Schedule Of Recent Experience Research Articles

Unsupervised neurobiology-driven stratification of clinical heterogeneity in depression

IntroductionOne of the main obstacles in providing effective treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) is clinical heterogeneity, whose neurobiological correlates are not clearly defined. A biologically meaningful stratification of depressed patients is needed to promote tailored diagnostic procedures.ObjectivesUsing structural data, we performed an unsupervised clustering to define clinically meaningful clusters of depressed patients.MethodsT1-weighted and diffusion tensor images were obtained from 102 MDD patients. In 64 patients, clinical symptoms, number of stressful life events, severity and exposure to adverse childhood experiences were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE), Risky Family Questionnaire (RFQ), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Clustering analyses were performed with extracted tract-based fractional anisotropy (TBSS, FSL), cortical thickness, surface area, and regional measures of grey matter volumes (CAT12). Gaussian mixture model was implemented for clustering, considering Support Vector Machine (SVM) as classifier. A 10x2 repeated cross-validation with grid search was performed for hyperparameters tuning and clusters’ stability. The optimal number of clusters was determined by normalized stability, Akaike and Bayesian information criterion. Analyses were adjusted for total intracranial volume, age, and sex. The clinical relevance of the identified clusters was assessed through MANOVA, considering domains of clinical scales as dependent variables and clusters’ labels as fixed factors. Discriminant analysis was subsequently performed to assess the discriminative power of these variables.ResultsCross-validated clustering approach identified 2 highly stable clusters (normalized stability=0.316, AIC=-80292.48, BIC=351329.16). MANOVA showed a significant between-clusters difference in clinical scales scores (p=0.038). Discriminant analysis distinguished the two clusters with an accuracy of 78.1%, with BDI behavioural and CTQ minimisation/denial domains showing the highest discriminant values (0.325 and 0.313).ConclusionsOur results defined two biologically informed clusters of MDD patients associated with childhood trauma and specific clinical profiles, which may assist in targeting effective interventions and treatments.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Psychosomatik der Uveitis - eine Pilotstudie

Until today little is known about the psychosomatic aspects of uveitis. The hypothesis that stressful life events are associated with the onset of diseases and that uveitis led to poor quality of life are discussed in the actual literature. Life events (Schedule of Recent Experiences), coping strategies (Coping Questionnaire; Essen Coping Questionnaire), psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory), and vision-specific quality of life (National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire) of 51 patients with uveitis and 51 strict parallel controls were compared with another. The patients scored higher on the Schedule of Recent Experiences, lower regarding different coping strategies, and they demonstrated higher psychological distress (low effects), and they demonstrated lower disease-specific quality of life (high effect). In summary an unspecific stress hypothesis was supported; future directions of investigation were discussed.

Occupational Stress and Psychiatric Illness in the Military: Investigation of the Relationship between Occupational Stress and Mental Illness among Military Mental Health Patients

This was a pilot study aimed at gathering preliminary data on the relationship between occupational stress and mental illness among military personnel. The primary goal of this study was to determine to what extent military mental health patients report suffering from significant occupational stress. Eighty-five active duty military mental health outpatients at the Wilford Hall U.S. Air Force Medical Center mental health clinic answered a 65-item survey that included items on the perception of occupational stress and reported life changes. Participation in this cross-sectional study was anonymous, voluntary, and random. The 85 participants represent 83% of those surveyed and approximately 10% of the clinic's total population of military mental health outpatients. The survey incorporated the 43-item Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE). By adding the weighted values assigned to the 43 items, each respondent was given an SRE score, which is a measure of overall stress that has been shown to be predictive of future illnesses. A majority (60%) reported suffering from significant work stress. A majority (52%) reported that work stress was causing them significant emotional distress. Almost half (42.5%) reported that work stress was a significant contributor to the onset of their mental illness. The average SRE score for all respondents was 266, reflecting increased risk for future illnesses. Generic work stressors were endorsed more frequently than military-specific stressors. The results reveal that this population of military mental health clinic outpatients perceived that work stress had a strong negative effect on their emotional health. These results raise the possibility that work stress could be a significant occupational health hazard in the U.S. military, a possibility that warrants further investigation. By gathering additional data on the relationship between work stress and emotional health in the military, interventions can be planned to mitigate the effect of stress caused by the military work environment on the mental health of military personnel.

