Schedule Overruns Research Articles

Advancing Small Business Inclusion in Public Procurement: Evidence From U.S. Federal Government R&D Contracts

To encourage small business inclusion in public procurement, the U.S. federal government has established the set-aside program that mandates government agencies to award a portion of their contracts to small businesses. We study whether and to what extent the performance of R&D contracts awarded through this program differs from those awarded through open competition. Analyzing a large dataset of federal R&D contracts, we find that despite restricting competition to small businesses, set-aside R&D contracts experience lower schedule and cost overrun than R&D contracts awarded through open competition. Furthermore, although set-aside R&D contracts experience lower schedule and cost overrun when they are awarded to more experienced contractor firms, this benefit arises primarily from a contractor firm's experience in executing R&D contracts across different agencies compared to the firm's experience with the same agency. Finally, set-aside R&D contracts awarded early in a fiscal year experience lower schedule and cost overrun than those awarded later. Post-hoc analysis examining the underlying dimensions of different-agency experience highlights the asymmetric effects of related-agency experience and unrelated-agency experience of contractor firms on the performance of set-aside R&D contracts awarded by the Department of Defense. While related-agency experience improves contract performance, unrelated-agency experience has a detrimental effect on contract performance. These findings demonstrate that small business inclusion policies may not necessarily compromise contract performance. Importantly, they emphasize the need for federal agencies and contracting officers to consider the underlying dimensions of contractor firm experience and contract award timing to improve contract performance and taxpayer money utilization.

Predicting construction schedule overruns during COVID-19 using ordinal logistic regression

PurposeThe effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on the construction industry were formidable and far-reaching, as the construction sector is a major contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), which balances various sectors of the global economy, and to infrastructure growth, which is a primary gauge of a nation’s advancement. The outbreak led to workforce disruptions, worker deficits, dwindling efficiency, elongated project durations, and scarce opportunities for training and mentorship, and despite endeavors to mitigate these challenges, construction timelines experienced significant interruptions. Various researchers have pinpointed contributing elements, but few have constructed a predictive model to gauge the degree of impact.Design/methodology/approachTherefore, this research intends to fill by introducing an ordinal logistic regression method to forecast the impacts of a pandemic or other similar type of crisis. To achieve this, an online survey was developed and distributed to collect the perceptions of the construction engineers and managers about the diverse contributors to the exceeding project timelines during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak.FindingsFindings from this study indicate that financial liquidity, modifications to original plans, delays in securing governmental clearances, and a shortage of competent labor have medium-to-high levels of impact on project schedules.Originality/valueThis study will furnish decision-makers with crucial knowledge that will give them the tools to refine their strategies and judiciously allocate resources to overcome the unique hurdles encountered by various construction segments and will enhance the industry's capability to respond more effectively to challenges inherent in this type of crisis.

Causal relationship between project financing and overruns in major dam projects in Africa

PurposeCost and schedule overruns are rife in dam projects. Normative evidence espouses overruns as though they are inimical to development and prosperity aspirations of stakeholders. This study examines the causal relationship between project financing and overruns.Design/methodology/approachCausative data were extracted from completion reports of 28 major dam projects in Africa. Each of the projects was financed jointly by up to 10 international development lenders. Relationships between causes of overruns and project outcomes were analysed.FindingsAnalyses elicit indicators of remarkable correlations between finance procedures and project outcomes. Lenders’ disposition to risk attenuation was the main debacles to project success. Interests had mounted, whilst release of fund was erratic and ill-timed. Finance objectives and mechanisms were grossly inadequate for projects’ intense bifurcations. Projects had slowed or stalled because lenders’ risks attenuation processes were purposed to favour lenders’ objectives, and not projects’ interests. In addition, findings also show project owners’ own funds and the number of lenders to a single project correlate with overruns.Practical implicationsFindings imply commercial complexities around major projects. They also show transactions are shaped by subtle (mis)trust behaviours in project finance procedures. Thus, scholarly solutions to project performance issues should consider behavioural issues of stakeholding parties more broadly, beyond contractors and project owners. Project finance ecosystems are vulnerable to major actors’ self-interests, opportunism and predatory conducts. Borrowers would manage this by developing and improving their capacity to build resilience and trust. Evidence shows intense borrower nations in Africa have limited capacity and acuity for these.Originality/valueThis study contextualises megaprojects in complexity rather than cost. Its additionality is in how finance steers absolute control of project environment away from project owners and how finance administration triggers risks and overrun.

