A series of green emitting persistent phosphors Sr3TaAl3Si2O14:Tb3+ were synthesized via a conventional solid-state reaction method. These phosphors show a green persistent luminescence dominated at ~542 nm at room temperature after irradiated by 254 nm ultraviolet light for minutes. X-ray diffraction, scanning micrograph images, photoluminescence spectra, decay curves, afterglow spectra and thermal luminescence were performed to investigate the physical properties of the persistent phosphors. The influence of Tb3+ concentrations on the photoluminescence and long persistent luminescence properties was studied. The optimal concentration of Tb3+ ions for the best afterglow characteristic was experimentally to be 0.5 mol%. A feasible model was proposed on the basis of experimental results to discuss mechanism of long afterglow in Sr3TaAl3Si2O14:Tb3+ in detail.