Scheduled Tribes Research Articles

Contesting Identities: The Case of Sidis of Gujarat

The article seeks to explore the contestations about the identity of the Sidis of Gujarat, which is deeply imbricated with experiences of marginalisation and victimisation. Given their African origins, the Sidis are categorised as a diaspora even as they have endeavoured to assert their Schedule Tribe (ST) status in India (a status which so far is segmentally conferred). The association with the diaspora has perpetuated a policy of isolation towards the Sidis and the perception of them as ‘outsiders’. Their aspiration to be identified as ST has been to shift the focus from their diasporic identity and to overcome their historical marginalisation. In this context, the article explores the questions of who the Sidis are, whether are they a diaspora or a tribal community, what ST status means to them, and whether the ST status will aid them in transcending the structural barriers that hinder their integration.

Paradox of Tribal Integration Amidst Resistance: A Study of Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir

The article examines how the Bakarwal, a Scheduled Tribe in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), has survived the double paradox of being both a marginalised community and the inhabitants of a sensitive border region. Traditionally, the Bakarwals are transhumance pastoralists and have had limited access to education, healthcare and other basic amenities. While government interventions represent a pivotal transition in their day-to-day lives, they are vulnerable to exploitation by influential proprietors and vested interests, perpetuating a complex web of social dynamics. The article argues that a stark disconnect exists between the policies projected by the government and the ground-level realities faced by the Bakarwals. Adopting the theoretical framework on everyday resistance, the article explicates the Bakarwals’ ambivalence about state-led development initiatives intended to facilitate their transition from transhumance nomadism to sedentism.

Tribe-Caste Dynamics in South India

There are over 150 tribal communities in South India. Many of them live in remote and forested areas. However, historically, they have had a close relationship with caste society. The dominance of caste is evident in their everyday contexts, economic relations and social status within the local social hierarchy. The article reflects on how the situation of tribes in South India cannot be fully comprehended without acknowledging the overbearing influence of caste ideology and politics on their lives. It will focus on two Scheduled Tribes in South India, the Paniyan and the Koraga, to illustrate practices of untouchability and social deprivation among them. Despite their Scheduled Tribe status, the Paniyan and the Koraga continue to face caste-based discrimination and cannot access basic services provided by the state. There is a deep sense of dispiritedness among them and, increasingly, they are isolating themselves from ‘others’ in their vicinity. Isolation has become an active mode of distancing from caste and asserting their tribal identity. It expresses their rejection of tribal integration, and associated politics, responsible for their marginalisation.

Navigating the Aquatic Challenges: Tribal Communities in India's Quest for Sustainable Solutions

: India hosts the world's largest population of Scheduled Tribes (STs), constituting 8.6% of its total populace and comprising about 700 distinct tribes. Despite their cultural richness and environmental stewardship, tribal communities face significant socio-economic challenges, with 47% living below the poverty line. Predominantly residing in rural areas, these communities suffer from acute water scarcity and poor water quality. Only 20% of ST households have access to drinking water within their premises, and over 33% must travel long distances for water, exacerbating their vulnerability to waterborne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid. Efforts by the Indian government, including the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and the Ministry of Jal Shakti, have aimed to improve water access and quality through initiatives, such as the Jal Jeevan Mission and watershed management programs. However, traditional water management strategies often fail to address the unique geographical and cultural contexts of tribal regions. This paper explores the multifaceted challenges of water scarcity and quality in India's tribal areas, analyzing the socioeconomic, cultural, and geographic factors contributing to these issues. By synthesizing data and research findings, it aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the water-related hardships faced by tribal communities and to offer insights for policymakers and stakeholders to develop more effective, culturally sensitive, and sustainable water management solutions.