Underpinning risk dimensions of sponsored institutional R&D projects through cutting-edge fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy DEMATEL approaches

PurposeThis study aims to enhance the success of Sponsored Institutional R&D Projects (SIRPs) by investigating the influence of risk dimensions over four criteria Cost overrun, Time overrun, Schedule overrun, and Quality of projects. The study identifies risk dimensions and prioritizes and explores causal relationships to guide risk mitigation strategies during project execution.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted with qualitative data obtained through a systematic questionnaire from 10 domain experts associated with SIRPs. Through an extensive literature review, the study identifies the ten risk dimensions, Fuzzy TOPSIS was employed for prioritizing the explored risk dimensions and Fuzzy DEMATEL explored the qualitative causal relationships among these dimensions. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the robustness of findings by adjusting the weightage assigned to experts.FindingsThe findings reveal financial risk as the highest ranked and business risk as the least influential among identified dimensions. The study also highlights management risk as the most significant, followed by business risk and sensitivity analysis concludes that the findings are robust, lacking significant judgment bias.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to risk management strategies for SIRPs, to ensure timely completion within the allocated budget. The findings of the study can be implemented in other such SIRPs. The study also informs funding agencies' policies and project monitoring mechanisms and advancing project management practicesOriginality/valueIts originality lies in being the first to systematically identify and prioritize risk dimensions, adding significant value to SIRP management and academic discourse on project management and risk analysis.

Impact of Project Management Practices on Cost and Time Overruns in Construction Projects in Nigeria

A major contributor to economic growth in Nigeria, the construction sector is frequently beset by large cost and schedule overruns that jeopardize project profitability and impede the development of infrastructure. This study looks into how project management techniques affect these overruns in building construction projects in Nigeria. The goal of the study is to pinpoint the major project management variables that lead to overspending and delays while also offering recommendations for best practices to address these problems. A mixed-methods strategy was used, integrating qualitative case studies with quantitative data analysis. Project engineers, contractors, Architects, and Technicians were given standardized questionnaires to complete about a variety of Nigerian building projects. In-depth interviews and focus groups were also held to acquire a deeper understanding of the real-world difficulties and experiences encountered in the field. The study pinpoints several crucial project management techniques that affect time and cost performance. The results show that Inadequate construction site management and supervision ranked 1st with an RII of 0.7877, Improper construction techniques and lack of experience of the consultant came 2nd and 3rd with RII of 0.7215 and 0.7213 respectively. Late payments during work progress and Use of improper equipment are contributors to project time overrun; while, factors affecting cost overrun are fluctuation in building material costs ranked 1st with RII of 0.7354, frequent design changes, (0.7138), omissions and errors in bills of quantities (0.6754), import of construction materials (0.6754). The report suggests enhancing project management through effective resource management techniques, ongoing training and certification programs, and implementing advanced technology to improve communication, resource management, and planning precision, contributing to sustainable growth in Nigeria's construction industry. Keywords: stakeholder management, construction sector, project management, major contributor

Improving Project Estimates at Completion through Progress-Based Performance Factors

From a managerial perspective, project success hinges on estimates at completion as they allow tailoring response actions to cost and schedule overruns. While the literature is moving towards sophisticated approaches, standard methodologies, such as Earned-Value Management (EVM) and Earned Schedule (ES), are barely implemented in certain contexts. Therefore, it is necessary to improve performance forecasting without increasing its difficulty. The objective of this study was twofold. First, to guide modeling and implementing project progress within cost and to schedule Performance Factors (PFs). Second, to test several PFs utilized within EVM and ES formulae to forecast project cost and duration at completion. Progress indicators dynamically adjust the evaluation approach, shifting from neutral to conservative as the project progresses, either physically or temporally. This study compared the performance of the progress-based PFs against EVM and ES standard, combined, and average-based PFs on a dataset of 65 real construction projects, in both cost and duration forecasting. The results show that progress-based PFs provide more accurate, precise, and timely forecasts than other PFs. This study allows practitioners to select one or more of the proposed PFs, or even to develop one, following the guidelines provided, to reflect best their assumptions about the future course of project performance.

