Scanning Electron Microscope Photomicrographs Research Articles

A new species of Agauopsis (Acari, Halacaridae) from South Korea belonging to A. brevipalpus group

A new marine halacarid mite of the genus Agauopsis Viets, 1927 is recorded from mussels in the intertidal bedrock of the southern coast of South Korea. Agauopsis bisetosa n. sp. belonging to the A. brevipalpus group, is characterized by an ‘H’-shaped areola on the anterior dorsal plate, two pairs of costae on the posterior dorsal plate, a tectum with a truncate anterior margin, posterior epimeral plate with two ventral setae, telofemur I with one ventral and two ventromedial dentate spines, and tibia II with one ventral and one ventromedial dentate spines. Notably, the presence of two ventral setae on the posterior epimeral plate is a unique characteristic of the new species. This study deals with a description of A. bisetosa n. sp., accompanied by detailed illustrations drawn under a differential interference contrast microscope and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs. Additionally, it includes a character comparison table of the A. brevipalpus group and a key for known Agauopsis species in the northwest Pacific, both including the new species.

Phytic Acid: A Novel Dentine Conditioning Agent for Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.

Various dentin conditioners have been recommended to enhance the bond strength of glass ionomer cement (GIC) to dentin. The purpose of the in vitro study was to determine the efficacy of three dentin conditioners on the microshear bond strength of GIC and the failure patterns of the restoration, as well as the efficacy of removing the smear layer using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Eighty healthy mandibular premolars were cleaned, isolated, and divided into four groups (n = 20). Flat coronal dentinal surfaces were accomplished by removing the occlusal surface of the crowns. Each group received the following treatment: group 1 with 10% polyacrylic acid; group 2 with 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); group 3 with 1% phytic acid; and group 4 with no conditioning (control). High-strength Fuji IX GIC was applied to the dentin, and samples were thermocycled and de-bonded with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min employing a shear force. A stereomicroscope and a SEM were used to examine the dentin surface at magnifications of 2000× and 5000×. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's post hoc test, and Chi-squared test were used to assess data on microshear bond strength, smear layer removal, and failure modes. The bond strength of group 4 was statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) compared to the other groups. However, the differences between groups 2 and 3 were insignificant. Mixed pattern of failure was the least in group 3 (IP6). In group 3, the SEM photomicrograph revealed open dentinal tubules with complete removal of the smear layer. The results of the present study affirm that phytic acid enhances the bond strength of GIC restorations and removal of smear layer to a level comparable to EDTA as a dentin conditioner.

New Records of the Copidognathus gibbus Group (Acari, Halacaridae) from Korea, with Descriptions of C. levicostatus n. sp. and C. vicinus

Two marine halacarids, Copidognathus levicostatus n. sp. and C. vicinus Bartsch, 1997, belonging to the C. gibbus group, have been recorded based on both sexes from the microhabitat of intertidal and sublittoral rocks on the coast of South Korea. Copidognathus levicostatus n. sp. Is characterized by a combination of features, as follows: the absence of areolae with rosette pores on all dorsal and ventral plates, the presence of a short frontal process, a pair of costae with raised narrow ribs on the posterior dorsal plate, the partial fusion of the anterior epimeral plate and genitoanal plate in both sexes, and three pairs of perigenital setae in the male. The Korean specimens of C. vicinus Bartsch, 1997 agree well with the original description from Hong Kong, except for the lateral claws bearing a comb. This study provides detailed (re)descriptions of the morphological characteristics of the two Korean halacarid species, C. levicostatus n. sp. and C. vicinus, based on illustrations and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs. Additionally, we present a dichotomous key for known Copidognathus species in Korean waters, accompanied by a brief comment on their occurrence in various microhabitats, especially their habitat preferences for geniculate and non-geniculate red coralline algae.

