Scheduled Castes Research Articles

Caste and Sale Market: A Study of Economic Discrimination in Business Enterprises of Andhra Pradesh

This article attempts to analyse the issue of caste discrimination, with a special focus on the experience of business enterprises in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. It tries to examine the discrimination faced by scheduled caste business owners (SCBOs) of the non-farm sector, especially of business enterprises in the sale market, based on a field study conducted in Guntur district. The study is based on a sample of 225 respondents, comprising 150 Scheduled Caste (SC) and 75 non-SC/Scheduled Tribe (ST) business owners. A structured questionnaire was followed for the interview. The objective of this article is to understand the nature and pattern of discrimination existing among business owners. In the present day, even though SCBOs are allowed in business enterprises, they still face economic discrimination in markets. The present study has found that there is an existence of discrimination in the sale market as about 61.7% of respondents reported that their caste background affects their sales and access to the common market. The immediate impact of discrimination is evident from the existing disparities in profits between SCBOs and other business owners (OBOs). If identity negatively affects profit expectations, the chance of survival in small business will be very low for the underprivileged group. This is why, this article seeks to examine whether caste background affects the profitability of businesses significantly or not?

Constitutional and Legal Provisions Related to Reservation Policies for Village Panchayat Elections in Maharashtra

This paper examines the legal framework governing reservation policies in village panchayat elections within Maharashtra. The basis of these policies is enshrined in Article 243D of the Indian Constitution, which mandates that reservations be provided for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population within the panchayat area. This article also stipulates that at least one-third of all seats, including those reserved for SCs and STs, must be allocated for women. Furthermore, reserved seats must be rotated among different electoral wards to ensure broader participation, and the reservations for SCs and STs are subject to a time limit as specified in Article 334, which is currently set at 80 years. Additionally, state legislatures have the discretion to enact laws providing further reservations for "Other Backward Classes" (OBCs). In alignment with these constitutional principles, Maharashtra's Village Panchayat Act, 1959, extends the reservation policies by mandating a 27% reservation for OBCs on top of the existing SC/ST reservations. The state law also enhances women's representation by requiring a 50% reservation for women across all castes, surpassing the constitutional minimum. Candidates contesting reserved seats are required to produce caste validity certificates within six months of the election to avoid disqualification. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment was designed to bolster participation and leadership from marginalized communities in local governance, and the Supreme Court has affirmed the importance of these reservation policies in promoting political empowerment and democratic decentralization. Despite these advancements, several challenges persist. The stringent requirement for obtaining caste validity certificates within a limited timeframe can create barriers for candidates. Additionally, there is a risk of misuse if the reservation system is not properly implemented or monitored, potentially allowing individuals who do not genuinely belong to reserved categories to exploit the provisions.

A Study on Educational Status of Dalit Women through B.R. Ambedkar Perspective: A Special Reference to the Dharwad District in Karnataka

I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Education is only key instrument for bringing about a social order based on value of equality and social justice. The State’s special promotional efforts have undoubtedly resulted in educational progress for the Scheduled Caste (SC) especially in regions where policy implementation combined with the dynamism of reform, and most crucially with anticaste, dalit, and religious conversion movements. In the state is withdrawing from social sectors of education, health and delegating its social commitments and responsibilities to private agencies. There is already enough indication that basic educational needs of the SC women’s getting seriously undermined under the new dispensation adversely affecting life chances of vast sections of those who have yet to make the shift to first generation learning. Total SC population 8.6 as per the 2011, beside women constitutes 48% of the total population of India. The principle of gender equity is enshrine in Indian Constitution in its preamble, fundamental, rights, fundamental duties and directive principles and also reducing the gender gap in overall education level. But till now women especially, SC women’s facing more problems in our society because of, properly they won’t reach government policy, scheme and education. Karnataka states achievements in education have been quite remarkable, and the state is moving towards universal literacy at a steady pace. The literacy rate increased from 66.64 % in 2001 to 2011 75.6 %, with the female literacy rate increasing more swiftly than the male literacy rate. Overall, the gender disparity in literacy is declining rather perceptibly and the decline is much more evident in the less economically developed districts of the state. However, the significant point is the increase in total as well as female literacy among the SC women’s, though still at lower pace as compared to the overall population for the country. Hence, this paper is discussion in education status of rural and urban SC women in Dharwad district. A major limitation of the analysis is the inability to provide a comprehensive picture covering all states of the country. The analysis puts forward key issues that merit serious consideration as well as the major recommendations of them.