Mitigating schedule overruns in Pre-Stressed girder bridge Construction: Assessing risks and proposing mitigation strategies

PurposeThe paper discusses the critical importance of understanding and managing risks associated with the construction of pre-stressed girder bridges. As a result, it aims to assess, analyze, and propose strategies to mitigate various risk factors contributing to delays and schedule overruns in bridge construction projects. MethodologyThese risk risks through literature review and interviews with stakeholders engaged in bridge projects in Pakistan, highlighting the need for activity-specific risk analysis rather than general assumptions. ResultsThe findings show that 74% of the identified risks can be effectively managed through suitable risk management strategies. Additionally, it was suggested that 17% of the risks should be transferred, while 9% of the identified risks must be retained without any mitigation measures. This survey not only confirmed risks already identified in existing literature but also brought to light new risks previously unnoticed. Moreover, the results highlighted significant differences in risk severity among various project activities. This underscores the necessity for conducting activity-specific risk analysis instead of depending on generalized assumptions for the entire bridge construction project. ConclusionsAmong all bridge construction activities, piling emerged as the most high-risk activity, while girder installation was deemed the least risky. Based on this assessment, a set of guidelines aim to mitigate these risks and serve as a reference for minimizing schedule overruns in bridge construction, providing valuable insights for bridge constructors to effectively manage risks.

Contractors' Perception of Success Factors for Implementing Public Road Construction Projects

The Construction industry faces challenges and is increasingly failing to meet organizational objectives. This is evidenced by unsuccessful project implementation. Project failure oscillates between cost and schedule overruns and low-quality work, with construction organizations continuously failing to meet targets and losing significant funds annually. The public road construction subsector, which is currently in the spotlight for procurement irregularities, is equally challenged by the failures. Reports show that public road construction projects are not completed on time and within estimated budgets because of shoddy work and contract variations that negatively affect the government's goal attainment. This has resulted in several administrative reviews and investigations aimed at restoring sanity to successfully implement construction projects and meet government objectives. Studies are sprouting in the construction industry to determine successful project implementation factors that motivated this study's contribution. Based on the contractors' perception, this study aims to establish success factors for implementing public road construction projects. A cross-sectional research design using a structured self-administered questionnaire was adopted, and data was analysed in SPSS version 24 software. Findings reveal that monitoring activities and sanctions on staff are significant success factors in enhancing public road construction project implementation. At the same time, compliance with the public procurement regulatory framework, familiarity with this regulatory framework, professionalism among staff and perceived inefficiency of the regulatory framework are insignificant.

Demand Side Perception on Success Factors for Implementing Public Road Construction Projects

Cost and schedule overruns, as well as substandard works, are common factors that fail organisations’ objectives within the construction industry. Particularly, these factors affect public road construction projects and cost taxpayers. Researchers continue scanning the environment to establish why construction projects are ever behind schedule and over budget with substandard works and contract variations to identify significant factors for successful project implementation. This study expands the debate by looking at demand side perception in establishing success factors for implementing public road construction projects motivated by governments’ high expenditure on construction projects without meeting objectives. A cross-sectional research design with a structured self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain views from three public entities representing the demand side. Results were analysed following partial least square structural modelling (PLS-SEM) in Smart-PLS3. The research design enabled statistical tests to be conducted on validity, reliability, normality, multicollinearity, correlations and regression. The PLS algorithm and bootstrapping resampling approach were employed to determine the relationship between variables by estimating path coefficients and significance. Path coefficients helped to determine strength, direction and significance, and examine the variance of dependent variables explained by combined independent variables. Results revealed that the professionalism of the staff, compliance with the public procurement regulatory framework, monitoring activities and contractors’ resistance to non-compliance are significant success factors in enhancing public road implementation. Hence, adopting these factors would be a game changer in implementing complex road construction projects. In addition, complex construction projects in a dynamic construction industry require continuous scanning to establish more factors and cope with industry dynamics.

