Scavenging Activity Of Ethanolic Extracts Research Articles

Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of endemic Cephalaria tuteliana

IntroductionThe genus Cephalaria, belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family, is a rich source of secondary metabolites, including mainly saponins which display a variety of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancerous effects. This study was carried out to observe the biochemical composition and to evaluate the biological activities of Cephalaria tuteliana Kus & Gokturk. MethodsThe composition of endemic C. tuteliana was determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) studies. Antimicrobial effect were determined by the disk diffusion and dilution methods for test bacteria and test fungi. The antioxidant potential of the ethanol extract was also investigated. Cell proliferation and apoptosis analysis were investigated by WST-1 and ELISA methods. The migration level of PC-3 prostate cancer cells after plant extract application was examined by wound healing assay. Also, molecular docking experiments were performed to investigate the anticancer activity of the major component found in the C.tuteliana extract. ResultsGC–MS analysis showed that the predominant compounds were Phenol, 2,2′-methylenebis [6-(1,1dimethyl ethyl)-4-methyl- (23.54 %), 9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol, (Z,Z,Z)-(6.06 %) and n-Hexadecanoic acid (3.03 %). The ethanolic extract of C. tuteliana displayed moderate antimicrobial activity against a spectrum of tested microorganisms. Also, it exhibited significant antiproliferative effects on PC-3 human prostate cancer cells while having no harmful effects on healthy control HUVEC cells. Furthermore, enhanced expressions of Caspase-3, 8, and 9 were observed in PC-3 cells after plant extract treatment. Also, cell migration level was notably reduced, especially at a dose of 400 µg/mL in PC-3 cells. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of C. tuteliana showed higher activity than ascorbic acid. Molecular docking experiments showed potential binding of the major aromatic compound in C.tuteliana extract to human androgen receptor 1E3G protein. ConclusionThese findings highlight the potential of C. tuteliana as a valuable natural resource and pave the way for further in vivo prostate cancer investigations.

Processing-induced changes in components that affect the radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts from <i>Neopyropia yezoensis</i>

Processing-induced changes in components that affect the radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts from <i>Neopyropia yezoensis</i>

Maytenus octogona Superoxide Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Caspase-1 Inhibition Study Using Cyclic Voltammetry and Computational Docking Techniques.

The relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation is well known, and exogenous antioxidants, primarily phytochemical natural products, may assist the body's endogenous defense systems in preventing diseases due to excessive inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant properties of ethnomedicines from Peru that exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by measuring the superoxide scavenging activity of ethanol extracts of Maytenus octogona aerial parts using hydrodynamic voltammetry at a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE). The chemical compositions of these extracts are known and the interactions of three methide-quinone compounds found in Maytenus octogona with caspase-1 were analyzed using computational docking studies. Caspase-1 is a critical enzyme triggered during the activation of the inflammasome and its actions are associated with excessive release of cytokines. The most important amino acid involved in active site caspase-1 inhibition is Arg341 and, through docking calculations, we see that this amino acid is stabilized by interactions with the three potential methide-quinone Maytenus octogona inhibitors, hydroxytingenone, tingenone, and pristimerin. These findings were also confirmed after more rigorous molecular dynamics calculations. It is worth noting that, in these three compounds, the methide-quinone carbonyl oxygen is the preferred hydrogen bond acceptor site, although tingenone's other carbonyl group also shows a similar binding energy preference. The results of these calculations and cyclovoltammetry studies support the effectiveness and use of anti-inflammatory ethnopharmacological ethanol extract of Maytenus octogona (L'Héritier) DC.

Polyphenol Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia sclarea L.