Trends and predictors of severe and moderate anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in India: an analysis of three rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data

BackgroundChildhood anaemia remains a significant public health problem in India, as it adversely affects child development and overall health outcomes. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of severe and moderate anaemia among children aged 6–59 months and identify consistent predictors of this condition over the past 15 years.MethodsData from the three most recent rounds of the NFHS were used for this analysis. The final weighted sample included 40,331 children from the NFHS-3 (2005–2006), 200,093 from the NFHS-4 (2015–2016), and 178,909 from the NFHS-5 (2019–2021). Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted, followed by binary logistic regression to identify factors associated with severe and moderate anaemia in children aged 6–59 months. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 14.ResultsOver the past 15 years, the prevalence of severe and moderate anaemia among children in India has shown a slight decline. However, the influence of various predictors has changed over time. Young children (aged 6–23 months), those from Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities, and children born to mothers with high parity and low educational attainment remain particularly vulnerable to anaemia. Additionally, short-term illness significantly increases the risk of anaemia. Furthermore, women’s autonomy, indicated by higher education and lower fertility rates, along with maternal nutrition education, have emerged as key factors in reducing anaemia burden in the future. Notably, children whose mothers had no education were 1.4 times more likely to suffer from severe or moderate anaemia. Similarly, children born to mothers with four to five children (OR 1.1, p < 0.05) and those with six or more children (OR 1.2, p < 0.05) had an elevated risk of anaemia.ConclusionThe findings highlight three key areas for programmatic focus to accelerate anaemia reduction in India: [1] targeting young children (aged 6–23 months); [2] ensuring the inclusion of SC and ST communities in all relevant interventions; and [3] promoting women’s autonomy. These strategies are essential for reducing the burden of anaemia across the country.

Social Justice in Reservation - An Analysis

Reservation is one of the mechanisms of protective discrimination for eradicating the present institutionalized effects of past discriminations, through positive governmental steps awarding preferential treatment in favour of certain weaker sections of the society. Reservation is applied only in graded societies, where certain groups enjoyed more powers and privileges, while the other sections have been wholly or partially neglected. It involves encouragement sharing in favour of certain weaker sections of the society. It involves encouragement sharing of opportunities in the executive, legislative bodies, in educational institutions and in public services. Demand by the unprivileged classes to enjoy the same opportunities of the privileged class resulted in social conflict in the earlier stages. In course of time, the unprivileged section came to enjoy social, political and economic and other privileges on par with others. As per the Constitution of India, it is a temporary phenomenon used for some special achievement. In course of time, the unprivileged section came to enjoy social, political and economic and other privileges. Thus, everybody in the beneficiary categories Viz., Other Backward Classes in all India level, Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes in Tamil Nadu, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes did not enjoy the same status in the society. Due to the reservation policy, there are tremendous transformations in the social structure. It is evident that, there are noteworthy rich people among the backward and depressed castes. Similarly there are poor people in the forward castes as well. Not only that as per the Constitution of India, it is a temporary phenomenon used for some special achievement. In this research paper, an attempt has been made to examine and compare the concepts of exclusive reservation and creamy layer and to study the changing trends in the reservation policy towards social justice.

Socio-monetary and Demographic Profile of Gujjar and Bakkarwals of Poonch District

The present study is an attempt to understand the educational backwardness of scheduled tribes of district Poonch of Jammu and Kashmir. The Scheduled Tribes (ST’s) are the socially and educationally deprived people in India. Scheduled Tribes have specific histories of social and monetary deprivation and the underlying reasons in their educational marginalization are also strikingly awesome. Schooling forms a crucial factor inside the average improvement of people, enabling them to get extra awareness, higher comprehension in their social, political and cultural surroundings and additionally facilitating inside the development of their socio-monetary conditions. The time period “tribe” was earlier used for a network which constituted a homogenous institution that lived in overall isolation having a particularly self-sustaining economic system independent political setup and which maintained wonderful customs, religions practices inherited from one common place ancestor. The scheduled tribes are the oldest settlers, if no longer the primary in India and India has the second one biggest concentration of the tribes inside internationally. Scheduled tribe population constitutes 8.6% of the entire population in India. Jammu and Kashmir has many tribal communities having their own traditions, cultures and customs. Scheduled Tribe groups have traditionally lived in remote and some difficult terrains in the direction of forests and natural assets. Most of the tribes live in inaccessible areas.