A study of correlation between clinical and histopathological diagnosis of cutaneous pigmented tumors

Objectives In this case-control study we tested the hypothesis of an association between some psychosomatic skin diseases, attachment style and stress.Patients and methods A total of 177 cases and 194 controls seen between November 1992 and November 1993 at the Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI) in Rome, were enrolled into the study. Cases were outpatients with first diagnosis of hyperidrosis, chronic urticaria, generalized pruritus or alopecia areata. Controls were outpatients seen in the same period of time with first diagnosis of pigmented nevi, keratosis or mycosis. The presence and weight of life stress events were assessed by a standard precoded questionnaire based on the Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE) and on the Life Experiences Survey (LES). The attachment style was assessed by a modified version of the Shaver and Hazan questionnaire about feelings in a love relationship. We calculated 3 scores for each individual and classified study subjects in 2 groups: 1) “free” (= secure attachment); 2) “not free” (not secure attachment: anxious-ambivalent or avoidant). Questionnaires were self-administered in the presence of a trained psychologist. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using a multiple logistic function.Results No association was found between the different stress scores and the skin diseases considered. The crude odds ratio for life stress events in the previous year was 1.4 (95% CI 0.8–2.7). After multiple adjustment for age, sex, marital status and education, the estimated OR was 1.6 (95% CI 0.8–3.0). One significant association emerged between the adult attachment style defined as “not free” and psychosomatic skin diseases: the adjusted OR was 4.0 (95% CI 1.4–12).

Stress, attachment and skin diseases: a case-control study

Objectives In this case-control study we tested the hypothesis of an association between some psychosomatic skin diseases, attachment style and stress.Patients and methods A total of 177 cases and 194 controls seen between November 1992 and November 1993 at the Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI) in Rome, were enrolled into the study. Cases were outpatients with first diagnosis of hyperidrosis, chronic urticaria, generalized pruritus or alopecia areata. Controls were outpatients seen in the same period of time with first diagnosis of pigmented nevi, keratosis or mycosis. The presence and weight of life stress events were assessed by a standard precoded questionnaire based on the Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE) and on the Life Experiences Survey (LES). The attachment style was assessed by a modified version of the Shaver and Hazan questionnaire about feelings in a love relationship. We calculated 3 scores for each individual and classified study subjects in 2 groups: 1) “free” (= secure attachment); 2) “not free” (not secure attachment: anxious-ambivalent or avoidant). Questionnaires were self-administered in the presence of a trained psychologist. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using a multiple logistic function.Results No association was found between the different stress scores and the skin diseases considered. The crude odds ratio for life stress events in the previous year was 1.4 (95% CI 0.8–2.7). After multiple adjustment for age, sex, marital status and education, the estimated OR was 1.6 (95% CI 0.8–3.0). One significant association emerged between the adult attachment style defined as “not free” and psychosomatic skin diseases: the adjusted OR was 4.0 (95% CI 1.4–12).

Stress, attachment and skin diseases: a case‐control study

AbstractObjectives In this case‐control study we tested the hypothesis of an association between some psychosomatic skin diseases, attachment style and stress.Patients and methods A total of 177 cases and 194 controls seen between November 1992 and November 1993 at the Istituto Dermopatico dell'lmmacolata (IDD) in Rome, were enrolled into the study. Cases were outpatients with first diagnosis of hyperidrosis, chronic urticaria, generalized pruritus or alopecia areata. Controls were outpatients seen in the same period of time with first diagnosis of pigmenled nevi, keratosis or mycosis. The presence and weight of life stress events were assessed by u standard precoded questionnaire based on the Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE) and on the Life Experiences Survey (LES). The attachment style was assessed by a modified version of the Shaver and Hazan questionnaire about feelings in a love relationship. We calculated 3 scores for each individual and classified study subjects in 2 groups: 1) "free" (= secure attachment); 2) "not free" (not secure attachment: anxious‐ambivalent or avoidant). Questionnaires were self‐administered in the presence of a trained psychologist. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using a multiple logistic function.Results No association was found between the different stress scores and the skin diseases considered. The crude odds ratio for life stress events in the previous year was 1.4 (95% CI 0.8–2.7). After multiple adjustment for age, sex, marital status and education, the estimated OR was 1.6 (95% CI 0.8–3.0). One significant association emerged between the adult attachment style defined as “not free” and psychosomatic skin diseases: the adjusted OR was 4.0 (95% CI 1.4–12).

Life Events in the Year Preceding the Onset of Narcolepsy

A multifactorial etiology for narcolepsy has been postulated, stressing the importance of environmental factors in the clinical onset of the condition. Our study evaluated the occurrence of stressful life events in the year preceding the onset of narcolepsy. Fifty narcoleptic and 50 control subjects completed a life event questionnaire (the Schedule of Recent Experiences). The proportion of narcoleptic subjects reporting the presence of life events in the year preceding the onset of narcolepsy was significantly greater than the proportion of control subjects reporting life events in the corresponding year. Moreover the weight of life events was increased in narcoleptic subjects in comparison with controls. In conclusion life events seem to be increased in narcoleptic subjects in the year preceding the onset of their condition. However a number of other factors could not be taken into consideration, which limits the full significance of these data.