The plants from Salvia L. (sage) genus are well-known as culinary, ornamental, aromatic, and medicine plants widely distributed in the world. The plant raw of these plants contains numerous biologically active compounds that determine the different biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of ethanol extracts of Salvia officinalis L. and S. sclarea L. during vegetation. Plant raw material was collected from an experimental collection of aromatic and medicinal plants of the Institute of Climate Smart Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (Kherson region, v. Plodove) in 2020–2021. It investigated polyphenol, phenolic acid, flavonoid content, molybdenum-reducing power of extracts, and radical scavenging activity by the DPPH method. The total polyphenol compound content was 24.52–95.62 mg GAE.g-1 (mg gallic acid equivalent per gram) for S. officinalis and 29.39–91.02 mg GAE.g-1 for S. sclarea. The total phenolic acid content of S. officinalis and S. sclarea extracts was 10.18–40.23 and 10.13–36.01 mg CAE.g-1 (mg caffeic acid equivalent per gram), respectively. The total flavonoid content was from 13.73 to 55.38 mg QE.g-1 (quercetin equivalen per gram) for S. officinalis and from 25.91 to 53.82 mg QE.g-1 for S. sclarea. The free radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts of S. officinalis and S. sclarea was 6.05–8.59 mg TE.g-1 (mg Trolox equivalent per gram) and 6.56–8.03 mg TE.g-1, respectively. The extracts of S. officinalis showed molybdenum-reducing power from 56.25 to 218.67 mg TE.g-1 and S. sclarea extracts from 35.42 to 162.65 mg TE.g-1. A strong correlation was found between free radical scavenging activity and polyphenol compound groups (r = 0.723–0.868), and between molybdenum-reducing power and polyphenol compound groups (r = 0.759–0.927) for S. officinalis. Strong relations were found in extracts of S. sclarea between molybdenum-reducing power and investigated polyphenol compounds (r = 0.802–0.909), whereas, free radical scavenging activity weak correlated with investigated compounds. Thus, this study showed that S. officinalis and S. sclarea extracts are a source of antioxidant compounds that can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Most content of antioxidant compounds is found in the leaf and inflorescence extracts.

The phytochemical, proximate, pharmacological, GC-MS analysis of Cyperus esculentus (Tiger nut): A fully validated approach in health, food and nutrition

Cyperus esculentus (Tiger nut) has been grossly underutilized and unexploited despite its nutritional and medicinal potentials. This research aimed to evaluate the phytochemical, proximate, GC-MS and pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-elastase, anti-melanogenic and anti-tyrosinase activity in ethanol and n-hexane extracts of tiger nut. The pharmacological activities were measured using spectrophotometry, agar well diffusion, MCF-7 and HeLa cell methods. The tiger nut extracts (ethanol and n-hexane) in the phytochemical and proximate analysis showed the existence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, crude fibres, tannins, proteins, carbohydrates, oxalates, phytates and fats content. The ethanol extract showed superior pharmacological (anticancer, antibacterial, anti-melanogenic and antioxidant) activities, especially against the MCF-7 cell line. The results for scavenging activity of ethanol extract (IC50 = 535.57 μg/mL) showed significant differences (p < 0.05) when compared with n-hexane extract (IC50 = 645.5 μg/mL). The GC- MS assessment of both extracts showed the existence of bioactive compounds. Different concentrations (100, 200 and 350 mg/mL) of tiger nut extracts against Shigella sp., Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli demonstrated the highest level of inhibitions at 350 mg/mL. The findings of the current research showed that tiger nut has a high content of nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals.

Effects of Germination Black Soy Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 on Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Melanogenesis

Black soybean germination or fermentation increases active ingredient bioavailability and anti-oxidative activity. This study investigated the effects of fermented and germinated black soy milk on anti-oxidation and melanogenesis inhibition. The total phenolic content (TPC; 42.66 ± 1.65 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and total flavonoid content (TFC; 5.43 ± 0.54 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g) in ethanol extracts from Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 (TWK10)-fermented nongermination black soy milk (FNGB) were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than those in ethanol extracts from nonfermented-nongermination black soy milk (NNGB). Although the TPC of ethanol extracts from nonfermented-germination black soy milk (NGB) and fermented-germination black soy milk (FGB) were not significantly different (p &gt; 0.05), the TFC of FGB (1.79 ± 0.08 mg QE/g) was significantly higher than that of NGB (p &lt; 0.05). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts from NNGB, FNGB, NGB, and FGB was significantly higher than that of water extracts at 10 mg/mL (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, ethanol extracts from both FNGB and FGB significantly reduced the melanin content in zebrafish embryos at 100 µg/mL (p &lt; 0.05) without causing death, malformation or bradycardia. Overall, the antioxidant activity of black soy milk significantly increased after TWK10 fermentation; moreover, ethanol extracts from FNGB and FGB could inhibit melanogenesis, indicating their potential as whitening ingredients.