Preparation and Physicochemical Characterizations of p-Methoxycinnamic acid – Succinic Acid Cocrystal by Solvent Evaporation Technique

Background: PMCA (p-Methoxycinnamic acid) is an active pharmaceutical ingredient derived from Kaempheria galanga L (known as kencur in Indonesia), which is poorly soluble in water. It can cause problems in the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Several methods have been carried out to increase the solubility of PMCA such as complex formation with β-cyclodextrin, or solid dispersion. The cocrystal formation method is a solubility enhancement method that has been developed recently.
 Aim: The aim of the study was the preparation and physicochemical characterization of PMCA co-crystal with succinic acid (SA) as its conformer by solvent evaporation technique.
 Methods: PMCA-SA cocrystal was made by the solvent evaporation method with a 1:1 molar ratio. Physicochemical characterization of PMCA and SA cocrystal was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
 Results: The DSC thermogram showed a decrease in the melting point of cocrystal compared to PMCA (173.55˚C), SA (187.55˚C), and its physical mixture (159.53˚C). The cocrystal thermogram displayed an endothermic peak at 158.46 ° C. Diffractogram of PMCA- SA cocrystal exhibited new diffraction peaks at an angle of 2θ = 21.92; 25.91 and 39.25˚ which was not found in the diffractogram of every single component nor its physical mixture. SEM photomicrograph showed PMCA-SA cocrystal as a rod-shaped crystal that had a different surface morphology and smaller size than the constituent materials.
 Conclusions: Based on the physicochemical characterization data above, it could be ascertained that PMCA-SA cocrystals had formed, these cocrystals were expected to increase the solubility of PMCA in water.

Acroneuria kirchneri Stark amp; Kondratieff, 2004 is a synonym of Acroneuria kosztarabi Kondratieff amp; Kirchner, 1993 (Plecoptera: Perlidae).

Acroneuria Pictet, 1841 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) is a genus of stoneflies which presently includes 18 summer emerging Nearctic species. Diagnosis of species relies primarily on male aedeagal setal patterns, details of the ovum chorion, and larval dorsal maculations. Several species are morphologically cryptic in one or more life stages. In 2010, an apparently rare species, A. kosztarabi Kondratieff Kirchner, 1993, was petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act. A status survey conducted in 20162017 produced new specimen collections from near the type locality and surrounding areas. Examination of new material and the holotype of A. kirchneri Stark Kondratieff, 2004 demonstrates that it is a junior subjective synonym of A. kosztarabi. All life stages of A. kosztarabi are redescribed using color photographs and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs. Supporting data include maximum likelihood and pairwise genetic distance analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I fragment data. Acroneuria kosztarabi, previously known only from the type locality, is now reported from six states in the southeastern United States ranging from central North Carolina to western Tennessee and north to northern Virginia and northern Ohio.

Preparation and Characterization of Orodispersible Films Loaded Diclofenac Sodium/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes

Orodispersible films (ODFs) is orally pharmaceutical dosage form that rapidly disintegrates and instantly releases the drug when placed on the tongue. This study was firstly aimed to investigate physicomechanical properties of ODFs containing diclofenac sodium/β-cyclodextrin (DS/βCD) inclusion complexes prepared by solvent casting method. The influence of plasticizer, βCD and DS on hydroxypropyl metlhycellulose (HPMC) film was studied. Increasing of plasticizer concentration (e.g. PEG400 amd glycerol) resulted in decrement of disintegration time, strength and elasticity of HPMC films. When βCD was incorporated, opaque films were observed. Presence of βCD resulted in degrading of physicomechanical properties, except percentage of elongation representing the film’s elasticity. βCD films containing DS (DS/βCD films) were more brittle and transparent than blank βCD films. Amount of incorporated DS influenced on disintegration time and strength of obtained films. Cross-section scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs showed spherical particles scattered on DS/βCD films illustrating the occurrence of DS/βCD inclusion complexes during casting process. The DS/βCD inclusion complexes were then confirmed in both solid and solution. Furthermore, DS/βCD ODFs were prepared by incorporation of artificial sweeteners in DS/βCD films. It was found that DS/βCD ODFs containing xylitol were more brittle and their disintegration times were faster then those containing sucralose. Dissolution profiles were investigated then reported that release kinetic of DS/βCD films and ODFs were fitted to Higuchi model. In summary, the βCD-based ODFs containing DS were successfully developed.