ELEMENTS OF COST AND SCHEDULE OVERRUN IN CONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS

The cost of a basic upgrade to this wonderful piece of study is typically expressed in necessary units like earned dollars. The economic activity necessary to ensure that the building projects are sufficiently finished within an approved budget is properly included in the Project Cost. Although having more practical experience in construction management, cost and schedule overruns still play a significant role in many projects. Modern literatures are studied back-to-back and divided into two parts, which costs money for particular projects, overrunning of schedules in construction projects. The main study establishes that price increase causes cost and schedule overruns. For all intents and purposes, any client who is interested in facilities in the manufacturing sector is complete in terms of scope, timing, and cost. These studies have been published under a creative commons permission with the express purpose of carefully controlling causes. Uniquely required, necessary materials and cutting-edge products have a direct impact on building projects' schedule and expense overruns. The published study clearly shows the lack of essential maintenance of the project equipment, decreased working class productivity, barriers in bill declaration, poor preservation of the useful tools, and other external factors slowly constitute the significant factors that may properly conduct the project at a typical cost over the period.

Analyzing the factors affecting construction project schedules amidst COVID-19 pandemic

The global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic led to disruptions and challenges across many business sectors, including the construction industry. A serious ramification of the pandemic on the construction industry was an increase in the number of project schedule delays that affected a multitude of projects around the world. Although the current literature explores the factors that cause project schedule delays, little research is available on the impact of variables, such as the size of the industry, type of project, and category of the organization, on the delays. This study used a four-step approach to address this knowledge gap by performing a comprehensive literature search, developing a survey, distributing the survey online, and conducting a quantitative analysis of the responses. The study's findings revealed that the factors contributing to project schedule overruns during the pandemic were diverse and differed with the variables cited above. Distinct differences were observed in areas such as procurement of materials and changes in material specifications and prices. This research sheds light on the multifaceted nature of the variables that impacted construction project schedules during the COVID-19 pandemic and provides valuable insights for industry stakeholders as they seek to establish effective strategies that will minimize risks and enhance project delivery during future periods of crisis.

Managing assumption-driven design change via margin allocation and trade-offs

Assumptions are commonly introduced to fill gaps in knowledge during the engineering design process. However, the uncertainty inherent in these assumptions constitutes a risk that ought to be mitigated. That is, assumptions can negatively impact the system if they turn out to be invalid. Adverse effects may include system failure, violation of requirements, or budget and schedule overruns. In this paper, the relationships between assumptions and margins are made explicit, with the purpose of aiding risk mitigation, as well as accommodating future opportunities such as product evolvability. To this end, a novel assumption management framework is proposed, which consists of a taxonomy of margins, an algorithm for change absorber localisation, and an interactive approach for margin trade-off. The proposed framework is demonstrated with a conceptual aircraft design use case, which shows that the most relevant margins can be identified, given a revision of a set of assumptions. It is also demonstrated that the application of the method allowed the margins to be adjusted according to the confidence in the assumptions, while maintaining satisfaction of all design constraints, without unacceptable compromise of system performance.

BIM Impact on Construction Project Time Using System Dynamics in Saudi Arabia’s Construction

Construction delays are a prevalent issue worldwide, and Saudi Arabia is just a short distance from this experience. Although the Saudi construction industry was booming due to Vision 2030, major delays were recorded in numerous construction projects, resulting in extra costs and schedule overruns. Studies on Building Information Modeling (BIM) have increased recently due to their crucial role in managing construction projects. However, more efforts need to be made to define the impact value of adopting BIM using advanced techniques such as System Dynamics (SD). It also aims to demonstrate the BIM impacts globally to encourage taking advantage of such a system. Limited papers studied BIM impact in-depth using advanced techniques such as SD. Thus, A questionnaire was distributed to fifty-nine experts to measure the extent of BIM’s influence on the ten factors affecting project delay times discovered in the literature. The statistical analysis results were used to calculate each factor’s relative importance index (RII), compare them to the results obtained without BIM use, and calculate the relative difference for each factor. These relative differences were considered in the modified SD. The modified SD was applied to a case study representing an academic building in the King Saud University campus. The main finding revealed that BIM decreased construction project delays by 14.55%. In addition, this study found that BIM has a maximum influence on poor site management and supervision by contractors, with a reduction percentage of 17.65%, and a minimum influence on lack of contractor experience and managerial skills, with 11.76%. The SD analysis results confirmed that BIM has a significant impact on reducing construction project delays.

