Scatter Spectra Research Articles

CT scatter spectra transmission data of 80, 100, 120 and 140kVp primary beams for various shielding materials.

The shielding of computed tomography (CT) suites has commonly relied on the assumption that the primary beam has the same beam quality and thus penetrability as the scattered radiation. This report expands on a preliminary work that showed scattered radiation from patients having an overall reduced beam quality, with published transmission data for 120kVp and 140kVp through lead. Beam quality data of patient scatter spectra for 80kVp and 100kVp are uniquely provided herein using the same methodology, expanding the diagnostic energy range. The mean energy of scatter radiation spectra across this 80-140kVp diagnostic range was found to have a reduction of 13.4-17.9% compared to a primary beam with a defined 9.8mm Al added filtration. A DOSXYZnrc Monte Carlo program using the EGSnrc photon and electron transport code was subsequently used to simulate the transmission of scattered spectra of all 80, 100, 120 and 140kVp beams through various commonly used shielding materials, including lead, concrete, steel, plate glass and gypsum wallboard. Transmission data and Archer fitting coefficients for this scattered radiation were calculated and show a reduction in transmission over the range of practical shielding thicknesses for these materials. Transmission through lead was significantly reduced in comparison to the National Council of Radiological Protection (NCRP) and British Institute of Radiology (BIR) methodologies using primary beam spectra, with transmissions reduced between 40.4 and 63.9% for 120kVp and between 38.1 and 42% for 140kVp beams over a 0.44-2.64mm thickness range. The use of CT scatter spectra and their resultant transmission data is recommended for optimal shielding design.

Measurements of F1‐ Region Ionosphere State Variables at Arecibo Through Quasi Height‐Independent Exhaustive Fittings of the Incoherent Scatter Ion‐Line Spectra

AbstractWe discuss an exhaustive search approach to fit the incoherent scatter spectrum (ISS) in the F1‐region for molecular ion fraction (fm), ion temperature (Ti), and electron temperature (Te). The commonly used “full profile” approach for F1‐region measurements parameterizes the molecular ion fraction as a function of altitude and fits all the related heights for the state variables. In our approach, we fit the ISS at each height for fm, Ti, Te, and ion velocity (Vi) independently. Our exhaustive search method finds all the major local minima at each altitude. Although a parameterized function is used to guide the algorithm in finding the best solution, the fitting parameters retain their local characteristics. Despite that fitting fm, Ti, and Te without constraints requires Doppler shift to be accurately determined and the ISS signal‐to‐noise ratio higher than the full‐profile method, simulations show that Ti, Te, and fm can be recovered within a few percent accuracy with a moderate signal‐to‐noise ratio. We apply the exhaustive search approach to the Arecibo high‐resolution incoherent scatter radar data taken on 13 September 2014. The derived ion and electron temperatures are sensitive enough to reveal thermosphere gravity waves commonly seen in the electron density previously. Our method is more robust than previous height‐independent fitting methods. Comparison with another Arecibo program indicates our results are likely more accurate. Simultaneous high‐resolution measurements of Ti, Te, fm, Vi, and electron concentration (Ne) in our approach open new opportunities for synergistic studies of the F1‐region dynamics and chemistry.

Effects of lead shielding on gamma radiation scatter energy spectrum during equine bone scintigraphy.

The main aim of this pilot study was to determine how the energy spectrum of scatter radiation emitted from horses after injection of the radiopharmaceutical 99mTechnetium-methyl diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP), changed behind lead shielding of varying thicknesses (0.25 mm, 0.35 mm, and 0.5 mm Pb thickness), and if beam hardening occurred. The effect lead shielding has on the emitted gamma radiation energy spectrum has not been documented. In particular, the presence of beam hardening effects behind lead shielding was investigated, to determine whether or not it could discourage the use of lead shields during bone scintigraphy in horses. Horses were injected intravenously with 99mTc-MDP, and energy spectra emitted from horses without lead shielding were recorded initially to determine the emitted scatter spectrum. Thereafter, different combinations of lead shields of the various thicknesses listed above, draped over the horse and on simulated personnel, were recorded. The energy spectra were obtained at different anatomical locations of five horses on five consecutive days with a pulse height (multichannel) analyser two and a half hours post-injection. Energy spectra recorded from horses without lead shielding showed polychromatic energy spectra that encompassed a large portion of predominantly lower scatter energies (averaging around the 88-94 keV peaks). Higher 99mTc- MDP peaks averaging at 139-143 keV (useful for gamma camera acquisition) were consistently seen in all recordings but made up a very small part of the emitted spectra. With the application of lead shielding, peaks of 83-86 keV, which coincided with K-edges of lead, occurred. No significant beam hardening effects behind lead shields of varying thicknesses were observed. Thus, the wearing of lead shields during bone scintigraphy of horses is encouraged.