Study of the Behavior of Structural Materials Treated with Bioconsolidant.

In this article, the effectiveness of the bioconsolidation technique applied to degraded structural materials is illustrated as a new method of consolidation and conservation of the existing building heritage in a less invasive way. Satisfactory results have been obtained by an experimental campaign carried out through non-destructive diagnostic tests, static destructive mechanical tests, and microstructural analyses on a series of natural stone material specimens and artificial stone materials before and after the use of bioconsolidants. The consolidated specimens have been tested after three to four weeks after the application of the M3P nutritional solution on each specimen. The effect on the microstructure of this technique has also been observed using scanning electron microscope and optical photomicrograph, the formation of new calcium carbonate crystals promoting the structural consolidation of the materials under examination was observed in all the specimens analyzed.

Oligocene Planktic Foraminiferal Taxonomy and Evolution: An Illustrated Revision of Ocean Drilling Program Site 803

ABSTRACT The Oligocene (33.9–23.0 Ma) has historically proven to be a difficult interval to examine with respect to planktic foraminifera; the tendency for many of the taxa to be basically globigerine in shape, with 4 or 5 chambers in the final whorl means differences between species are limited. Recently, an international working group has attempted to clarify the Oligocene planktic foraminiferal taxonomy, with the goal of establishing phylogenetically-consistent generic and species concepts. A relatively expanded and continuous Oligocene section recovered at Ocean Drilling Program Site 803 in the western equatorial Pacific was previously studied by Leckie et al. (1993) using fairly conservative species concepts. Since 1993, foraminiferal biostratigraphic datum age calibrations have changed, and so revised sedimentation rates for the 220-m thick Oligocene sequence are actually more constant than previously thought. As a part of the recent taxonomic revision, this site was reevaluated and numerous additional taxa are recorded at this location. Macroevolutionary rates are calculated from the occurrences, and increased extinction is found within the late Oligocene, counter to the expectations laid out in broader-scale macroevolutionary studies. An effort is made here to describe the diagnostic features, which can be used to distinguish all taxa under a standard binocular microscope. Finally, several figures of scanning electron microscope photomicrographs (from Site 803 and tropical Atlantic Ocean ODP Site 628) depict features used to describe and differentiate important, but difficult or homeomorphic taxa, with the hope that these figures can be used by other workers at the microscope attempting to do Oligocene taxonomy-based studies.

Elemental and morphological analysis of enamel following the application of two bleaching systems with amorphous calcium phosphate: effect on enamel erosion susceptibility

BackgroundUsing remineralizing agents during and after bleaching procedures could maintain enamel surface, decreasing its erosive susceptibility. This study evaluated the efficacy of an in-office and at-home bleaching materials with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) on the susceptibility of the enamel to erosion. Forty-five bovine specimens were separated into three groups. Group A: no bleaching (control). Group B: Zoom 2 bleaching followed by ACP application. Group C: Nite White ACP. All specimens in all groups were subjected to an erosive challenge for five days. Using Energy Dispersive X-ray all specimens were subjected to elemental analysis and were examined for morphological changes under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).ResultsGroup B showed the highest mean calcium, phosphorus and sodium weight percent (wt%). Both Groups B and C showed statistically significant difference. While, there was no statistically significant difference between both Groups A and B.The sodium mean wt% showed a statistically significant difference in all groups. The magnesium mean wt% showed no statistically significant difference in all groups. SEM photomicrograph revealed hollowing of prism cores with intact prisms peripheries for group A. Group B showed relativity smooth surface with minor pores, while Group C showed an increase in the depth of surface irregularities and depressions.ConclusionsEnamel susceptibility to erosion after bleaching procedure was material dependent. Zoom 2 bleaching agent followed by ACP application did not increase the susceptibility of the enamel surface to erosion. Adding ACP to Nite White bleaching agent had no benefit on reducing enamel susceptibility to erosion.