Antioxidant Potential, Phenolics Content and Antimicrobial Attributes of Selected Medicinal Plant

The bioactive extracts recovered from Curcuma longa (stem), Mentha aquatica (stem and leaves), Emblica officinalis (fruits), Nigella sativa (seeds), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (stem) using methanol and ethanol, were appraised for antioxidant (total flavonoid contents, total phenolic contents, DPPH free radical scavenging ability, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation and reducing power) and antimicrobial attributes. Total phenolics (16.89 ± 0.18 - 25.06 ± 0.31g GAE/100g) and total flavonoids (1.96 ± 0.07 - 13.54 ± 0.18 CE g/100g) contents of aqueous methanol extracts of tested plant materials were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower than that of aqueous ethanol extracts (13.87 ± 0.12 - 28.63 ± 0.34 g GAE/100g) and (2.20 ± 0.10 - 8.71 ± 0.24 CE /100g), respectively. The percent inhibition of linoleic acid per oxidation by crude ethanol extracts of plants was in the range of 48.72 ± 1.24 - 70.79 ± 1.57 and crude methanol extract 35.90 ± 1.28 - 61.54 ± 2.14, while the range of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts was (58.36 ± 1.98 - 80.55 ± 3.07) and methanol extracts (39.55 ± 1.52 - 79.64± 2.33). The reducing power of the tested extracts obtained by ethanol (at the concentration of 10 mg/mL) ranged 1.11 ± 0.12 – 1.53 ± 0.18 while for methanol extracts 0.98 ± 0.11 – 1.39 ± 0.12. Among the attributes analyzed, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and DPPH free scavenging activity were found to be varied significantly in all the tested medicinal plants. The extracts from all plants showed good antimicrobial potential against a penal of bacteria, including E. coli, P. multocida and S. aureus, and fungi including A. niger, A. flavus, A. alternate, and G. lucidium. Overall, the tested samples were found to be a good source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents and thus can be explored for potential functional food and nutra-pharmaceutical applications.

Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf ve sekonder metabolitlerinin hepatosellüler karsinom hücreleri üzerindeki antioksidan potansiyeli: antioksidan enzimlerin düzenlenmesi

The use of medicinal plants and secondary metabolites increases in treating numerous diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Oxidative stress contributes to the development of liver cancer, and promoting antioxidant systems might provide better insights for the treatment. In the present study, the antioxidant potential of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf lichen species were investigated. Besides, effects of major secondary metabolites, olivetoric acid (OA) and physodic acid (PA), which were isolated from P. furfuracea, on hepatic gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes, were evaluated in both cancerous (HepG2) and healthy (THLE2) human liver cells. According to the results, the total phenolic content of P. furfuracea was 71.52 µg/mg and 8.16 µg/mg gallic acid equivalent for ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Likewise, β-carotene and lycopene contents were also higher in ethanolic extracts. In line with these antioxidant ingredients, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract (IC50: 158.79 mg/L) was remarkably high as compared with its aqueous extracts (IC50: 630.33 mg/L). OA and PA strongly augment all antioxidant enzymes’ gene expressions in HepG2 cells, while only gpx expression was upregulated in healthy THLE2 cells. Conversely, these two metabolites suppress cat, sod1, and sod2 expressions in THLE2 cells. These results together suggest that P. furfuracea not only has high antioxidant potential, but its secondary metabolites might also reduce oxidative stress in cancer cells by upregulating antioxidant enzymes, which would prevent oncogenesis and tumor progression in liver cancer.