Trends and Patterns of Crime against Scheduled Tribes in States of Northern and Western Regions of India

The paper discussed trends and patterns of crime against scheduled tribes in states of northern and western regions of India. It has found that highest crime against scheduled tribe(s) occurred in Rajasthan followed by Maharashtra and Gujrat. There are no incidences of crime against scheduled tribe(s) in Haryana. Incidences and victims of simple hurt, grievous hurt murder, assault on tribal women and attempt to commit murder are highest in Rajasthan followed by Maharashtra and Gujrat. Incidences and number of victims of sexual harassment is highest in Maharashtra followed by Rajasthan and Gujrat. Rajasthan has the highest incidences and victims of stalking followed by Maharashtra and Gujrat. Incidences of assault of children of scheduled tribes is highest in Maharashtra followed by Rajasthan and Gujrat. There are no incidences of kidnapping for ransom in any states of the regions. Incidences of kidnapping and abduction of women to compel her for marriage is highest in Rajasthan followed by Gujrat and Maharashtra. There are no incidences of procuration of minor girls of scheduled tribes in any state of the regions. Incidences of rape of women is higher in Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Rajasthan has the highest incidences of robbery followed by Maharashtra and Gujrat. Therefore, government of the concern states should implement proper policies for minimizing such crimes against scheduled tribes.

Hypertension in India: a gender-based study of prevalence and associated risk factors

BackgroundHypertension, a major non-communicable disease, is responsible for a significant number of global deaths, including approximately 17.9 million yearly. The Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019) estimates that 19% of global deaths are attributed to elevated blood pressure. India, with a population of over 1.4 billion, is facing a serious challenge in combating this silent killer. This study aims to analyze the gender-based prevalence of hypertension in India and explore its associated risk factors using data from the fifth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5).MethodsNFHS-5 collected data from 636,699 households across all states and union territories. The study includes standardized blood pressure measurements for 17,08,241 individuals aged 15 and above. The data were analyzed using Stata, employing descriptive statistics for the assessment of the prevalence and binary logistic regression to identify predictors of hypertension.ResultsThe study found the overall prevalence of hypertension in India to be 22.6%, with men (24.1%) having a higher prevalence than women (21.2%). Prevalence increased with age, reaching 48.4% in individuals aged 60 and above. Urban residents had a slightly higher prevalence (25%) than rural residents (21.4%), indicating the rapid spread of hypertension across all populations. Regional variations were observed, with the highest prevalence in Sikkim (37.9%) and the lowest in Rajasthan (16.5%). Increasing age, urban residence, belonging to certain religions (Muslim and other than Hindu or Muslim), and being classified as Scheduled Tribes (ST) were associated with a higher likelihood of hypertension. Conversely, belonging to Scheduled Castes (SC) or Other Backward Classes (OBC), being currently unmarried, and having higher education were associated with a lower likelihood of hypertension. Wealth index analysis revealed that those in the richest quintile were more likely to have hypertension. Behavioural risk factors, such as alcohol consumption, overweight, obesity, increased waist circumference, and high blood glucose levels, are positively associated with hypertension.ConclusionHypertension is a significant health burden in India, affecting both men and women. Age is the strongest non-modifiable predictor for both men and women. However, ageing women have higher odds of hypertension than ageing men, and this distinction becomes much more evident in their older ages. Obese women, based on BMI, have higher odds of hypertension than men. However, hypertension prevalence is slightly higher among men who are overweight or obese compared to women. BMI, waist circumference, random glucose level, alcohol use, and education level emerged as major predictors. Health education and awareness campaigns are critical to control the growing burden of hypertension in India. Policymakers must focus on preventive measures, targeting lifestyle changes and improved healthcare access for both men and women. By addressing these risk factors, India can make significant progress in controlling hypertension and reducing its impact on public health.