Insecticidal activity of polycaprolactone nanoparticles decorated with chitosan containing two essential oils against Tribolium confusum

Essential oils are composed of volatile components, and rapidly evaporate. It is desirable to formulate them in a cover protecting the essential oils against environmental conditions. Applying nanotechnology to preparing desirable formulations of essential oils can be provided in a cover along with controlled release, increased oil life and greater mobility. In this study, nanoparticles were prepared using polycaprolactone and chitosan aimed at encapsulation of Rosmarinus officinalis and Zataria multiflora essential oils. The nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, encapsulation efficiency, and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs. The nanoparticles showed a positive surface charge ranging between +11.60 and +29.20 mV and a mean particle radius ranging between 181-407 nm. Encapsulation efficiency was obtained between 75.8-84.4% under different preparation conditions. The LC50 values of fumigant toxicity of R. officinalis essential oil and nanoparticles were equal to 103.53 and 112.64 μL/L air, and for Z. multiflora essential oil and nanoparticles, they were equal to 195.13 and 206.66 μL/L air, respectively for 24 h exposure time against Tribolium confusum. The effectiveness of non- formulated essential oils was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than nanoencapsulated oils in the confused flour beetle adults for a long period under the same condition, due to the sustained release of the essentials provided by the formulation.

New genus and species of whitefly, Margaritaplena ovata gen. et sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from the Andaman Islands, India

ABSTRACT Puparia of a new whitefly genus and species, Margaritaplena ovata gen. et sp. nov. found feeding on the underside of the leaves of Combretum sp. (Combretaceae) are described from the Andaman Islands, India. It differs from the allied genera, Asialeyrodes Corbett, Icfrealeyrodes Dubey and Sundararaj, and Vasantharajiella PMM David in shape, the large-sized geminate pores, and thoracic and caudal tracheal pores comprising microtubercles, and are inset from the margin, and also from Asialeyrodes in a complete submarginal furrow, and in lacking the first abdominal setae and caudal furrow. Line drawings, images for the habitus, types, and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs are provided for the new taxa. An identification key to puparia differentiating the new genus from related Indian Aleyrodinae genera is given. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:705651F8-C3AD-45F2-ACE9-0C434625C904

Compression force effect on characteristics of loratadine-succinic acid cocrystal prepared by slurry method

Loratadine belongs to second generation antihistamine (H1) drug and is known to form cocrystal with succinic acid in stoichiometry of 1:1 using slurry method. This study was conducted to further investigate cocrystal phase behavior upon compression. Sample of cocrystal phase was compressed with various compression forces into tablet form on 10 mm diameter punch. Then, the tablet was characterized for the mechanical properties and physical characterization was conducted using Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). According to tensile strength profile, cocrystal phase showed better mechanical property as it possessed higher tensile strength value compared to loratadine alone. DTA thermograms exhibited succinic acid characteristic peak alongside with endothermic peak of cocrystal phase which were compressed on higher force. It suggests that cocrystal undergoes partial dissociation to the starting components under compression. Powder diffractograms showed reduced intensity of tableted cocrystal compared to powder one for all compression force. SEM photomicrograph observed a loss of particle boundaries of cocrystal upon compression, as sintering phenomena occurred. It is predicted that compression force can influence physical characteristics of cocrystal of loratadine-succinic acid by driving dissociation and sintering phenomena.

Hydrothermal treatment of submicrometer copper powders for the improved anti-oxidative capacity

ABSTRACT Copper submicrometer particles have been synthesised via a hydrothermal treatment. The precursor is obtained by means of the reaction of chemical reduction method. The copper powders studied by powder X-ray diffraction exhibit a perfect crystallinity with a lattice constant of 3.629 Ǻ. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope photomicrographs and particle size distribution reveal that the powders have an average particle size of 0.4 μm with narrow size distribution. The differential thermal analysis curves indicate that initial oxidation temperature is greatly improved from 212°C to 272°C after hydrothermal treatment, indicating the antioxidant ability of the copper submicrometer particles synthesised by hydrothermal treatment increased obviously.