F1 Region Ion Composition in Svalbard During the International Polar Year 2007–2008

AbstractIons in the F region ionosphere at 150–400 km altitude consist mainly of molecular NO+ and , and atomic O+. Incoherent scatter (IS) radars are sensitive to the molecular‐to‐atomic ion density ratio, but its effect to the observed incoherent scatter spectra is almost identical with that of the ion temperature. It is thus very difficult to fit both the ion temperature and the fraction of O+ ions to the observed spectra. In this paper, we introduce a novel combination of Bayesian filtering, smoothness priors, and chemistry modeling to solve for F1 region O+ ion fraction from EISCAT Svalbard IS radar (75.43° corrected geomagnetic latitude) data during the international polar year (IPY) 2007–2008. We find that the fraction of O+ ions in the F1 region ionosphere is controlled by ion temperature and electron production. The median value of the molecular‐to‐atomic ion transition altitude during IPY varies from 187 km at 16–17 MLT to 208 km at 04–05 MLT. The ion temperature has maxima at 05–06 MLT and 15–16 MLT, but the transition altitude does not follow the ion temperature, because photoionization lowers the transition altitude. A daytime transition altitude maximum is observed in winter, when lack of photoionization leads to very low daytime electron densities. Both ion temperature and the molecular‐to‐atomic ion transition altitude correlate with the Polar Cap North geomagnetic index. The annual medians of the fitted transition altitudes are 14–32 km lower than those predicted by the International Reference Ionosphere.

Определение разновидностей оптических волокон и ранняя диагностика их физического состояния на основе анализа характеристик рассеяния Мандельштама–Бриллюэна

Research results into the automating the processing of measurement data obtained from the Brillouin optical reflectometer, light guides containing various types of optical fibers are presented in this paper. By analyzing the parameters of the Mandelstam — Brillouin scatter obtained from Brillouin reflectograms, we can classify optical fibers in the studied telecommunication optical cables. This makes it possible to evaluate the change of the Brillouin frequency shift and determine the longitudinal fiber tension. The initial values of the Brillouin frequency shift and the profile of the Mandelstam — Brillouin scatter spectrum are different for each fiber type. The programs for automated processing of Brillouin reflectogram data are discussed. Estimation of the level of the back-reflected signal allows you to identify the factor, that had a predominant effect on the parameters of the Mandelstam — Brillouin scatter signal in the studied sections of optical fibers, and to compensate for the influence of temperature changes in the longitudinal strain distribution graphs. After that, we can plot a graph of the distribution of longitudinal strain along the fiber, caused precisely by mechanical influences on optical fibers. Conclusions about the accuracy of the estimates obtained by various algorithms, based on the accumulated experience in working with the presented programs are drawn.

Difference spectrum fitting of the ion–neutral collision frequency from dual-frequency EISCAT measurements

Abstract. The plasma–neutral coupling in the mesosphere–lower thermosphere strongly depends on the ion–neutral collision frequency across that region. Most commonly, the collision frequency profile is calculated from the climatologies of atmospheric models. However, previous measurements indicated that the collision frequency can deviate notably from the climatological average. Direct measurement of the ion–neutral collision frequency with multifrequency incoherent scatter radar (ISR) measurements has been discussed before, though actual measurements have been rare. The previously applied multifrequency analysis method requires a special simultaneous fit of the two incoherent scatter spectra, which is not possible with standard ISR analysis software. The difference spectrum method allows us to infer ion–neutral collision frequency profiles from multifrequency ISR measurements based on standard incoherent scatter analysis software, such as the Grand Unified Incoherent Scatter Design and Analysis Package (GUISDAP) software. In this work, we present the first results by applying the difference spectrum method. Ion–neutral collision frequency profiles obtained from several multifrequency EISCAT ISR campaigns are presented. The profiles obtained with the difference spectrum method are compared to previous collision frequency measurements, both from multifrequency ISR and other measurements, as well as results from empirical and comprehensive atmosphere models. Ion–neutral collision frequency measurements can be applied to improve first-principle ionospheric models.