Determination of Free Radical Scavenging Potential in Cucumis melo (L). Fruit Extract

The human body has an elaborate antioxidant defence system. Antioxidants are manufactured within the body and may even be extracted from the food like fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, meats and oil. Fresh fruits and vegetables are a rich source of antioxidant vitamins such as A, C and E, that prevent cellular damage associated with many diseases. This present investigation was designed to evaluate the radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of Cucumis melo fruit. The in vitro free radical scavenging effect of the Cucumis melo (L) fruit extract was assessed by using 1,1 – diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), ABTS (2, 2’-Azinobis (3-ethyl Benz Thiazoline-6-Sulfonic acid) hydroxyl radical, reducing power and nitric oxide scavenging assay. The scavenging activity of the fruit extract was tested at different concentrations. C.melo fruit extract showed concentration dependant free radical scavenging activity. Ethanol extract of Cucumis melo fruit (EECMF) exhibited maximum scavenging activity against DPPH (64.46%), ABTS (70.52%) hydroxyl radical (62.57%), and nitric oxide (61.18%) in comparison with standard antioxidants. The reducing power of ethanol extract of C.melo fruit was found to be 0.11 at 0.2mg/ml and increased to 0.49 at 1mg/ml. These results clearly indicate that ethanolic extract of C.melo fruit has great potential of free radical scavenging activity and it may be used as a bioactive source of natural antioxidants for pharmacology of functional foods.

A study of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity to ethanolic extract of sider (Ziziphus spina-christi) leafs against some Pathogenic microorganisms

The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Ziziphus spina- christi leafs were examined by using agar well diffusion method against five bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermides) in addition to Candida albicans. Results of this present study indicated that the ethanol extract of Ziziphus spina- christi leafs was effective against tested gram positive and negative bacteria whereas the C. albicans was showed resistance to this extract. Results showed that the gram positive bacteria more sensitivity to ethanolic extract of Ziziphus spina- christi leafs at all concentration used (from 5% to 30%) than gram negative bacteria. The highest inhibition zone was by a high concentration of Ziziphus spina-christi ethanolic extract 30% against S. aureus with inhibition zone equal (19mm) while, the lower inhibition zone given by second concentration 20% against P. aeruginosa with inhibition zone equal to (9mm). The results of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of ethanolic extract possess high antioxidant activity at different concentrations with IC50 value equal to 176µg ml compared to the IC50 value of control sample (L-Ascorbic acid) equal to 145.88µg/ml.

Kapacitet ekstrakta Thymus serpyllum L. za uklanjanje slobodnih radikala u zavisnosti od primenjenih uslova i tehnika ekstrakcije

Polyphenols, as plant secondary metabolites, achieve strong antioxidant capacity by scavenging free radicals, chelating metals, and interacting with lipid membranes, proteins and nucleic acids. The aim of the present study was the examination of the applied extraction conditions (particle size of plant material, solvent-to-solid ratio, solvent type, and extraction time) and extraction techniques (maceration, heat- and ultrasound-assisted extractions) on the free radicals' scavenging capacity of Thymus serpyllum polyphenol extracts, determined in ABTS and DPPH methods. According to the results, smaller particle size of herbal drug resulted with better antioxidant potential. However, this effect was statistically significant for heat- and ultrasound-assisted extractions according to ABTS assay, and for maceration and heat-assisted extraction according to DPPH assay. Furthermore, the increase in solvent-to-solid ratio from 10:1 to 30:1 resulted in the extracts with higher antioxidant activity regardless of the type of extraction technique, whereas the scavenging activity of ethanol extracts was higher in comparison to aqueous extracts. In terms of extraction time for achieving the highest free radicals' scavenging capacity, 30 min can be recommended for maceration and heat-assisted extraction, and 5 min for processing by ultrasonic probe. In neutralization of ABTS radicals, there were no statistically significant differences between antioxidant capacity of T. serpyllum extracts obtained by using different extraction techniques, whereas in DPPH scavenging activity, the extracts obtained in ultrasound-assisted extraction have shown statistically significantly higher activity. Due to the free radicals' scavenging properties shown in the present study, T. serpyllum extracts may be used in the formulations in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries.

