadrant test, hexagon test, shuttle run, boomerang run test, zigzag run test, and Illinois agility test were applicable for competition, demonstration, and Poomsae groups.

Self-Confidence, Not Self-Awareness, Is Negatively Associated With Areca Nut Dependence.

Areca nut is the fourth most commonly used addictive substance globally. Therefore, this study aimed to examine correlations among areca nut self-awareness, areca nut cessation self-confidence, and areca nut dependence in the Taiwanese population. This was a descriptive study in which 120 areca nut chewers who sought medical attention at a regional hospital and were residents of the Yunlin-Chiayi area, were recruited as study subjects. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection, which included demographic data, an areca nut self-awareness scale, an areca nut cessation self-confidence scale, and an areca nut dependence scale. A Pearson correlation analysis revealed that areca nut self-awareness and areca nut cessation self-confidence were not significantly correlated (r = 0.16, p = 0.069). Areca nut self-awareness and areca nut dependence also did not have a significant correlation (r = −0.06, p = 0.511). However, we found that areca nut cessation self-confidence and areca nut dependence were significantly negatively correlated (r = −0.37, p < 0.001), that is, the higher the areca nut cessation self-confidence, the lower the areca nut dependence. In addition, areca nut self-awareness showed significant correlations by age (r = 4.54, p = 0.005), occupation (r = 2.91, p = 0.02), and family support (r = 3.83, p = 0.03). Scheffe's post-hoc test revealed significant differences that subjects whose family members were extremely supportive of areca nut cessation had higher areca nut self-awareness. In conclusion, areca nut cessation self-confidence and areca nut dependence showed a significant negative correlation. Areca nut self-awareness revealed significant correlations by age, occupation, and family support. The results of this study can be used to provide a reference for implementing areca nut cessation policies in the future.

A Student Walks into Class … Vignettes to Identify Substance Use Disorder Models of Illness among College Students

Introduction Illness models, including illness recognition, perceived severity, and perceived nature can affect treatment-seeking behaviors. Vignettes are a leading approach to examine models of illness but are understudied for substance use disorders (SUDs). We created vignettes for multiple common DSM-5 SUDs and assessed SUD illness models among college students. Methods Seven vignettes in which the protagonist meets DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for SUDs involving tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, Adderall, cocaine, Vicodin, and heroin were pilot tested and randomly assigned to 216 college students who completed measures related to illness recognition, perceived severity, and perceived nature. MANOVAs with Scheffe post-hoc tests were conducted to examine vignette group differences on models of illness. Results Vignettes met acceptable levels of clarity and plausibility. Participants characterized the protagonist’s substance use as a problem, a SUD, or an addiction most frequently with Vicodin, heroin, and cocaine and least frequently with tobacco and cannabis. Participants assigned to the Vicodin, heroin, and cocaine vignettes were the most likely to view the protagonist’s situation as serious and life-threatening, whereas those assigned to the cannabis vignette were the least likely. Numerically more participants characterized the pattern of substance use as a problem (91%) or an addiction (90%) than a SUD (76%), while only 15% characterized it as a chronic medical condition. Conclusions Illness recognition and perceived severity varied across substances and were lowest for cannabis. Few participants conceptualized SUDs as chronic medical conditions. College students may benefit from psychoeducation regarding cannabis use disorder and the chronic medical condition model of SUDs.

Creative Thinking of Chemistry and Chemistry Education Students in Biochemistry Learning through Problem Based Learning with Scaffolding Strategy

This study aimed to describe students' creative thinking skills in a problem-based learning model with scaffolding in the Biochemistry course. This is mixed-method research with an explanatory sequential research design with a sample of 173 students from the Chemistry Education and Chemistry study programs, Universitas Jambi. In this study, the researchers only used the experimental class. The sampling technique used is total sampling and purposive sampling. Data were collected using observation sheets, test instruments, interview instruments, and response questionnaires. Quantitative data analysis used is hypothesis testing in the form of ANOVA test with Post-Hoc Scheffe test and T-test. The findings of this study indicate that the ANOVA test results showed a significant difference in the average creative thinking (cognitive) test results and student response questionnaire results in scaffolding-based integrated biochemistry learning. In addition, there is also a significant effect between cognitive test results on student responses in scaffolding-based integrated biochemistry learning. So it can be concluded that there are differences in the creative thinking skills of chemistry education students and chemistry students in using scaffolding integrated problem-based learning models in Biochemistry courses.

Critical Thinking as an Integral Outcome in Translator and Interpreter Training

The aim of this study is to investigate the critical thinking attitudes of translator and interpreter candidates with a view to coming up with recommendations on curriculum development in Translation and Interpretation undergraduate studies. A "Critical Thinking Skills Scale" was administered to 354 translation and interpretation students from five universities in Turkey. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Scheffe test were used in data analysis. With the highest and lowest attitudes found for receptiveness and inquiry skills respectively, the total critical thinking attitudes of translator candidates are above the average. The class level of the students is inversely correlated with total scores for critical thinking attitudes, in addition to the flexibility and judiciousness subdimensions. Moreover, translator candidates of the Bulgarian language have the highest total scores for critical thinking attitudes as compared to those of English, French, Persian and German. The results show that innovative curricula involving related tasks and activities must be developed for translation and interpretation departments to enhance translator candidates' critical thinking skills, bearing in mind the very nature of the act of translation and interpretation.

장애 관련 교과목 이수 정도에 따른 예비유아교사의 장애유아 통합교육에 대한 인식

This study was conducted with the aim of providing basic information on the composition of the curriculum for nurturing early childhood teachers for the implementation of inclusive education for young children with disabilities. The subjects of the study were 192 students in the department of three-year early childhood education at A University. The research tool used in previous study was modified and supplemented a 5-point scale questionnaire of 32 questions. In order to find out the differences in perception according to the degree of completion of related subjects, mean, standard deviation, one way ANOVA, and Scheffe post-hoc test were computed. As a result of the study, first, among the effects of inclusive education, pre-service teachers recognized that the effect on young children with disabilities would be the most positive, and that the positive effect on young children without disabilities would be the least. Second, there was a difference in perception between groups according to the degree of completion of related subjects. Third, there was a partial difference between the group that did not complete the disability-related subject and the group that completed one and the group that completed two. Based on the above results, the necessity of additional courses related to education for young children with disabilities in the early childhood teacher training program was discussed.

Massive Open Online Course Versus Flipped Instruction: Impacts on Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety, Foreign Language Learning Motivation, and Learning Attitude

This study inspected the effect of Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) and flipped instruction on EFL learners’ foreign language speaking anxiety, foreign language learning motivation, and attitude toward English learning. To fulfill this objective, the Oxford Quick Placement Test was given to 160 Iranian EFL learners, of whom 120 upper-intermediate participants were chosen and divided into two experimental groups—MOOC (n = 40) and flipped (n = 40)—and one control group (n = 40). After that, all selected participants were administered a speaking anxiety questionnaire and a motivation questionnaire as the pre-test of the research. Then, one of the experimental groups received an online-based instruction via Skype: one conversation was instructed to this group online every session. The other experimental group received the treatment via flipped-based instruction. The audio files and the texts of the conversations were sent to this group via the WhatsApp application because they all had easy access to it. On the other hand, the control group did not receive any Internet-delivered treatment yet was trained through a face-to-face method. This process continued until the last session, and after the treatment period, the post-tests of speaking anxiety and motivation were given to all three groups to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. Moreover, two attitude questionnaires were administered to the experimental groups to examine their attitudes toward the MOOC and the flipped models of instructions. The findings of the One-way ANOVA test, Post-hoc Scheffe test, and paired samples t-test showed that there were significant differences between the post-test of the experimental groups and the control group. The results indicated that the experimental groups significantly outflanked the control group after the treatment. Lastly, the outcomes showed that participants in both experimental groups had positive attitudes toward technological-based instructional environments.