Synthesis of CuO micro and nanoparticles as composite additives for corrosion resistant Zn-composite coatings on mild steel

Micro and nano structured CuO particles were synthesized from co-precipitation method. The average crystallite size and morphology of the particles were determined using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The effects of micro and nano sized CuO particles on the corrosion resistance of a Zn-coating were studied. The Zn-composite coatings were developed by electrodeposition using a Zn-sulfate plating bath suspended with micro/nano structured CuO particles under dc conditions. The co-deposition of secondary phase particles in the Zn-metal matrix changed the surface morphology of the metal matrix which has been analyzed by SEM photo micrographs. The Tafel and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) corrosion tests were performed to study the corrosion resistance property of the coatings. The corrosion resistivity of Zn-metal matrix was more improvised by the co-deposition of CuO nanoparticles than by the CuO microparticles.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Erosive Potential of Pediatric Liquid Medicaments on Primary Teeth

Introduction: Pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) are the most accepted form of medication prescribed for children to treat different infirmities, however, their harmful effects on a child’s dental health are unaware for most of us. The present in vitro study was aimed to evaluate the erosive potential of two commonly used PLM’S on primary teeth and the remineralizing potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste on these erosive lesions. Materials and Methods: Forty deciduous teeth were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8) in which group I samples were treated with Meftagesic-P, group II with Kofarest-PD, group III with Meftagesic P + CPP-ACP paste, group IV with Kofarest-PD + CPP-ACP paste, and group V samples were immersed in artificial saliva (control). Photomicrographs were taken at 2000× and 5000× magnification using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: SEM photomicrographs elicited erosive changes in the enamel surface of all the samples in both groups I and II, however, the erosive changes in group II samples were more pronounced. The enamel surface of group III and IV samples that were treated with CPP-ACP after exposure to medicaments showed remineralization of erosed areas. Conclusion: Both the PLMs used in the study showed an erosive effect on the primary enamel surface. The severity of erosion increased with the exposure time. However, the application of CPP-ACP paste following the exposure to PLMs showed noticeable remineralization.

Asialeyrodes nicobarica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from the Nicobar Island, located in the Indian part of the Sundaland hotspot, and two new synonymies.

A new whitefly species, Asialeyrodes nicobarica Dubey, sp. nov. found infesting Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) (Rubiaceae) on the Nicobar Island, located in the Indian part of the Sundaland hotspot, is described here. Puparia of the new species differ from all of its congeners in shape, and in having the median tubercles on abdominal segments I-VI, a posteriorly notched vasiform orifice and a broad caudal furrow filled with small linear striations. Asialeyrodes menoni Meganathan and David syn. nov and A. tuberculata Pushpa and Sundararaj syn. nov are synonymised with A. indica Sundararaj and David. Icfrealeyrodes splendens (Meganathan David) comb. nov. is proposed for Asialeyrodes splendens Meganathan and David. Illustrations include habitus, line drawings, holotype images of the new species and A. tuberculata, and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs. Puparial keys differentiating Asialeyrodes Corbett from allied Indian Aleyrodinae genera and to puparia of species currently included in Asialeyrodes in India are provided. Also, the placement of a non-congeneric species, Rhachisphora spherica Sundararaj and Dubey in Asialeyrodes is discussed.