Stress, depression and left‐sided psychogenic chest pain

Ninety men between the ages of 20 to 65 were studied to investigate the relationships between stress, depression and psychogenic pain. Three groups (the coronary heart disease (CHD) group; the left-sided psychogenic chest pain (LPCP) group; and the control group) comprising 30 patients per group, each completed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), as a measure of stress; the Schedule of Recent Experience, to document the recency of actual life events experienced as listed in the SRRS; and the Beck Depression Inventory, as a measure of the severity of depression. Separate analyses of the variables stress and depression failed to yield significant stress differences in the 3 groups, but the LPCP group was significantly more depressed than the CHD and control groups. Factor analysis, however, indicated that the stress profiles were significantly different in each of the 3 groups. This study indicates that the condition of LPCP shares a similar depressive profile to other psychogenic pain conditions and further lends support to the hypothesis linking psychogenic pain to depressive disorders.

Activity Patterns and Life Changes in People With Depression

The Activity Pattern Indicator (API) (Diller, Fordyce, Jacobs, & Brown, 1978) and the Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE) (Holmes, 1981) were used to determine activity patterns and life changes for 15 depressed patients admitted to an acute care mental health unit. Eight categories on the API were correlated with six categories on the SRE to determine the relationship between activity patterns 1 week and 1 month before hospitalization and life changes for the past year. Two correlations indicated that as the total number of life changes and home and family life changes increase, activity related to personal care decreases. Other correlations showed that as life changes related to health, work, and finance increase, such activities as passive recreation, homemaking, socializing, and personal care also increase. Because activity is the cornerstone of occupational therapy, occupational therapists, in treating patients with depression, might include facilitating close inspection of the patients' activity patterns in relation to the changes that have occurred in their lives.

Life change, life events, and illness: selected papers

Preface The Historical Context It was in This Setting... Methodology: Scaling Studies The Social Readjustment Rating Scale Magnitude Estimations of Social Readjustments Scaling of Life Change: Comparison of Direct and Indirect Methods The Social Readjustment Rating Scale: A Cross-Cultural Study of Japanese and Americans The Social Readjustment Rating Scale: A Comparative Study of Black, White and Mexican Americans Impact of a Natural Catastrophe on Life Events Seriousness of Illness Rating Scale Clinical Applications: Life Change Studies Manual for the Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE) Quantitative Study of Recall of Life Events Evidence of Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Social Stress and Illness Onset Life Crisis and Disease Onset: Qualitative and Quantitative Definition of Life Crisis and Its Association with Health Change Life Crisis and Disease Onset: A Prospective Study of Life Crises and Health Changes Short-term Intrusions into the Life-style Routine Magnitude of Life Events and Seriousness of Illness Transient Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Culture Change Life Change, Coping Ability and Chronic Intrinsic Asthma Psychosocial Factors in Athletic Injuries: Development and Application of the Social and Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale (SARRS) Life Events and Prisoners Life Events: Perceptions and Frequencies Death and Dying Bibliography Index

Psychosocial stress, physical symptoms, and anxiety in Greek students.

Specific stressor events may be a function of variables such as age, sex, marital status, and urban-rural differences. Psychosocial stress as measured by a Greek adaptation of the Schedule of Recent Experiences was studied in relation to physical symptoms, manifest anxiety, and social desirability in 138 Greek university students. Psychosocial stress was found to be related to physical symptoms and manifest anxiety only in females. The types of stressor events of the students were different from those of a sample of older Greek teachers. The implications of the findings for Greek culture are discussed.

Life events do not predict symptoms: symptoms predict symptoms.

The effects of life events and previous symptoms on current symptom levels were examined in a model using data from a 3-year prospective study. Male psychiatric patients and nonpatients reported on life events and symptoms every 2 months on 18 occasions. Logistic regression analysis of these data revealed little dependence of psychiatric symptoms on preceding life events as measured by the Holmes and Rahe Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE). The best predictor of the current symptom level was the level of previous symptoms. It is concluded that efforts to relate changes in the social environment to health must first consider the possible contribution of the antecedent symptom level to the variability in health outcome.

Global vs. restricted negative measure of life change events: methodological inquiry.