Women’s Land Ownership in India: The Impact of Caste and Religion

This study empirically examines the role of caste and religion in shaping women’s land ownership in India using data from the National Sample Survey Office 77th round survey. The findings reveal significant disparities in land ownership among women across religious and caste lines. Hindu, Muslim and Christian women are consistently less likely to own land compared to those from other religious backgrounds, reflecting the influence of religious laws and customs on property rights. Similarly, women from Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes face heightened barriers to land ownership, highlighting socio-economic inequalities perpetuated by the caste system. Addressing legal ambiguities, cultural norms and socio-economic inequalities can foster a more inclusive and equitable land ownership landscape, empowering women economically and socially. Such measures contribute to broader goals of sustainable development and gender equality as outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

Emotional Maturity among Adolescents: A Study of Senior Secondary School Students

The present research has been designed to study emotional maturity which is an important aspect of our daily life. Directly or indirectly it is affecting everyone living in a society. The study aimed to find out the significant difference in emotional maturity among senior secondary school students with respect to their gender (i.e. male and female); type of schools (i.e. government and private); streams (i.e. science, arts and commerce); type of families (i.e. joint and nuclear); social category (i.e. general and scheduled castes): and type of locality (i.e. rural and urban). The Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS) by Dr. Yashvir Singh and Dr. Mahesh Bharagava (2012) was employed to study emotional maturity. The sample consisted of 120 senior secondary school students, out of which 60 were males and 60 were females. Collected data was analyzed through mean, standard deviation and t-test. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in emotional maturity among senior secondary school students in relation to their gender (male and female); type of school (i.e. government and private); stream (i.e. science and arts) and locality (i.e. rural and urban). There was a significant difference in the emotional maturity among senior secondary school students in relation to their type of family (i.e. joint and nuclear) and social category (general and scheduled castes).

Caste disparities and affirmative action in India

Abstract This paper uses data from the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS) for India for 2019–21 to present estimates of contemporary caste gaps in education, occupational distribution, and wealth between three broad groups: Scheduled Castes–Scheduled Tribes (SC–ST), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), and Others, the latter being a proxy for higher-ranked castes and communities. We find the caste gaps continue to be significant, indicating the persistence of the traditional caste hierarchy. We then assess how these gaps have evolved since the previous round of NFHS (2015–16). We find convergence in asset ownership between OBCs and Others. Finally, using a difference-in-differences estimator, we identify the direct impact of the extension of reservations in the arena of tertiary education in 2006 to the OBCs. We find a positive impact on the probability of acquiring tertiary education in the treated cohorts of OBCs.

Revealing health and socioeconomic realities among individuals with sickle cell trait through case studies from remote areas of India

There is a widespread misperception that sickle cell trait (SCT) is not a major health issue, since people with SCT do not normally exhibit apparent symptoms like those found with sickle cell disease (SCD). Therefore, SCT individuals are often neglected, as SCT is assumed to be a benign condition. However, in the present study, growing evidence has linked SCT to severe health risks. This study aims to comprehensively examine the clinical and socioeconomic aspects of SCT individuals in Koraput district of Odisha, India. A total of 9 individuals with specific, uncommon comorbidities and social issues were selected for a detailed case study during the SCT screening program, which involved 1132 individuals aged 30 years and above from scheduled tribe (ST) and scheduled caste (SC) categories, unrelated up to the 1st cousin. Physiological measurements such as weight, height, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and haemoglobin levels were recorded. Mental health and quality of life (QOL) were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and WHOQOL-BREF tools. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore socioeconomic factors. Case studies revealed various comorbidities and social issues among SCT individuals. These included priapism, anaemia, hypotension, low blood glucose, decreased BMI, reduced SpO2 levels, retinopathy, paralysis, social barriers affecting marriage prospects, diagnosis stigma and depression, neonatal deaths, clinical negligence, consanguineous marriages leading to offspring with SCD. Additionally, the economic burden associated with healthcare expenditures was evident. The study highlights the need for awareness and comprehensive support systems for individuals with SCT, particularly in marginalized communities.