An automation of the detection processes of the strain characteristics of optical fibers, classification of their varieties and identification the influence factor according to Brillouin reflectograms

Research results into the automating the processing of measurement data obtained from the Brillouin optical reflectometer, light guides containing various types of optical fibers are presented in this paper. By analyzing the parameters of the Mandelstam–Brillouin scatter obtained from Brillouin reflectograms, we can classify optical fibers in the studied telecommunication optical cables. This makes it possible to evaluate the change of the Brillouin frequency shift and determine the longitudinal fiber tension. The initial values of the Brillouin frequency shift and the profile of the Mandelstam–Brillouin scatter spectrum are different for each fiber type. The programs for automated processing of Brillouin reflectogram data are discussed. Estimation of the level of the back-reflected signal allows you to identify the factor, that had a predominant effect on the parameters of the Mandelstam–Brillouin scatter signal in the studied sections of optical fibers, and to compensate for the influence of temperature changes in the longitudinal strain distribution graphs. After that, we can plot a graph of the distribution of longitudinal strain along the fiber, caused precisely by mechanical influences on optical fibers. Conclusions about the accuracy of the estimates obtained by various algorithms, based on the accumulated experience in working with the presented programs are drawn.

Precipitating Electron Energy Spectra and Auroral Power Estimation by Incoherent Scatter Radar With High Temporal Resolution

AbstractThis study presents an improved method to estimate differential energy flux, auroral power and field‐aligned current of electron precipitation from incoherent scatter radar data. The method is based on a newly developed data analysis technique that uses Bayesian filtering to fit altitude profiles of electron density, electron temperature, and ion temperature to observed incoherent scatter spectra with high time and range resolutions. The electron energy spectra are inverted from the electron density profiles. Previous high‐time resolution fits have relied on the raw electron density, which is calculated from the backscattered power assuming that the ion and electron temperatures are equal. The improved technique is applied to one auroral event measured by the EISCAT UHF radar and it is demonstrated that the effect of electron heating on electron energy spectra, auroral power, and upward field‐aligned current can be significant at times. Using the fitted electron densities instead of the raw ones may lead to wider electron energy spectra and auroral power up to 75% larger. The largest differences take place for precipitation that produces enhanced electron heating in the upper E region, and in this study correspond to fluxes of electrons with peak energies from 3 to 5 keV. Finally, the auroral power estimates are verified by comparison to the 427.8 nm auroral emission intensity, which shows good correlation. The improved method makes it possible to calculate unbiased estimates of electron energy spectra with high time resolution and thereby to study rapidly varying aurora.

The Properties of ICEBEAR E‐Region Coherent Radar Echoes in the Presence of Near Infrared Auroral Emissions, as Measured by the Swarm‐E Fast Auroral Imager

AbstractFor the first time, near infrared (NIR) auroral emissions measured from space have been compared with E‐region coherent scatter. The E‐region coherent scatter observations were obtained by the 49.5 MHz Ionospheric Continuous‐wave E‐region Bistatic Experimental Auroral Radar (ICEBEAR) in western Canada. NIR emissions integrated over 650–1,100 nm wavelengths were obtained from the Fast Auroral Imager instrument onboard e‐POP on CASSIOPE (now Swarm‐E) with a 1 s temporal resolution (same as ICEBEAR), with the instrument slewed to the center of the ICEBEAR field‐of‐view. The coherent echoes and the NIR emissions are expected to originate below 120 km altitude. The radar spectra indicated that the turbulence was very weak. The location of all coherent echoes corresponded to NIR emission brightness values of more than 250 kR (kilo‐Rayleighs) and less than 1,250 kR. When the emissions were very bright, the electric fields were seemingly too weak to produce plasma instabilities, explaining why no radar echoes were detected. By contrast, even if the electric field happened to be relatively strong in dark regions, the background plasma densities were too small to generate detectable coherent scatter radar echoes. The Doppler shifts of the coherent scatter spectra were clustered around 465 and ± 250 m/s. These magnitudes did not agree with the quiet 350 m/s ion‐acoustic speed expected from the weaker electric fields that should have prevailed under weak turbulence situations. The unexpected Doppler shifts were potentially due to either unexpected strong electric fields and altitude variations, or ambient km‐size density gradients at 110 km.

Charged dust in the D-region incoherent scatter spectrum

We investigate the influence of charged dust on the incoherent scatter from the D-region ionosphere. Incoherent scatter is observed with high-power, large aperture radars and results from electromagnetic waves scattering at electrons that are coupled to other charged components through plasma oscillations. The influence of charged dust can hence be considered an effect of dusty plasma. The D-region contains meteoric smoke particles that are of nanometre size and form from incoming ablating meteors. Detection of such charged dust in the incoherent scatter spectrum from the D-region has previously been proposed and studied to some degree. We here present model calculations to investigate the influence of the charged dust component with a size distribution, instead of the one size dust components assumed in other works. The developed code to calculate the incoherent scatter spectrum from the D-region including dust particles with different sizes and different positive and negative charge states is made available (https://doi.org/10.18710/GHZIIY). We investigate how sizes, number density and charge state of the dust influence the spectrum during different ionospheric conditions. We consider the ionospheric parameters for the location of the EISCAT VHF radar during a year and find that conditions are most suitable for dust detection in winter below 80 km at times with increased electron densities. The prospects to derive dust parameters increase, when the incoherent scatter observations are combined with those of other instruments to provide independent information on electron density, neutral density and temperature.

Determination of the Mandelstam-Brillouin scatter spectrum profile in optical fibers of various types

The research results of the frequency characteristics of the Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering in single-mode optical fibers are presented in this article. A method for obtaining the distribution characteristics of optical and acoustic modes in single-mode optical fibers is considered. The procedure for determining the profile of the Mandelstam-Brillouin scatter spectrum with known fiber structure is demonstrated. The profiles of the Mandelstam-Brillouin scatter spectrum of singlemode optical fibers obtained during experimental studies are presented.

Novel Near-Wellbore Fracture Diagnosis for Unconventional Wells Using High-Resolution Distributed Strain Sensing during Production

SummaryThe characteristics of hydraulic fractures in the near-wellbore region contain critical information related to the production performance of unconventional wells. We demonstrate a novel application of a fiber-optic-based distributed strain sensing (DSS) technology to measure and characterize near-wellbore fractures and perforation cluster efficiency during production. Distributed fiber-optic-based strain measurements are made based on the frequency shift of the Rayleigh scatter spectrum, which is linearly dependent on strain and temperature changes of the sensing fiber. Strain changes along the wellbore are continuously measured during the shut-in and reopening operations of a well. After removing temperature effects, extensional strain changes can be observed at locations around the perforation cluster during a shut-in period. We interpret that the observed strain changes are caused by near-wellbore fracture aperture changes caused by pressure increases within the near-wellbore fracture network. The depth locations of the measured strain changes correlate well with distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) acoustic intensity measurements that were measured during the stimulation of the well. The shape and magnitude of the strain changes differ significantly between two completion designs in the same well. Different dependencies between strain and borehole pressure can be observed at most of the perforation clusters between the shut-in and reopening periods. We assess that this new type of distributed fiber-optic measurement method can significantly improve understanding of near-wellbore hydraulic fracture characteristics and the relationships between stimulation and production from unconventional oil and gas wells.

Characterization of a Pixelated Cadmium Telluride Detector System Using a Polychromatic X-Ray Source and Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Phantoms for Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging.

Pixelated semi-conductor detectors providing high energy resolution enable parallel acquisition of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) signals, potentially leading to performance enhancement of benchtop XRF imaging or computed tomography (XFCT) systems utilizing ordinary polychromatic x-ray sources. However, little is currently known about the characteristics of such detectors under typical operating conditions of benchtop XRF imaging/XFCT. In this work, a commercially available pixelated cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector system, HEXITEC (High Energy X-ray Imaging Technology), was characterized to address this issue. Specifically, HEXITEC was deployed into our benchtop cone-beam XFCT system, and used to detect gold Kα XRF photons from gold nanoparticle (GNP)-loaded phantoms. To facilitate the detection of XRF photons, various parallel-hole stainless steel collimators were fabricated and coupled with HEXITEC. A pixel-by-pixel spectrum merging algorithm was introduced to obtain well-defined XRF + scatter spectra with parallel-hole collimators. The effect of charge sharing addition (CSA) and discrimination (CSD) algorithms was also investigated for pixel-level CS correction. Finally, the detector energy resolution, in terms of the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values at two gold Kα XRF peaks (~68 keV), was also determined. Under the current experimental conditions, CSD provided the best energy resolution of HEXITEC (~1.05 keV FWHM), compared with CSA and no CS correction. This FWHM value was larger (by up to ~0.35 keV) than those reported previously for HEXITEC (at ~60 keV Am-241 peak) and single-crystal CdTe detectors (at two gold Kα XRF peaks). This investigation highlighted characteristics of HEXITEC as well as the necessity for application-specific detector characterization.