Evaluation antioxidant activity and corrosion inhibition of C38 in Hydrochloric acid medium by dried lemon peels of Kenitra Marrakech cities in Morocco and Taiz town in Yemen: A Comparative study

This paper presents a comparative study about the evaluation of antioxidant activity and corrosion inhibition in Kenitra, Marrakesh and Taiz. An interesting topic, indeed polyphenols can improve or help to reduce oxidative stress in the treatment of digestive problems, weight management difficulties, diabetes, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and damage fatty tissue. Therefore, the authors deal with the measurement of polyphenol content and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of lemon peels in Kenitra , Marrakesh and Taiz.The authors performs empirical analyzes on lemon peels. The total polyphenol contents of the ethanolic extract of lemon peels were measured. It was to be 30. 23, 26. 346 and 20.961 mg/CE/g in Kenitra, Marrakech, and Taiz, respectively. Moreover, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of dried lemon peels was higher than 200μg/ml concentration. They were 73.47%, 47.36%, and 32.09in Kenitra, Marrakech, and Taiz, respectively. Also, the IC50 values of ethanolic extracts calculated from the percentage inhibitions at the same concentration. Inhibition (IC50) which obtained in Kenitra was 123.089 μg/ml. It was lower compared to the ethanol extract of Marrakech and Taiz that were 197.418, 276.750μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the extract which is containing a high amount of phenolic is showed high radical scavenging activity. In addition, the maximum inhibition efficiencies for 2 mL L-1 of the inhibitor at 298 k were 98, 12% and 84, 85 % in Kenitra and Taiz, respectively. These values obtained through polarization curve measurements.

Preparation of Ethanolic Butterfly Pea Extract Using Microwave Assisted Extraction and Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential for Stabilization of Fish Oil

Fresh whole flowers of the butterfly pea were extracted with 95% ethanol and analyzed the antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) of butterfly pea ethanolic extract (BE) was 26.90±1.12 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight and radical DPPH scavenging activity of ethanolic extract was. The ethanolic extract-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers called BE-NLC were prepared by the high shear homogenization method using compritol 888 ATO, miglyol oil, poloxamer 188, extract and tween 80, respectively. Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential 27.78±0.12 mg Trolox equivalents/g of dry weight and entrapment efficiency (EE) were determined. The morphology of the BE-NLC was spherical. The entrapment efficiency of extract was 72.51±1.11% in NLC system. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the estimation of peroxide values (PVs) of fish oil from catfish, treated with natural antioxidant (BE and BE-NLC) and compared with butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) as synthetic antioxidant by incubating at 65 °C for a period of 12 days. BHT was found to have higher antioxidant activity than BE and BE-NLC in fish oil. Treatment containing BE-NLC and BHT in fish oil showed similar PVs after the 4 days. However, the antioxidant activity of BE-NLC in stabilization of fish oil is higher than that of BE.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant, analgesic, and anthelmintic effect of ethanolic extract of Merremia umbellate stems

BackgroundMerremia umbellata subsp. orientalis (Hallier f.), commonly known as Sapussunda in Bengali, is used in folk medicine for the treatment of different diseases such as helminthiasis, rheumatism, fever, wounds, burns, sores, management of pain due to cut etc. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant, analgesic and anthelmintic activities of ethanolic extract of stems of Merremia umbellate (ESMU).MethodsPhytochemical investigation was carried by using standard chemical test as described in literatures. In vitro free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract was quantitatively estimated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals scavenging assay. Total phenolic and tannin content were spectrophotometrically determined by Folin Ciocalteu reagent whereas the flavonoid was determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Acetic acid induced writhing method and hot plate method, using Swiss albino mice, were used to investigate the analgesic effect of ESMU whereas in-vitro anthelmintic activity was evaluated against Haemonchus contortus (Nematode) of cattle.ResultsPhytochemical screening revealed that the ESMU contain reducing sugar, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, gums, steroid, xanthoproteins, glycosides and acidic compound. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the extract showed scavenging potential with IC50 value of 161.81 μg/mL. Total phenolics, tannin and flavonoid content of crude extract were found to be 87.4 mg GAE/gm, 68.2 mg GAE /gm and 64.27 mg QE/gm respectively. Significant (P < 0.001) analgesic effect was observed in acetic acid induced writhing method at both doses 250 and 500 mg/kg. Similar effect was found in hot plate method that measures antinociceptive effect in response to heat stimuli. The ESMU also exhibited significant (P < 0.001) anthelmintic activity in a concentration dependent manner. The paralysis time and time for death were recorded as 9.30, 8.62 and 7.65 min and 19.58, 18.82, and 16.43 min respectively at a concentration of 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL respectively.ConclusionBased on the results obtained in this study clearly strengthen the traditional uses of M. umbellate stems as antioxidant, antinociceptive and anthelmintic. Therefore, this result suggested that the stems of Merremia umbellata might be a potential source of useful bioactive compounds.

Composition, color and antioxidant properties of cocoa shell at different roasting temperatures

Cocoa shell is underexploited and is considered as waste. However, roasting cocoa is a fundamental step in producing cocoa products. Composition of the cocoa shell depends on the origin whereas cocoa processing involves fermentation, drying and roasting. However, scarce research has been conducted to analyze the composition of Malaysian cocoa shells at different roasting temperatures. Therefore, this research aims to determine the effect of different roasting temperatures (110, 120, 130, 140 and 150°C) on the proximate composition, colour and antioxidant activity of cocoa shell. Changes in antioxidant activity and polyphenol content were recorded. Fiber and moisture content were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in unroasted cocoa shell. However, the protein was found to decrease significantly (p&lt;0.05) after roasting at 150°C (10.93%). Fat content was found higher in roasted cocoa shell at 150°C (6.82%) compared to the unroasted cocoa shell (6.09%). The colour (L value) recorded significantly (p&lt;0.05). the highest for unroasted cocoa shell (51.28) and the lowest at 150°C (47.93), DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of cocoa shell was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in 0% ethanol concentration compared to other ethanol concentrations (20, 50, 80 and 100%). The roasted cocoa shell may be considered as a source of natural antioxidants for functional food development and intermediate food ingredient.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant property of Curcuma longa Linn.

Background: Curcuma longa Linn. (Zingiberaceae family) plant or turmeric is known to possess pharmacological properties at relatively nontoxic doses. The study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of C. longa L.Methods: Ethanolic rhizome extract was applied against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi using disc and well diffusion methods. Antioxidant of C. longa L. was determined by measuring 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity.Results: The ethanolic extract of rhizomes showed inhibitory activity against Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria, whereas the Gram-negative S. typhi bacteria were resistant toward the ethanol extract. Zone of inhibitions against S. aureus were 7 mm and 11 mm by disc and well method, respectively. For antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of C. longa L. was set against butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). It was shown that the value of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of rhizome extract was higher than standard control. The dose response curve was utilized to determine the half maximal IC50 value for each sample. The IC50 of rhizome extract is 21.25 µg/ml, while the value IC50 for BHT is 12.42 µg/ml.Conclusions: The finding suggested turmeric rhizome-extract as a good candidate in the search for a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRITION, ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES, AND TOXICITY OF PHYSALIS ANGULATA L. PLANT EXTRACT

Objective: This research was to characterize and compare the nutrition, total phenolics (TP) content, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of all part of Physalis angulata L. extract.&#x0D; Methods: The proximate, minerals, TP content, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of all parts of physalis, namely, stem bark extract of P. angulata L. (ESC), leaf extract of P. angulata L. (ELC), rind extract of P. angulata L. (ERC), unripe fruit extract of P. angulata L. (EUF), and ripe fruit extract of P. angulata L. (EFC), were analyzed. The TP content, total flavonoids (TF), and free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract are studied using Folin–Ciocalteu assay, aluminum chloride assay, and 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay (LC50) used to measure the toxicity of extract.&#x0D; Results: The physalis leaves extract (ELC) contains the highest total of phenolics (144.4 mg galiic acid equivalent/g), a total of flavonoids (33.33 mg quercetin equivalent/g), and antioxidant activity (96.97 μg/ml) followed by ERC&gt;EFC&gt;EUF&gt;ESC. Based on the level toxicity of LC50, the ripe fruit extract of P. angulata (EFC) (924.18 μg/ml) valued as cytotoxic.&#x0D; Conclusion: The data of nutrition, antioxidant properties, and toxicity of all parts of P. angulata extract provide for functional food product uses.

FOURIER-TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES AND EVALUATION OF TOTAL PHENOLICS, FLAVONOIDS, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CLEOME GYNANDRA

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the nature of chemical constituents, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of Cleome gynandra and their functional groups with the help of phytochemical, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, colorimetric assay, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay.&#x0D; Methods: C. gynandra of the Cleomaceae family is an annual herb. The dried leaves were powdered and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus by different solvents. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents present in the extract of C. gynandra, FTIR spectrum was scanned at the range of 4000-400 cm−1. The extracts were subjected to the colorimetric assay in triplicate manner to quantitative determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid content. Gallic acid and rutin used as standards to determine the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging method.&#x0D; Results: Phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of C. gynandra revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and tannins. FTIR spectrum showed intense bands at 3679.18, 3616.63, 3317.34, 2943.67, 1634.01, 1360.20, 1036.71, and 778.04 cm−1 corresponding to N-H2, O-H stretch, aliphatic C-H stretch, C=O, C-H benzene, C-O stretch, and C-Cl. The total phenolic content was found to be 8.39 ± 0.0952 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 66.76 ± 0.0333 mg rutin equivalent/g. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract was showed more scavenging activity compared to ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present research work creates a platform to screen many bioactive chemical constituents present in C. gynandra to treat various diseases.

In-vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Quisqualis indica Linn. Leaves Extract

Aim: In this study antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Quisqualis indica leaves was evaluated.&#x0D; Study Design: In-vitro analysis of Quisqualis indica leaf extract.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, G.B Pant Engineering College, Pauri, between July 2015 and July 2016.&#x0D; Methods: Non-enzymatic and enzymatic assays such as DPPH (1, 1diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl), FRAP assay, superoxide dismutase SOD (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), for radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of Quisqualis indica Linn. plant leaves had done. For estimation of anti-inflammatory action, two methods were employed: protein denaturation method and membrane stabilization method.&#x0D; Results: Ethanolic extract of leaves on higher concentration had better antioxidant potential when compared with reference standard ascorbic acid. They exhibited strong antioxidant radical scavenging activity values for ethanolic extract of leaves. Results of anti-inflammatory method suggested better potential values for ethanolic extract and compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium respectively. A significant relationship between antioxidant, anti-inflammatory capacity and total phenolic content was examined, indicating that phenolic compounds are the major contributors for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of this plant.&#x0D; Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Q. indica exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity and this can be used for designing novel drug inhibitors with better efficacy.

Comparative Study on Phytochemical Composition and &lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Radical Scavenging Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of &lt;i&gt;Landolphia&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;lanceolata&lt;/i&gt; and Nutraceutical-C24/7

This study investigated the phytochemical composition andin-vitroradical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of Nutraceutical-C24/7 andLandolphialanceolatafruit. Phytochemical screening ofLandolphialanceolatafruit extractindicated the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. While nutraceutical-C24/7 showed precence of with exception of saponins, terpenoids and triterpenoids. Some of the identified Phytochemicals and vitamins concentrations quantified were higher inLandolphialanceolatafruit extractthan nutraceutical-C24/7 with statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.05) with the former having flavonoids 0.062±0.00mg/ml, phenol 0.097±0.00mg/ml, vitamin C 206±42mg/dL, vitamin B154.16±0.00mg/dL and vitamin B20.11±0.00mg/dL while, Nutraceutical-C24/7 extract had flavonoid 0.117±0.00mg/ml, phenol 0.032±0.00, vitamin C 102.24±0.00mg/dL, vitamin B123.36±0.00mg/dL, and vitamin B20.067±0.00mg/dL. The study also showed that at higher concentration, DPPH radical, ferric ion, and hydrogen peroxide the extracts radical scavenging activity increased. The study showed that the extracts scavenging activities at different concentrations had higher percentage inhibition on DPPH radical, reducing power of ferric ion capabilities and reducing composition of hydrogen peroxide indicated that ethanolic extract ofLandolphialanceolatafruits showed statistically significant different (p&lt;0.05) when compared with ethanolic extract of Nutraceutical-C24/7. Standard vitamin C percentage inhibition for DPPH radical compared well with that ofLandolphialanceolatafruit extract at higher concentration with no statistical significant different (p&gt;0.05).The indigenous functional foodLandolphialanceolatafruit can be concluded to be a good antioxidant that can scavenge, inhibit and quench free radicals. This suggests thatLandolphialanceolatamay be considered a good source and alternative antioxidant for developing countries like Nigeria.