Nutritional Status and Anemia among Scheduled Caste Adolescent Girls of District Yamunanagar, Haryana, India

Background: During adolescence, nutrition is crucial for physical and cognitive development, yet socio-economic disparities and nutritional deficiencies, especially in girls, lead to health vulnerabilities, including high anemia rates. Despite recent data from the National Family Health Survey, there is limited information on adolescents aged 11-16 years, requiring targeted research. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the nutritional status, determine the prevalence of anemia, and explore associated factors among adolescent girls of the scheduled caste in District Yamunanagar, Haryana, India. Methods: The study sampled 450 scheduled caste girls aged 11-16 years from schools in District Yamunanagar, Haryana. Height and weight were measured to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Data on micro-environmental factors, socio-economic and demographic variables, and dietary habits were collected through interview-based schedule. Hemoglobin levels were measured using Sahli’s Acid Haematin technique, and nutritional status was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) standards (Z-score method). Results: The study found increases in height, weight, and BMI with age, with notable spurts at 12-13 years for height and 11-12 years for weight and BMI. Significant differences in height, weight, and BMI were observed between age groups. Moreover, 92.2% girls were found to be anemic, with most of them suffering from moderate anemia. Additionally, the prevalence of stunting was 67.33% and wasting was 64.90% among the girls. Household size, number of family members and menarcheal status of the girls showed a significant association with the nutritional status and anemic of the girls. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need of regular screening and timely interventions to improve the nutritional and anemic status of adolescent girls.

Decomposing social groups differential in stunting among children under five in India using nationally representative sample data

Stunting among children is a reflection of the chronic malnutrition caused by a complex set of behavioural, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. This long-term detrimental exposure to chronic malnutrition is disproportionately higher among social and economically deprived groups, leading to significant differentials in the prevalence of stunting across various social strata. Therefore, this study investigates the inequality of social groups in terms of the prevalence of stunting across Schedule Caste (SC)-Scheduled Tribe (ST) and non-SC-ST. The study used 1,93,886 children’s data aged 0–59 months from the recent round of the National Family Health Survey. Descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression, F-test, t-test and chi-squared (χ²) test were applied to understand the prevalence, determinants, and associations, respectively. The Fairlie decomposition model was applied to quantify the factors contributing to the inequality of stunting across social groups. The results revealed that the prevalence of stunting was higher among SC-ST (39.60%) children compared to non-SC-ST (33.27%). In addition, children aged 15–30 months (AOR: 1.895, 95% CI: 1.843–1.949), and male (AOR: 1.074, 95% CI: 1.053–1.095), mothers had lower BMI (AOR: 1.543, 95% CI: 1.492–1.595), mothers who had no education (AOR: 1.595, 95% CI: 11.532–1.662), belongs to poorest wealth index (AOR: 1.857, 95% CI: 1.766–1.952), and the children belong to the household with unhygienic satiation practices (AOR: 1.097, 95% CI: 1.070–1.123) were more likely to be stunted. The decomposition results revealed that the variables included in the study could explain 68.9% of the stunting inequality between SC-ST and non-SC-ST groups. The household’s wealth index is found to be a leading factor, which contributed nearly 41.3% of total stunting inequality exists between these two groups, followed by mothers’ education (12.86%) and mothers’ BMI (11.02%), sanitation facilities (4.26%), children’s birth order (3.32%) and mother’s type of delivery (1.49%). These findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions. Prioritizing policies that address household economic enhancement, women’s education and empowerment can be instrumental in reducing social group inequality and lowering the overall prevalence of stunting. Ensuring access to improved hygienic sanitation facilities in the household is equally important for achieving better health outcomes for the children.

Comparison of Scheduled Caste Youth Lifestyles and Those of Other Castes in Tamil Nadu: Youth Subculture and Identity

Social institutions and structures are crucial in shaping individual personalities and facilitating transitions, but systemic barriers can hinder youth’s smooth transition to adulthood and participation in society. When a transition fails, an identity crisis occurs and develops identity confusion as a result they will not have a clear sense of their role in society. No research has been done on the identity problems and transition challenges faced by Scheduled Caste Youth in Tamil Nadu, India. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate how rural youth in Tamil Nadu are influenced by socio-economic, political and cultural factors in forming their identity. Qualitative research techniques like case studies and focus group discussions were employed to examine the perspectives of youth from Katchipattu and Pattunool Chatram villages in Tamil Nadu. The results of the study highlight the significance of sub-cultural context, caste system and social exclusion in shaping youth attitudes and behaviours.