Blind source separation of coexisting background in Raman spectra.

Due to the Raman signal coexists with other scatter spectra which leads to the low ratio of the wanted signal and high background, the appropriate method should be applied to enhance this ratio. The nature of raw spectra is a multi-source system, so its determinacy must be ensured by multi-input. Besides, the faithfulness of output should be provided. Then, the huge fall within the frequencies of Raman and background almost satisfies separating demand for independent component analysis (ICA), and this analysis can give help to the achievement of the two type signals classing and estimate the optimal number of source and match ICA output signals to Raman or background. Thus, based on ICA and the mixing-entropy criteria, the background and Raman adapting calibration kit (BRACK) method is proposed, which is a kind of multiple raw spectral inputs and multiple output (MIMO) method. This method firstly divides the raw data into two parts of Raman and background by ICA, identifies Raman signal by entropy criterion, then restores the part of Raman signal. BRACK method obtains several advantages, for instance, well-adapted, no need for any additional option or extra-intervention, high fidelity, and no unwanted external information. In principle, the correction of background and Raman signals can be expected to be completed by BRACK method.

An Incoherent Scatter Radar Simulation System Based on MATLAB

An incoherent scatter radar (ISR) simulation system based on matrix laboratory (MATLAB) platform was introduced in this letter. The simulation system adopts a modular design concept and establishes a complete working link for ISRs according to the real ISRs principle of operation. Every ISR working stage that could have an effect on the ionosphere detection performance is simulated, such as signal transmission, ionosphere model, ISR spectrum, signal reception, and ionosphere parameters’ extraction. The simulation platform can be used to perform incoherent scatter spectrum modeling and ionosphere parameters’ extraction in various modes. In particular, the target ionosphere is modeled with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. An example is demonstrated in this letter, which shows that the simulation system could be helpful for the early design of an ISR and for designing the operation modes for ISRs. Furthermore, the simulation system has the potential to be optimized and upgraded to improve its efficiency and accuracy.

Radar studies of ionospheric dusty plasma phenomena

We discuss the influence of charged dust on radar observations in the Earth ionosphere. This region in the upper Earth atmosphere can be described as a partially ionized, low‐temperature plasma. Plasma parameters vary by orders of magnitude spatially and in time. Dust particles influence the charge balance, in some cases dusty plasma condition is met. The polar mesospheric echoes are an example of dust plasma interactions observed with radar. The mesosphere is a region where atmospheric temperature decreases with altitude and can reach frost point temperature. The formation of the polar mesospheric radar echoes involves neutral atmosphere dynamics, which is latitude dependent and it involves charged dust particles, especially icy dust that forms in the polar summer mesosphere. Charged dust can also influence incoherent scatter that results from electromagnetic waves scattering off electrons, where the electrons are coupled to other charged components. Observers rarely report charged dust signatures in the incoherent scatter spectra; we show that there is a good chance for doing so with improved observations. The incoherent scatter can possibly also be used to estimate the amount of charged dust in the direct vicinity of a meteor, as we show based on the order of magnitude considerations. This prospect of new observational results makes theoretical investigations of radio‐wave scattering in the presence of charged dust with size distributions worthwhile.

Monte Carlo evaluation of the potential benefits of flattening filter free beams from the Oncor® clinical linear accelerator.