Livelihood, Poverty and Multiple Deprivation among Tribals in Odisha

The present study seeks to examine the livelihood pattern, incidence of poverty and multiple deprivation among the tribal communities or Scheduled Tribes (STs) of Odisha by using secondary data collected from the various rounds of the National Sample Survey (NSS), Census of India reports, District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLFS) reports, etc. It evaluates the contributions of the different sources of livelihood on level of living, quality of life and economic well-being of the tribals. Methodologically, the study employs the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) class of poverty measures to examine the incidence and magnitude of poverty among the tribals. It finds a strong relationship between livelihood pattern and poverty among them. Though there has been a decline in the incidence of poverty (head count ratio) among the tribals over a period of time, the rate of decline has been slower among the tribal communities than the other social classes. The tribals are confronted with low levels of income and higher levels of poverty due to their subsistence level of livelihood. Most of them are engaged in low-paid works, and suffer from chronic poverty and multiple deprivation. Finally, the study concludes with suggestions on how potential policy options can improve the livelihood condition of the tribals and redress the problem of heavy incidence of poverty among them.

THE IMPACT OF MGNREGA ON TRIBAL POPULATION: A CASE STUDY OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT IN WEST BENGAL

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was passed in 2005 and went into effect on February 2, 2006, covering 200 districts across India. Later on, this scheme was renamed the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in 2009.This act was passed to improve the stability of rural livelihoods by offering every household whose adult members agreed to perform unskilled manual labour 100 days of guaranteed pay employment in each financial year.The Ministry of Rural Development implements this scheme in partnership with state governments. The local governance bodies, such as Panchayati Raj Institutions, play an important role in the project development and implementation ofthis scheme in rural India. MGNREGS programs include water conservation, drought mitigation, land development, rural connection, and other rural infrastructure-building initiativeschosen according to local requirements and priorities.We selected the Jalpaiguri district for our study because it has several problems such as seasonal lockouts of tea plantations, shuttered tea gardens, unemployed laborers in isolated and closed forest villages, no heavy industry since independence, etc. In this paper we attempt to find out whether the implementation of the MGNREGA program in the Jalpaiguri district has improved the livelihood of the Tribal Population in the district and also how effective this program is in dealing with the unemployment problem among the ST population in the district.This study is based on both primary and secondary data from two blocks of Jalpaiguri district i.e. Mal and Nagrakata blockscovering the period 2017-18 to 2022-23. And from each block, I have chosen the two most populace GPs within the blocks.Although the MGNREGS is a good program for reducing rural poverty and unemployment, our primary survey reveals inadequate results in terms of job creation for tribal peoples and those living in the remote tea garden areas within the district. Furthermore, this scheme does not improve Scheduled Tribes (STs) standard of living by providing jobs and promoting their participation in village affairs, hence it is less effective as the participation of ST workers against active workers currently stands at only 12.86 percent.

Trends in enrolment and academic performance of scheduled tribe students at the undergraduate level in Assam: A decadal analysis

This research work examines the enrolment and performance pattern of the Scheduled Tribe (ST) students at the undergraduate level in Assam for the period of 2012-2022. Based on the enrolment data collected from various ST students, the study examines the gender pattern and course selection of students in different disciplines such as B.A., B.Com., and B.Sc. The study reveals major trends in enrolment increase, gender distribution, and course choices for the decade. Using chi-square tests and comparative performance measures, the study reveals factors that affect academic performance and enrolment. Furthermore, bar graphs and line charts are used to present these trends and to give further analysis. The conclusion of this study provides significant implications for the policymakers and educators who are interested in improving the educational access and opportunities for ST students in the higher education in Assam.

The impact of Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana on Indian households

This study critically evaluates the impact of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) on LPG accessibility among poor households in India. Using Propensity Score Matching and Difference-in-Differences estimators and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) dataset, the Average Treatment Effect on the intendedly Treated is a modest 2.1 percentage point increase in LPG consumption due to PMUY, with a parallel decrease in firewood consumption. Regional analysis reveals differential impacts, with significant progress in the North, West, and South but less pronounced effects in the East and North East. The study also underscores variance across social groups, with Scheduled Caste households showing the most substantial benefits, while Scheduled Tribes households are hardly affected. Despite the PMUY’s initial success in facilitating LPG access, sustaining its usage remains challenging. Policy should emphasise targeted interventions and address regional and community-specific disparities for the sustained usage of LPG.