Vertical Mobility and Mental Gap of Scheduled Caste Students in West Bengal

This study investigates the complex relationship between vertical mobility and the mental gap experienced by Scheduled Caste (SC) students in West Bengal. Vertical mobility refers to the process by which individuals or groups ascend the social hierarchy, while the mental gap represents psychological barriers that often impede SC students from realizing their full potential. This research aims to elucidate various aspects of vertical mobility, examine the factors contributing to the mental gap experienced by SC students in higher education, and explore strategies to address these challenges to promote both personal development and upward mobility. To accomplish this objective, we employed qualitative documentary analysis and conducted a comprehensive review of existing literature, policy documents, and relevant case studies to gain a deeper understanding of the socioeconomic realities and educational trajectories of SC students. Our findings indicate that vertical mobility encompasses multiple dimensions, including educational attainment, career progression, and diverse social perspectives. Furthermore, we identified key contributors to the mental gap, such as internalized biases, economic constraints, and the pervasive influence of caste consciousness. By elucidating these critical factors, this study sought to propose effective strategies for bridging mental gaps and enhancing upward mobility among SC students. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding social equity and empowerment for marginalized communities, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions that facilitate the full integration of SC students into mainstream educational and social spheres.

REFLECTION ON KEY ELEMENTS AND CHALLENGES OF TRIBES OF KERALA IN HIGHER EDUCATION: ROLE OF POLITICS AND ECONOMY

One child, one teacher, one book, one pen can change the world. Education is education. We should learn everything and then choose which path to follow. Education is neither Eastern nor Western, it is human. Malala Yousafza (2014). Education is the root of development and is the must tool to ensure equality of opportunity following this philosophy, the central and state governments have been making various efforts to educate the masses. Even after intensive programmes and policies offered by the central and state government, the development hasnt reached the education sector among the tribal community. According to Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE) 2016-17 about 19.6% of students belong to Scheduled Castes at the primary level, but this fraction falls to 17.3% at the higher secondary level. These enrolment drop-offs are more severe for Scheduled Tribes students (10.6% to 6.8%), and differently-abled children (1.1% to 0.25%), with even greater declines for female students within each of these categories. The decline in enrolment in higher education is even steeper. (National Education Policy, NEP,2020). Weak academic performance and the increasing dropout rate are even today common among Scheduled Tribe communities. Politics, economy, community, and gender are correlated with ones life aspirations, overall learning skills, and adjustment to the educational institution.

Breaking the Silence: Fighting Injustice with Anti-Marginalization Advocacy

This article delves into the persistent issue of human rights violations against Scheduled Castes SC and Scheduled Tribes ST in India, despite the country’s celebration of its 75th anniversary of independence from British rule. It critically examines the historical and ongoing suppression of marginalized communities through the lens of modern - day slavery under the rule of law, with a focus on the legal and societal frameworks that perpetuate such atrocities. The author, a law student, employs a multidisciplinary approach to explore the gaps in the enforcement of legal protections and the stark inequalities that exist within Indian society. Drawing on reports, legal statutes, and the Constitution, the article highlights the increase in crimes against SC and ST communities, underscoring the need for stringent enforcement of laws and a coordinated effort among various stakeholders to address these violations. It proposes remedial measures aimed at systemic transformation, including building capacity, streamlining processes, and sensitizing the public. The article concludes with a call to action for every citizen to contribute to the fight for equality and dignity for marginalized communities, embodying the principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution.

Exploring the Socio-economic Conditions of Potato Farmers in Farrukhabad District of Uttar Pradesh, India

This study investigates the socio-economic profile of potato growers in Farrukhabad district, Uttar Pradesh, aiming to understand their demographic composition, educational background, caste distribution, marital status, family structure, landholding size, occupation, income levels, social participation, and possession of farming resources. A sample of 100 respondents cultivating potatoes as the main crop was selected from Kamalganj block, Farrukhabad district. Data were collected through personal interviews using a pre-structured schedule and analyzed using percentages. The results reveal that the majority of respondents are middle-aged, literate, and belong to scheduled castes. Most respondents are married and come from joint families with medium-sized households. Marginal and small landholdings dominate, and agriculture is the primary occupation, supplemented by subsidiary activities such as dairying and business. Income levels vary, with a significant proportion falling within the medium-income bracket. Social participation is moderate, with most respondents engaging in multiple organizations. Farm resources such as farm power and implements are moderately possessed. Extension services and information sources play a crucial role, with most respondents exhibiting moderate contact. This study provides valuable insights into the socio-economic landscape influencing agricultural practices among potato growers, which can inform policy formulation and extension activities aimed at fostering agricultural development and rural prosperity.