To evaluate the potential privileges of flattening filter-free (FFF) photon beams from Oncor® linac for 6 MV and 18 MV energies. A Monte Carlo (MC) model of Oncor® linac was built using BEAMnrc MCCode and verified by the measured data using 6 MV and 18 MV energies. A comprehensive set of data was also characterized for MC model of Oncor® machine running with and without flattening filter (FF) for 6 MV and 18 MV beams in six field sizes. The investigated characteristics included mean energy, energy spectrum, photon spatial fluence, superficial dose, percent depth dose (PDD), dose output, and out-of-field dose with two indexes of lateral dose profile and isodose curve at three depths. Using FFF enhanced the energy uniformity 3.4±0.11% (6 MV) and 2.05±0.09% (18 MV) times and improved dose output by factor of 2.91 (6 MV) and 4.2 (18 MV) on the central axis, respectively. Using FFF also reduced the PDD dependencies by 9.1% (6 MV) and 5.57% (18 MV). In addition, using FFF had a lower out-of-field dose due to the reduced head scatter and softer spectra. The findings in this study suggested that using FFF, Oncor® machine could achieve better treatment results with lower dose toxicity and a shorter beam-on time.

Incoherent Scatter Spectra Based On Monte Carlo Simulations of Ion Velocity Distributions Under Strong Ion Frictional Heating

AbstractUnder strong electric field conditions often found at high latitudes, the ion velocity distribution of the weakly ionized F region plasma can differ enough from a Maxwellian shape to substantially change incoherent scatter (IS) spectra and thus the analysis of those spectra. With the goal to provide a quantitative and reliable description of the IS spectra, this study directly uses for the first time an advanced Monte Carlo calculation of the ion velocity distribution to derive IS spectra for a range of electric fields and aspect angles. For most cases the spectra associated with NO+ maintains a shape that closely resembles that of a spectrum derived from a Maxwellian distribution with the same line‐of‐sight ion temperature as the equivalent Monte Carlo simulated distribution. This study also fully characterizes the spectral shape as well as the ion temperature and its anisotropy for two different models of the resonant charge exchange between O+ and O. It confirms that the distortions from the Maxwellian shape can be substantial for this particular interaction. The distortions are also such that along the magnetic field direction, the extracted apparent electron temperature is always greater than the real temperature. This work also includes a determination of the stability of the plasma against magnetic field‐aligned electrostatic instabilities. It is found that the NO+ distribution is always stable, whereas the O+ distribution may or may not be stable, depending on the model chosen for the resonant charge exchange cross section in collisions with the background atomic oxygen gas.

Angular Photodiode Array-Based Device to Detect Bacterial Pathogens in a Wound Model

We have developed a device that is able to rapidly and specifically diagnose bacterial pathogens in a wound model based on Mie scatter spectra from a tissue surface. The Mie scatter spectra collected is defined as the intensity of Mie scatter over the angle of detection from a tissue surface. A 650 nm LED perpendicular to the surface illuminates a tissue sample (90°) and photodiodes positioned in 10° increments from 10° to 80° of backscatter act as the detectors to collect these Mie scatter spectra. Through principal component analysis of the Mie scatter spectra collected, we have shown significant differences between Mie scatter spectra of tissues with bacterial pathogens versus those without, as well as significant differences between each species of bacteria tested. The device developed has been tested with a porcine dermis wound model, with samples inoculated with one of three bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Salmonella Typhimurium). Such a device could be critical in the monitoring of a wound for infection and rapid, specific diagnosis of a bacterial wound infection, which would significantly reduce the time and cost associated with specific diagnosis of a bacterial wound infection currently.

Refraction and Faraday rotation in the incoherent scatter radar technique

AbstractIn this paper we consider the radiolocation equation for the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) method; the equation accounts for refraction effect and Faraday rotation in the VHF frequency domain. Our research shows that we cannot ignore refraction in processing the incoherent scatter data when lag‐product is used to obtain the ionospheric characteristics. Effect of refraction can explain some uncertainties that arise during processing and interpretation of the ISR data. This effect shows that together with the “ion line” of incoherent scatter spectrum, a relatively small “electron line” also plays a significant role in forming the ionosphere response. The “electron line” behaves as an additional “radar induced” wideband radiolocation signal affected by refraction and Faraday rotation; it depends on the ionosphere temperature and ion composition. The presence of a wideband “electron line” produces specific distortions of the ISR spectrum during 3D‐forming of the ionosphere response inside the ISR antenna diagram pattern. During testing, we found that the signal from the ISR “electron line” can be measured at much higher altitudes comparing to the “ion line.” Hence, to improve the incoherent scatter technique, we can take the “electron line” and refraction into account.