Political and Constitutional Rights of Tribal Communities in Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India has laid down some basic provisions for the upliftment of the interests of the tribal community and its overall upliftment. Considering the social and economic situation in India, the scheduled tribes should get a fair place in the development of the country in the post - independence era, they should be developed in all respects and social and economic equality should be established, and the feeling of marginalization should not remain in the backward tribes. Specially, there is a provision in our constitution to reserve some seats in legislatures, ministries and administration for backward classes. While preparing the state constitution of the country, it is seen that important provisions have been made in the constitution for the scheduled tribes in order to establish economic and social democracy in the country. In order to establish economic and social justice, it was necessary to make special provisions for the backward classes.

Factors associated with under-five mortality in Scheduled Tribes in India: An analysis of national family health survey-5 (2019-2021).

Background & objectives Under-five mortality is high among the Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India compared with the general population. This study examined the association of different maternal, child, socio demographic, and household factors associated with under-five mortality among Scheduled Tribes in India. Methods Data from the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS)-5 (2019-2021) for the ST, across all Indian States and Union Territories were used for analyses. Binary and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify the association of maternal, child, socio-demographic, and household factors with under-five mortality among the ST population. Results Different maternal, child, socio demographic, and household factors were significantly associated with under-five mortality. The odds of under-five mortality were highest among women who gave birth to their children at home [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.268-1.59] as compared with women who gave birth at institution. Literate women have lesser odds of under-five mortality than women with no formal education (AOR: 0.666; 95% CI: 0.501-0.885). The risk of under-five mortality was higher among four or more birth order children (AOR: 1.422; 95% CI: 1.246-1.624) compared with the first to third birth order children. The odds of under-five mortality decreased among children with a rich wealth index (AOR: 0.742; 95% CI: 0.592-0.93) compared to children with a poor wealth index. Interpretation & conclusions Analyses of under-five mortality among ST in India showed a significant association between different maternal, child, sociodemographic, and household factors. Grass-roots-level interventions such as promoting female education, addressing vast wealth differentials, and providing family planning services with a focus on reducing under-five mortality are essential in improving the survival of under-five children among the ST population in India.

Socioeconomic inequalities in adverse pregnancy outcomes in India: 2004-2019.

Although India has made substantial improvements in public health, it accounted for one-fifth of global maternal and neonatal deaths in 2015. Stillbirth, abortion, and miscarriage contribute to maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. There are known socioeconomic inequalities in adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study estimated changes in socioeconomic inequalities in rates of stillbirth, abortion, and miscarriage in India across 15 years. We combined data from three nationally representative health surveys. Absolute inequalities were estimated using the slope index of inequality and risk differences, and relative inequalities were estimated using the relative index of inequalities and risk ratios. We used household wealth, maternal education, and Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe membership as socioeconomic indicators. We observed persistent socioeconomic inequalities in abortion and stillbirth from rates of 2004-2019. Women at the top of the wealth distribution reported between 2 and 5 fewer stillbirths per 1,000 pregnancies over the study time period compared to women at the bottom of the wealth distribution. Women who completed primary school, and those at the top of the household wealth distribution, had, over the study period, 5 and 20 additional abortions per 1,000 pregnancies respectively compared to women who did not complete primary school and those at the bottom of the wealth distribution. Women belonging to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe had 5 fewer abortions per 1,000 pregnancies compared to other women, although these inequalities diminished by the end of the study period. There was less consistent evidence for socioeconomic inequalities in miscarriage, which increased for all groups over the study period. Despite targeted investments by the Government of India to improve access to health services for socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, disparities in pregnancy outcomes persist.

Improving access to utilize the healthcare services facilitated by ASHAs, ANMs and medical officers of PHC among scheduled tribe pregnant women: An interventional study.

Early marriages, early childbirth, low BMI and high incidence of anaemia are known factors for high maternal mortality among tribal pregnant women. This was a mixed method study (qualitative and quantitative) undertaken to evaluate educational intervention package among tribal pregnant women in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh State in South India. A baseline household survey with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire was conducted in both intervention group (n = 109) and control group (n = 119) of ST habitations. An educational intervention was implemented through health education approach to bring about awareness and behavioural change among pregnant women regarding healthcare practices and utilization of health services. Qualitative data collection tool included semi-structured FGD. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS version 26.0. Content analysis was done for qualitative data. The findings of this study show that awareness and utilization with respect to various services facilitated by ASHAs, ANMs and medical officers are improved postintervention among tribal pregnant women, and the various reasons for non-utilization of services were lack of awareness, long distance of health facility, no transportation, poor socio-economic status, inadequate facilities at PHC, etc. This study shows that intervention to improve awareness and health services utilization, and continuous health education should be imparted to all the pregnant mothers. For this healthcare providers like ASHA and ANM and medical officers should be trained and motivated to educate the community.

Enhancing Educational Access and Equality: The Significance of Scholarship Schemes for Students from Marginalized Communities in Higher Education

Considering the study conducted in North Maharashtra, this research delves into the challenges arising from diminishing public budgets for education juxtaposed against the escalating need for additional resources. Many countries, including India, are now exploring alternative strategies for subsidizing higher education, particularly to support students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. One prominent mechanism in this regard is the provision of scholarship schemes. Scholarship schemes have been integral to India's educational landscape since 1961. This paper critically analyzes 24 scholarship schemes administered by the central government, shedding light on the private expenditure incurred by students pursuing higher education. The study unveils several noteworthy observations:1. The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for higher education across all categories stands at 26.3%. However, when excluding students from Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST), the GER for other categories rises significantly to 28.25%. 2. Means-based scholarship schemes exhibit a lower share compared to means cum merit and merit-based scholarship programs. 3. Students bear a substantial private expenditure, with over 65% allocated to course fees. Surprisingly, only 46% of the scholarship schemes encompass both course fees and maintenance costs. 4. While the average private expenditure on maintenance costs for general degree courses amounts to ₹7,078, and for technical/professional degree courses, it rises to ₹17,769, 70% of the scholarship schemes provide maintenance amounts below ₹5,000. 1 Research Scholar, KBCNMU, Jalgaon, E-Mail ID- arund.patil@raisoni.net, G H Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Business Management, Jalgaon 2 Research Supervisor, E-Mail ID - nilmawarke3@gmail.com , Associate Professor at Godawari Institute of Management and Research,Jalgaon The study concludes that the current scholarship schemes contribute minimally to the efficiency or equity of the higher education system in India. Addressing the existing gaps in Indian scholarship schemes requires strategic policy adjustments: 1. The government should prioritize means-based scholarships over merit-based ones. 2. Scholarship amounts for both course fees and maintenance costs should be periodically revised every five years.3. A greater number of scholarship schemes should encompass coverage for students' course fees. By implementing these policy changes, the government can enhance the efficacy and inclusivity of scholarship schemes, ensuring a more equitable higher education landscape in India. Keywords: Higher Education, Scholarship Scheme, Central Government, Deprived Section, Gross Enrollment Ratio, Course Fees, etc.

State Categories and Their Afterlives: The Politics of “Tribalisation” in Eastern India

This article examines the afterlives of state classificatory categories in everyday engagements between state and society. It examines how a community of cultivators in eastern and central India, the Kudmi-Mahatos, have reshaped their group identity through categories of the state. They have oscillated between not wanting to be labelled as “tribal” by the colonial state to seeking to be recognised as “Scheduled Tribes” by the post-colonial state. Using ethnographic and historical methods, this article investigates the shifting claims of the Kudmi-Mahatos with respect to “tribal” status. It argues: (i) that communities use state categories of classification to remake their identities vis-à-vis both the state and other communities they live with; and (ii) tribalisation as a strategy of claiming recognition reworks the tribe-caste continuum in India. The article builds on historical and anthropological scholarship that looks at political contestations over classification in modern states.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON WORKING JOURNALISTS IN MANIPUR, INDIA

This article meticulously analyzes the status of working Journalists in Manipur. Manipur, however small it is, is the home of more than 33 listed scheduled tribes apart from the Meities, Meitei Pangals and 7 scheduled castes. Each community has distinct identity, dialect and culture for which everyone is struggling for due recognition of its identity within this tiny state. Reported cases of violations of human rights such as extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearance, torture and threats have become a part of daily news in Manipur. People of Manipur are the victim of parallel government. This study is founded on primary and secondary data, with the primary data being collected through interviews.