The present study replicated a previous investigation that compared a global measure of life change events (the Schedule of Recent Experience) with a restricted negative measure of such events (the Life Experience Survey) in association with self-reported anxiety and depressive symptomatology (N = 84). With appropriate sampling methods and data analysis by gender, the previous finding of the superiority of the negative events measure was not supported. The pattern of inconsistent findings for both measures suggests the need for utilizing semi-structured interviews.

Life Change Measurement: Scoring, Reliability, and Subjective Estimates of Adjustment

The authors report the test-retest reliabilities for the Schedule of Recent Experiences (item counts) and the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire and compare the two scales.

Life change events as stressors and their relationship to mental health among undergraduate university students.

In the present study, 87 male and 91 female undergraduate students (18 to 30 yr. old) were surveyed to determine whether the previously observed inverse relationship between life-change events and mental impairments holds. The Schedule of Recent Experience was used to measure stress to relate results of this study and past findings. The General Well-being Schedule, reliable and internally consistent, was the measure of mental health. Comparison of the scores on recent experiences with normative criteria indicated that 84.8% of the subjects had scores indicative of major life crises. An inordinately large number of participants should have also experienced clinical distress as measured on the schedule; however, the results provide modest empirical support for this assumption. Subsequently, it seems appropriate to question the predictive validity of the life-events approach to research on stress among college students.

Tolerance of aversive stimuli in relation to life change

This study investigated the relation between an individual's tendency to tolerate and/or report discomfort and the amount of life change experienced by that individual. The role of attention in this relation was also examined and manipulated through instruction. Eighty college freshman were selected and divided into three groups (high, medium, low) as a function of scores obtained on the College Schedule of Recent Experience (CSRE). Participants were asked to experience two known discomforting stimuli, the cold pressor and loud broad-band noise. Dependent measures included participant's tolerance time, report of discomfort, and amount of attention paid to each of the stimuli. Results indicated that "high"-life change groups tolerated the two discomforting stimuli significantly less than either the "low"- or the "medium"-life change groups. Neither discomfort ratings nor attention was significantly different across groups. Findings are discussed in relation to epidemiological studies of the life change and illness relation.

Psychosocial stress, symptoms, and anxiety of male and female teachers in Greece.

Psychosocial stress as measured by a Greek adaptation of the Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE) constructed by Holmes and Rahe was studied in relation to symptoms, manifest anxiety, visits to doctor, and health concerns using 129 male and female Greek elementary school teachers. Psychosocial stress was related to number of symptoms and to level of manifest anxiety only with women. Although no sex differences were found in average psychosocial ratings, males and females reported different stressful life events. Females reported more symptoms than males, and had higher manifest anxiety. Relationships of sex differences to cultural norms are discussed.

Life change and onset of cancer in identical twins

The relationship of life change to the onset of cancer was studied in 22 pairs of HLA-identical siblings who were discordant for hematologic malignancies. The twin pairs were hospitalized for bone marrow transplantation. Life change was measured using a well-validated instrument, the Schedule of Recent Experiences (SRE). Contrary to our expectations, we were unable to document increased life changes in the sick twins. The timing of administration of the SRE with respect to the transplant did influence reporting of life events. However, regardless of timing of administration, in the period antedating the diagnosis of malignancy the healthy donor twins had increased or equivalent life changes when compared to their sick twins.

Correlates of the MMPI LB scale in a college population.

Administered the Low Back Pain Scale (LB) and the K Scale of the MMPI, the College Schedule of Recent Experience (CSRE), a psychosomatic disorder checklist, and the item, "I frequently have problems with my mother," to 53 male and 70 female college freshmen. Ss with a psychosomatic disorder scored higher on LB and on the CSRE. Females who reported problems with their mothers were more likely to have a psychosomatic disorder. The results suggest different etiology for psychosomatic disorders between males and females.

Interaction of life events and symptoms in psychiatric patient and nonpatient married couples.

Many studies have related life events to various symptoms, but there has been little effort to examine how life events and symptoms experienced by a spouse might contribute to health change in the partner. On 3 bimonthly occasions, 115 husbands and wives completed the Schedule of Recent Experiences and a Symptom Checklist. In 40 of the couples, husbands were psychiatric outpatients, and in 75 they were nonpatients. Among nonpatient couples, symptoms in either partner were significantly predicted by the level of each one's own life events (especially undesirable events) and by the levels of symptoms in the spouse during the preceding 2 months. Among couples in which the husband was a patient, the most important predictor of symptoms in either spouse was that person's self-report of life events. Future research on the social origins of psychiatric symptoms should consider the possible contributions of a spouse's symptom state to the health of the individual under study.