Trends and predictors of severe and moderate anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in India: an analysis of three rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data

BackgroundChildhood anaemia remains a significant public health problem in India, as it adversely affects child development and overall health outcomes. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of severe and moderate anaemia among children aged 6–59 months and identify consistent predictors of this condition over the past 15 years.MethodsData from the three most recent rounds of the NFHS were used for this analysis. The final weighted sample included 40,331 children from the NFHS-3 (2005–2006), 200,093 from the NFHS-4 (2015–2016), and 178,909 from the NFHS-5 (2019–2021). Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted, followed by binary logistic regression to identify factors associated with severe and moderate anaemia in children aged 6–59 months. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 14.ResultsOver the past 15 years, the prevalence of severe and moderate anaemia among children in India has shown a slight decline. However, the influence of various predictors has changed over time. Young children (aged 6–23 months), those from Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities, and children born to mothers with high parity and low educational attainment remain particularly vulnerable to anaemia. Additionally, short-term illness significantly increases the risk of anaemia. Furthermore, women’s autonomy, indicated by higher education and lower fertility rates, along with maternal nutrition education, have emerged as key factors in reducing anaemia burden in the future. Notably, children whose mothers had no education were 1.4 times more likely to suffer from severe or moderate anaemia. Similarly, children born to mothers with four to five children (OR 1.1, p < 0.05) and those with six or more children (OR 1.2, p < 0.05) had an elevated risk of anaemia.ConclusionThe findings highlight three key areas for programmatic focus to accelerate anaemia reduction in India: [1] targeting young children (aged 6–23 months); [2] ensuring the inclusion of SC and ST communities in all relevant interventions; and [3] promoting women’s autonomy. These strategies are essential for reducing the burden of anaemia across the country.

From Census to Commission to Life Narratives: Tracing the Nat Community&amp;apos;s Socio-Economic Status

This paper delves into a comprehensive exploration of the macro-level socio-economic landscape characterizing the Nat community, a de-notified tribe categorized as a scheduled caste in the state of Rajasthan, India. The primary aim is to furnish a nuanced understanding of the life and livelihood dynamics and the contemporary circumstances of the Nat community both at a national level and, more specifically, within the confines of Rajasthan. Historically, the Nat community is a nomadic group of entertainers who performed for Rajput kings and their subjects through dance and acrobatic skills. Drawing upon an amalgamation of existing scholarly works, the most recent datasets, and pertinent information from sources such as the 2011 census and reports issued by the National Commission on Nomadic, Semi-nomadic, and De-Notified Tribes, the paper unfolds across various thematic sections. These segments include an examination of the historical trajectory of the Nat community, an assessment of their social standing across different states, an exploration of the diversities, divisions, and deprivations experienced by the Nat community in Rajasthan, and a macro-level reflection on their demographic, educational, and economic profiles. Through this multi-faceted approach, the paper aspires to contribute valuable insights into the intricate socio-economic fabric that encapsulates the Nat community in the Indian context.

Political Participation Among Scheduled Castes: A Study on West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh

Political Participation Among Scheduled Castes: A Study on West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh “One of the penalties for refusing to participate in politics is that you end up being governed by your inferiors”. ―Plato “Plato had no perception of the uniqueness of every individual, of his incommensurability with others, of each individual as forming a class of his own. He had no recognition of the infinite diversity of active tendencies, and the combination of tendencies of which an individual is capable.” ― Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Annihilation of Caste KONDAPALLI SRINIVASU, M.A. Research Scholar Department of Political Science and Public Administration Andhra University, Visakhapatnam PETETI PREMANANDAM M.A., B.L., B.Lisc., PGDSM., Ph.D. Professor and Head of the Department Department of Political Science and Public Administration Andhra University, Visakhapatnam ABSTRACT India's democracy is the largest among countries in the world. The National Election Commission Report of India listed 900 million eligible voters, 468 million male and 432 million female. These Indian voters were spread over 29 states. A notable element of the 2019, 17th Lok Sabha Election was the participation of 15 million first-time voters aged 18–19. Only 14.39 percent of the 2019 Parliament was female, with 78 MPs. In comparison, 85.61 percent of the group was male (464). General Elections 2019, the National Election Planner, reports 3,66,61,315 Andhra Pradesh voters. According to NEP data, AP has 18,123,437 men, 18,474,714 women, and 3,745 others as voters. The Electoral Roll 2019 contains 56,908 services and 2,511 abroad Indian electors. Female voters grew by 3,51,277, or 1.93 percent. Andhra Pradesh has 539,804 18–19-year-old voters. Political engagement and understanding are essential to any political system. These tools make voters efficient and link them to politics. The International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences defines political involvement as the main way a democracy grants or revokes consent and holds power accountable to the people. It includes voting, acquiring information, discussing and persuading, attending meetings, donating, and communicating with representatives. Democracy and political participation are linked. Participation lets citizens express their interests. It fosters national stability and organization. It maximizes benefits for most people. Scholars define political participation differently depending on how they understand the different sorts of political activity. Growth generally requires involvement. The UNDP's "Human Development Report 1993" lists four interconnected forms of involvement: family, economic, socio-cultural, and political.

Cross-sectional study for profiling health status, health-related demographics, and health-seeking behaviour of the Scheduled Caste Population in selected areas of Chennai and Chengalpet Districts of Tamil Nadu

Background: Scheduled Caste (SC) population forms a large section of the Indian population who are often marginalised and deprived of social, economic and health benefits due to ignorance and socio-cultural milieu. Though various studies have been conducted on the socio-economic and political conditions of the SC population in Tamil Nadu, limited data is available on the status and determinants of their health. Objectives: The study's objectives were to estimate the health status of the SC population, health-related socio-demographic conditions and the population's health-seeking behaviour. Method: The observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in five SC-predominant areas of Chennai and Chengalpet districts of Tamil Nadu. Their health status, socio- demographic conditions, including household conditions, and health-seeking behaviour were estimated. Result: A total of 1452 households and 6072 participants of the SC community were studied, mostly belonging to the Adidravida community. Most households were of Upper-lower socioeconomic class with basic household amenities. A total of 11.54% of the adult population had a history of diagnosed chronic illnesses. Nearly one-fifth of reproductive-age women had menstrual irregularities. Non-communicable and infectious diseases were the most frequent reason for health care centre visits. Conclusion: Extensive and continuous screening of health status and chronic diseases is essential for early diagnosis and intervention. Focused interventions on improving socio- demographic status can further strengthen the health condition of the SC community. Integrating all systems of medicine in public health can help cater to the health requirements of all sections of the community. Concerted efforts can cut down the burden of chronic diseases.

Social Justice in Reservation - An Analysis

Reservation is one of the mechanisms of protective discrimination for eradicating the present institutionalized effects of past discriminations, through positive governmental steps awarding preferential treatment in favour of certain weaker sections of the society. Reservation is applied only in graded societies, where certain groups enjoyed more powers and privileges, while the other sections have been wholly or partially neglected. It involves encouragement sharing in favour of certain weaker sections of the society. It involves encouragement sharing of opportunities in the executive, legislative bodies, in educational institutions and in public services. Demand by the unprivileged classes to enjoy the same opportunities of the privileged class resulted in social conflict in the earlier stages. In course of time, the unprivileged section came to enjoy social, political and economic and other privileges on par with others. As per the Constitution of India, it is a temporary phenomenon used for some special achievement. In course of time, the unprivileged section came to enjoy social, political and economic and other privileges. Thus, everybody in the beneficiary categories Viz., Other Backward Classes in all India level, Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes in Tamil Nadu, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes did not enjoy the same status in the society. Due to the reservation policy, there are tremendous transformations in the social structure. It is evident that, there are noteworthy rich people among the backward and depressed castes. Similarly there are poor people in the forward castes as well. Not only that as per the Constitution of India, it is a temporary phenomenon used for some special achievement. In this research paper, an attempt has been made to examine and compare the concepts of exclusive reservation and creamy layer and to study the changing trends in the reservation policy towards social justice.

Exploring the Balance: Cultural and Medical Perspectives on Cousin Marriages in Scheduled Castes and Other Communities

Exploring the Balance: Cultural and Medical Perspectives on Cousin Marriages in Scheduled Castes and Other Communities