Augmenting progress monitoring in soil-foundation construction utilizing SOLOv2-based instance segmentation and visual BIM representation

Efficient management of construction progress requires regular progress tracking, but monitoring progress on a daily basis can be both time-consuming and labor-intensive since the meticulous manual data processing is involved. Soil-foundation construction entails multiple uncertain underground safety risks, the elimination of which requires significant time and effort, thereby increasing the likelihood of schedule overruns. Automation and augmentation of progress monitoring are necessary for soil-foundation construction. There are two primary research challenges in the context of soil-foundation construction: the precise differentiation of objects with similar apparent characteristics, and the accurate detection of partially obscured objects. The existing approaches primarily address such issues by image post-processing rather than augmenting image feature inference. To enhance the efficiency of progress monitoring and facilitate unmanned inspection, an integrated computer vision-based framework for the tracking of soil-foundation construction progress was proposed. An improved SOLOv2 was utilized to qualitatively and quantitatively recognize the construction progress. Subsequently, the actual and differential progress could be integrated into streamlined BIM based on a self-adaptive grid-based mapping method. The approach was applied to a campus building project in China, resulting in a high segmentation accuracy (mAP = 90.9%). The improved SOLOv2 was found to surpass other state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms. Further, the impact of grid size on the mapping accuracy of construction progress was explored. The present study promotes automated schedule tracking and provides a feasible approach for developing a digital twin of soil-foundation construction.

Using Machine Learning to Improve Cost and Duration Prediction Accuracy in Green Building Projects

A major source of risk in green building projects (GBPs) is inaccurate human prediction of the final project cost and duration, which in turn results in cost and schedule overruns (i.e., poor project performance). This paper presents promising new models to mitigate such risk based upon machine learning (ML). Historical data from 198 GBPs in Hong Kong were used to develop and train two fully connected deep neural networks (DNN) models to learn and predict cost and duration, respectively, based on green building rating (GBR) and other project parameters. The models can predict cost and duration with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of 0.07 and 0.09, respectively. They were then integrated with support vector regression (SVR), and results indicated that the integrated DNN-SVR models improve prediction accuracy, decreasing the MAPE from 0.07 to 0.06 (cost) and 0.09 to 0.07 (duration), respectively. The validated models were for the first time deployed as a ML-based web application for automated, fast, and accurate GBP cost and duration prediction. The feature importance analysis results revealed that the most influential parameters on the GBP cost and duration are project area and weather, respectively, not the GBR. Theoretically, the outcomes of this study provide new insights into the impact of GBR on project cost and duration, which are useful for the promotion of GBPs to improve sustainability. Practically, the study provides policymakers and practitioners with novel ML-based models and a web application to improve GBP delivery performance.

THE SUITABILITY OF EXISTING CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS FORMS FOR BIM CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Numerous major construction projects suffer from cost and schedule overruns. In addition, the potential for conflict between project participants, for example due to changes in performance, additional services or ambiguities in the contract, has increased substantially in recent years, while at the same time the ability to resolve conflicts quickly has declined significantly. In the context of digitization, Building Information Modeling (BIM) represents a way of implementing projects more efficiently and satisfactorily for all parties involved. With the method, "risks can be significantly minimized, construction times considerably shortened and costs noticeably reduced". In order to make the most of the advantages of the BIM method, the choice of a suitable form of construction contract is of decisive importance. Within the research conducted at the University of Wuppertal, characteristic features of conventional and alternative forms of construction contracts as well as management concepts were examined and the respective advantages and disadvantages were compared with regard to the criteria identified. In addition, the construction contract forms and management concepts were also examined and evaluated for compatibility with the BIM method. The result of this investigation shows a scoring model. It includes both the nationally established construction contract forms of individual award with unit price contract as well as alternative forms such as the Framework Alliance Contract-1 with the concept of value engineering. The result of the study should encourage clients to consider alternative forms of construction contracts in order to be able to design construction projects more efficiently.

METHODS AND TOOLS USED FOR MANAGEMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL RISKS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Decisions taken in the process of organizing and managing construction structures pose various risks and can adversely affect people's lives. Geotechnical risks constitute a large part of the risks of construction projects. Technical problems related to soil characteristics can lead to delays in the schedule and cost overruns in the budget of the projects. Geotechnical risks with the potential to cause major damage to projects must ultimately be prevented before they happen. Recently, many technological tools are available to use strategically for the management of such risks. The integration of various numerical methods with different technological tools might be effective for this purpose. The use of the right method or tool will greatly contribute to geotechnical risk management. Since the management of these risks can directly and/or indirectly affect the work program, the healthy progress of the project depends on the adoption of correct risk management approaches and strategies. With the aim of o determine the effect of technological tools in the management of geotechnical risks in this study, literature review about the management of geotechnical risks in construction projects was examined, and the methods used were compiled. The results of this study are expected to be a guide in terms of introducing technological tools to practitioners in the sector and improving risk management in their course.

Causes and Impacts of Delays in Ethiopian Public Construction Projects (Case on Debre Markos University Construction Projects)

The construction project is regarded successful when it is given over to the owner within the time, cost, and standards necessary while minimizing delays in public construction projects. Debre Markos University (DMU) is one of the public universities undergoing massive development projects that are experiencing significant delays. This article evaluates the most prevalent delay issues encountered by Ethiopian government-funded construction projects, particularly those using DMU, analyzes their impacts, and suggests a delay management system. The study applied qualitative as well as quantitative techniques to evaluate primary and secondary data. Per the entirety statistics, the top five most important and highly ranked factors are erroneous time estimates, force majeure, lowest bid, procurement policy, and volatile markets, as well as frequent design changes. Nearly every DMU project schedule overruns up to 268.67% of its contract duration. As a result, the institution suffered from poor public relations and a high cost of supervision and contract administration (6.87% of the overall project cost). Conducting a thorough and accurate project feasibility study, awarding bids to experienced contractors, avoiding drawing discrepancies, preparing an accurate initial time and cost estimate, and strict schedule monitoring were discovered to be effective techniques for reducing delays in public construction projects.

A comparative analysis between CBR based prediction models and MRA models for high-rise construction delay prediction

A large number of construction projects being executed across the world are beset with schedule overruns. Although multiple regression analysis (MRA) has been widely considered as a prediction model, techniques like case-based reasoning (CBR) can also be explored for delay prediction. Although CBR has been previously considered for anticipating the construction costs by many researchers, studies pertaining to determining the construction schedule and the subsequent overrun are rare. The research paper develops a prediction model for determining the construction schedule delay using CBR and compares the observations against those obtained using MRA. Primary construction data was collected for real estate projects being executed and nearing completion in Kolkata, India. Using the observations from the primary data, attribute weights were determined using MRA and ANN. Prediction analysis was performed using MRA and using CBR with the attribute weights input from MRA and ANN. CBR-based models show a certain advantage over conventional MRA prediction models as the overall prediction accuracy obtained using CBR analysis showed a higher prediction accuracy as compared to MRA. Extensive usages of techniques like CBR can prove to be beneficial for construction project stakeholders as an excellent tool for systematically utilizing past experiences in future projects predictions.

Robustness Analysis of Total Project Cost and Schedule Delay and Overrun Indicators of Heavy Industrial Projects

Barriers such as cost overruns and schedule delays make it challenging to achieve successful project outcomes. Their early detection, however, allows mitigation strategies to be implemented before too much delay has occurred; therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the total project cost and schedule overrun indicators and evaluate their reliability for large-scale heavy industrial projects. To accomplish the study’s goals, a structured survey was developed and disseminated to construction industry professionals to gain their input on the most important cost overrun indicators (COIs) and schedule overrun indicators (SOIs). The collected data were analyzed by applying various statistical tests, and a list of the significant COIs and SOIs was compiled utilizing all-possible regression. The extreme bound analysis (EBA) method was adopted to determine the robustness of the identified indicators. The results revealed the nine COIs are design phase contract type, change management approach, degree of internal stakeholders’ alignment, delay in the delivery of long-term facility machinery, proportion of artisanal labor sourced locally, proportion of design completion before the budget approval of the project, preparing for startup deployment, agreement including delayed completion charges, and number of design organizations; two of these were fragile indicators. The results also demonstrated the nine influential indicators for total schedule overrun are implementation of front-end planning, efficacy of the change management process, project population density, average number of project management (PM) team participants in the procurement phase, prior designer and contractor partnership, delay in the delivery of long-term facility machinery, average size of PM team design phase, efficacy of designers group interaction, and number of subcontracting firms; six of these were robustly related to the model. The findings of this study can help construction project decision makers focus on the most reliable indicators and reduce the number of revisions required throughout the execution of a project.