Description of a new whitefly, Pealius satakshiae Dubey (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), infesting Quercus leucotrichophora (Fagaceae) in the Western Himalaya, India

ABSTRACTA new whitefly species, Pealius satakshiae Dubey, found infesting Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus (Fagaceae) in the Chail Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India, is described. Puparia of the new species differ from described Pealius species in being larger in size, having a differentiated cephalus, rhachisform abdomen and reduced abdominal segment VII, and lacking the first abdominal setae. Puparial characteristics for the genus Pealius Quaintance and Baker in relation to new species are discussed. Camera lucida drawings, images of habitus and holotype, and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs are provided.http://www.zoobank.org/lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9712A865-4DD6-457B-84B0-1C7873316DE4

Evaluation of Root Debridement Skill in Periodontology Module

Objective: To evaluate the root debridement skill in periodontology pre-clinical module among dental students and to estimate the effectiveness of conducting periodontology pre-clinical module before entering clinical module. Materials and Method: A total of 47 pre-clinical dental students (Year 2) were included in this study. Single rooted extracted teeth were collected, mounted on acrylic resin and set into the level of 1/3 of the root length. Each of them were instructed to prepare a mounted teeth and to perform root debridement procedure on the labial surface of the tooth only within 10 minutes using Gracey curette #5/6. The similar samples were distributed back to the same students (which were already in clinical year (year 4) to repeat the same procedure on the lingual surface of the same tooth. Root surface roughness was evaluated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and profilometer for both labial and lingual surfaces. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney U test and T-test. Significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was assumed for all analysis. Results: SEM photomicrographs of root surfaces with magnifications of 100x and 800x revealed that there were incomplete removal of the dental calculus in both surfaces and significant roughness root surfaces noted. Conclusion: No significant differences noted between the students’ root debridement skill in the pre-clinical and also clinical year. Objectives of the current module were fulfilled but in order to meet the highest standard, current module need to be improved in the future.

An in-vitro analysis of shear bond strength of resin based luting cements to lithium disilicate glass ceramic

Lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic (LDGC) material was introduced in the year 2000; it improved the strength of single and multiple-unit restorations. The inherent brittleness and limited flexural strength of the available glass-ceramic material were the major drawbacks of these restorations. Adequate adhesion between ceramic and tooth substructure was vital for the successful functioning of ceramic restoration. Limited information is available about the currently available luting systems. Aims and objectives: The present in-vitro study was designed to compare and evaluate the shear bond strength of three different resin based luting cements to lithium disilicate glass ceramic. The study was conducted to evaluate the shear bond strength of different resin based luting cements to lithium disilicate glass ceramic. Methods and Methodology: Thirty lithium disilicate glass ceramic disks were fabricated and were surface treated. The ceramic specimen were divided into three groups that received three different luting cements (Group 1: RelyX Ultimate Clicker, Group 2: Fusion Self Lute and Group 3: ParaCore). The shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement to the ceramic substrate was then measured with a Universal testing machine (Multitest 10-I, Mecmesin). Following de-bonding, all fractured interfaces were visually analysed from the Scanning electron microscope photomicrographs to determine the mode of fracture. Results: The study results demonstrated that there was no statistical significant difference between RelyX and Fusion Self Lute while there was statistically significant difference between RelyX and ParaCore (p=0.019, p Conclusion: the study concluded that the resin cements containing filler particles show higher bond strength values when compared to resin cements with no filler particles and bonds which fail by cohesion exhibit high-strength performance. Keywords: luting, Ceramic, High- strength.

Aericerus meghalayensis gen. et sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in North-East India

Puparia and third instars of a new whitefly, Aericerus meghalayensisgen. et sp. nov. infesting Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) (Combretaceae) leaves are described from Barapani, located in the state of Meghalaya in North-East India. The florate-shaped wax secreting geminate pores and submarginal sieve plates are reported for the first time from whitefly puparia. Puparia of the new genus differ from closely related genera, Aleuroclava Singh and Trialeurolonga Martin in having submargin demarcated from the dorsal disc, longitudinal and transverse moulting sutures reaching submarginal ridge, prominent tracheal folds, and a groove demarcating narrow submargin ventrally; it also differs from the former genus in having wax secreting glandular pores with accompanying sieve plates on the submargin, and from the latter genus in puparial size, smooth margin and in lacking submarginal papillae. The new taxa are described with camera lucida drawings, images of habitus, holotype puparium and third instar, and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs.