Scandinavian Concept Research Articles

Friluftsliv and olggonastin – multiple and complex nature cultures

ABSTRACT The Scandinavian concept of friluftsliv has become established in the international literature on outdoor life. However, when emphasising friluftsliv as a recreational way of outdoor life, other understandings and nuances are disguised. With a post-colonial and Indigenous methodological perspective, the authors argue that the Sámi words olggonastin, meahcástallan and olggustállan are often more useful and purposive than friluftsliv. We show how friluftsliv both assimilates and suppresses Sámi nature culture while also integrating and including Sámi and Norwegians into shared rural cultures—especially in northern Norway.

Privatsfærens informatisering

The author reports from a summer 1984 sojourn in an old farm in the Asconian woodsin Sweden with af computer-audio-visual protoype ("Domestic Information Manipulation Systems") from the D. I. M. S/Experimental Home - project at the Psychological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen.He considers the necessities of a demand for essential datanetwork-intependency in a Scandinavian concept and design of the "common private household multimedium" of tomorrow. Further areas of demand are illustrated from considerations of previously accumulated tools, bits and pieces in the information-ecology of the farm and general problems of crossgenerational rearrangement and reconstruction there. A brief account of project-outlines and rationale behind the mentioned R&D-projectis given, and the imminent problems of the processes considered are interpreted as phenomena and targets of decision in cultural history, to be seen in a 500-years perspective. This is illustrated with reference to the triptych "Las Fresas" or "The Garden of Delights" by Hieronymus Bosch, which exemplifies important dimensionalities, which a domestic knowledge-data-base editing system must be able to incorporate and make users able to handle.

Norm Critical Projects in Swedish School Librarian Practices

In this article, we explore the practices of school librarians with a specific focus on norm critical pedagogy, a distinctively Scandinavian concept with a basis in critical pedagogies. In Sweden, norm critique is a practice, a pedagogy and a discourse. Our article offers examples of school librarian practices that deal with issues of sexuality and gender conceptualized in their work with LGBTQ+ literature from a norm critical perspective. We analysed semi-structured interviews with eight librarians in four secondary and upper secondary schools through the lens of the theory of practice architectures (Kemmis & Grootenboer, 2008). Our findings demonstrate how the norm critical practices of school librarians are enabled and constrained by arrangements within the school site, as well as by management, colleagues and professional learning practices. The projects carried out by school librarians that employ norm critical perspectives are both strengthened and challenged by collaboration with principals and other education professionals at the school site. When teachers challenge the views of librarians, they the latter have to re-think and re-negotiate normative positions. Hence, norm critical thinking is not only taught but also practiced in the everyday work in school libraries. This article argues that these norm critical perspectives and the librarians’ practices represent important contributions to the democratic assignment of Swedish schools.

IMPLEMENTATION OF JAPANDI CONCEPT AT WISMA MULIA NURSING HOME WEST JAKARTA

When a person has aged, his life is no longer full of energy and slowly begins to get a decline in body functions. This has resulted in the need for support for good and comfortable housing facilities, one of which is an Nursing Home. The elderly home, which is commonly known as Panti Werdha, is a residential facility for the elderly. In this study, we will take the object of an elderly home named Panti Werdha Wisma Mulia. The author will carry the Japanese Scandinavian concept or better known as Japandi at the Wisma Mulia Nursing Home. Apart from following the concepts that developed according to the times, the selection of the Japandi concept was able to provide a comfortable atmosphere for the elderly. This is because the Japandi concept prioritizes minimalism and warmth on the design side. So that it can create a warm, quiet, spacious room atmosphere, and of course provide a comfortable and safe effect for the elderly who inhabit it. The research was conducted by direct observation at the orphanage to obtain building data, residents' habits and photos of the room's atmosphere, as well as looking for data and building precedents with the Japanese concept. Furthermore, the author will redesign the design of the Wisma Mulia Nursing Home by implementing the Japandi concept. The result is an image of an interior design perspective as well as an explanation and benefit of the design. The author hopes that the design can be useful if it is realized and provides comfort for the elderly.

PERANCANGAN KAP LAMPU DEKORATIF BERBAHAN BIO LEATHER KACANG KEDELAI

Soybean shell waste contains organic material with pH levels classified as acidic which can endanger environmental sustainability and pollute water and soil. This research raises the issue of utilizing soybean shell waste into more useful products. Soybean shell waste is used as new materials in the form of composites to be used as products that have economic value and overcome negative environmental impacts. The composite results in this study in this study were in the form of soybean skin bio leather sheets which were then analyzed for raw material talent to determine the potential of soybean skin bio leather sheets to be used as alternative product design materials. The actions taken to identify the talent of the sheet are by exploring and testing the translucency of the light to determine the distribution of the light produced, testing the sustainable sheet with the process of soaking the soil and water, and giving color. After analyzing material talent, in product design using the MACAK design method in the design so that product recommendations are found using soybean skin bio leather material. One of the product recommendations that can be developed is the design of a decorative lampshade with a Scandinavian concept with a weaving technique with a zig zag motif and geometry for hanging wall lamps, and table lamps using soybean skin bio leather. The results of the product design of hanging decorative lampshades, table lamps

IMPLEMENTASI VISUAL MERCHANDISING SEBAGAI STRATEGI PEMASARAN BUTIK DI BINTARO JAKARTA

This research aims to find out the Implementation of Visual Merchandising in one of the Boutiques in the Bintaro area of Jakarta. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The data source is selected by purposive sampling with criteria to master or understand the Implementation of Visual Merchandising, the number of informants as many as 3 people consisting of Sales Team, Digital Marketing, and CEO. Data collection techniques were conducted in one of the Boutiques in Bintaro area of Jakarta and one of CV in Jakarta, using non-participatory observation techniques, interviews, documentation studies, and triangulation. The results of the study, Implementation of Visual Merchandising in one of the Boutiques in Bintaro area of Jakarta, include; 1) Display Elements, 2)Display Components, 3)Display Principles. The implementation of Visual Merchandising in one of the Boutiques in Bintaro area of Jakarta applies the Scandinavia concept or theme. So that the display elements, display components, and display principles are inseparable from the Scandinavian concept or theme.

*Sæheimr: Just a Settlement by the Sea? Dating, Naming Motivation and Function of an Iron Age Maritime Place Name in Scandinavia

Derivations of the maritime place name *Saeheimr—‘the settlement by the sea’—are known from 54 examples from different parts of Scandinavia. Traditionally, these are thought to describe merely a feature of the terrain that defined a site’s location by the sea, a fjord or a lake. Consequently, they have not been the focus of archaeological research. By analysing the sites’ topographical, archaeological-historical and onomastic settings, the theory developed in this article is that the derivations of the place name *Saeheimr denote outlying landing sites of central place complexes that were established in the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. In this respect, the phenomenon fits with and supplements the traditional Scandinavian concept of the Iron Age central place complex, in which stereotypical place names denote specific central functions, in this case maritime activities such as landing, trading, seasonally practised crafts, and defence. Market functions and the long-term exchange of goods, in particular, are collaborated by many sources. Landing and trade seem to have been prominent activities at these sites, which also show a striking coincidence with far-reaching waterways of strategic and commercial significance. In contrast to place names denoting Viking Age and medieval harbours and maritime market places, there is a dearth of corresponding names for the early Iron Age. The place name *Saeheimr and its assumed eastern-Swedish counterpart Satuna might fill this vacuum, and constitute a valuable tool for research and cultural heritage management regarding the identification of landing and trading sites established in the early Iron Age.

Potentials in Udeskole: Inquiry-Based Teaching Outside the Classroom

Most research on outdoor education, including the Scandinavian concept udeskole (regular curriculum-based teaching outside the classroom), has focused on pupils’ outcomes, whereas less has focused on teachers’ practices. In this article, we described the occurrence of inquiry-based teaching in udeskole. To analyze practice, we extended the notion of inquiry-based education. Within science and mathematics education, a strong stepwise teaching approach formerly was established, called Inquiry Based Science and Mathematics Education (IBSME), emphasizing pupils’ hypothesis testing, data validation and systematic experimentation. In this study, we broadened the IBSME-concept of inquiry in order to include a more holistic, non-linear teaching approach, but excluding teacher-instructed inquiry. Using this idea, we observed and documented by field notes how five experienced teachers practiced mathematics and science teaching in udeskole at primary level in Denmark. 28 outdoor days were observed. Each day was divided into separate teaching incidents with a distinct start and end. The level of teacher interference and possible choices in each teaching incidents formed the analytic background. We analyzed each of the 71 teaching incidents, and categorized each of them into one of five categories numbered 4-0. The categories designated numbers 4-2 contained the inquiry-based teaching incidents, and the categories designated 1 and 0 were categorized as ‘non-inquiry-based’. They contained teaching incidents where the teacher was instructing the pupils (category 1), and outdoor teaching activities with no sign of inquiry, called training activities (category 0). Our results showed that about half of the analyzed outdoor teaching practice seemed to be inquiry-based, emphasizing pupils’ choice and presenting cognitive challenge. This indicates that the analyzed udeskole had the potential to support an explorative and multifaceted inquiry-based teaching in mathematics and science, paving the way for a child-activating education. These results, albeit limited by the small number of observed teachers, supports the theoretical notion that udeskole is a potential way to strengthen pupils’ approach to inquiry.

Redesign Interior in Yulia 1 Homestay, Sanur, Denpasar Selatan, Bali Application of Scandinavian Concepts

Tourism in Bali is an important economic sector for the people of Bali. Tourism is synonymous with an lodging. In every place, especially tourist destinations, there must be many lodging facilities. Sanur as one of the tourist destinations cer-tainly has many choices of lodging places such as homestays, competition between homestays in attracting interested local and foreign guests is getting tighter. The bedroom and bathroom are the most important part of a homestay. In de-signing space in the bedroom and bathroom of Yulia 1 Homestay Sanur uses the Scandinavian Concept in the hope of giving a different identity than other homestays without reducing comfort. The Scandinavian concept has a neutral color and simple character in the selection of furniture.
 Index Terms— interior design, homestay, bedroom, bathroom, scandinavian.

Northern Worldviews in Postmedieval Orkney: Toward a More Holistic Approach to Later Landscapes

This article proposes a new theoretical approach to understanding postmedieval landscapes in Orkney, Scotland. Although this period has received considerable attention from economic and political historians and from ethnologists, these approaches have not adequately represented the worldviews and cosmologies of local historical communities. A more holistic approach must be employed, emphasizing the unique northern-ness of Orkney in terms of its Norse legacy, folklore and multiperiod remains. Folk beliefs, specifically those associated with prehistoric mounds, provide an example of how complex dialectical relationships between people and the world around them, past and present, are manifested. Tasks capes of the seasonal round and the expansion of the hill dikes are examples used to examine the interconnection between communities and significant places in the landscape. In addition, Norse phenomena, such as Udal law (Norse law) and the Scandinavian concept of utmark, provide new analogies for landscape interactions within this context. A case study at Quandale, on the island of Rousay, is used to discuss these themes, allowing the re conceptualization of a more richly textured historical world in a northern context.

In Memoriam: Lennart Hjalmarsson, 1944–2012

Professor Lennart Hjalmarsson died in an accident while felling trees in his forest on February 21, 2012 (5 weeks before his 68th birthday). He had three loves in his life— his wife and family, economics, and the forests and farms of his native Swedish countryside. Lennart grew up on a farm in Boras, Sweden. After getting married, he lived on his wife’s farm nearby where he raised two sons. Working on the farm and in the forest was not a chore to Lennart. On the contrary, it was a source of energy and a break from his academic chores. Lennart loved to take guests from the economics department in Gothenburg to his farm. His wife’s hospitality and fantastic home cooking were unforgettable. The farm was an idyllic place for his city slicker colleagues who quickly understood why Lennart wanted to stay there during the summer. After working on his Ph.D. in Oslo for 3 years under Leif Johansen, he obtained his degree at University of Gothenburg and subsequently became a full professor there at a young age in 1979. He happily spent the rest of his career in Gothenburg and became one of the most outstanding economists in Sweden. His main research fields were industrial economics, productivity, production theory, energy economics, deregulation, public economics and taxation. He published regularly in both general interest economics journals and top field journals. He served as an editor of Scandinavian Journal of Economics and was associated with several other production and industrial economics journals. Lennart was a founding member of Journal of Productivity Analysis and served as a co-editor from 1988 to 1991 and was on the Advisory board afterwards from 1992 to 2009. The theme of his Ph.D. thesis was the Scandinavian concept of ‘‘structural rationalisation’’. In his first scientific paper ‘‘Optimal Structural Change and Related Concepts’’ (Swedish Journal of Economics, 75(2), 176–192, 1973) he developed the idea of optimal structure based on dynamic production theory using the production function framework of Leif Johansen (1972). The size distribution of firms is a topic related to structural rationalisation. Lennart studied this topic in two papers: ‘‘The Size Distribution of Establishments and Firms Derived from an Optimal Process of Capacity Expansion’’ (European Economic Review 5, 123–140, 1974) and ‘‘Capacity Expansion and Its Implications for the Size Distribution of Firms: Reply’’ (European Economic Review 7, 287–292, 1976) connecting distribution of capacity within a putty-clay model. The idea of productive efficiency was a natural extension of Lennart’s work on Leif Johansen’s production & Subal C. Kumbhakar kkar@binghamton.edu

The volunteer programme ‘Night Ravens’: a difference-in-difference analysis of the effects on crime rates

The volunteer programme ‘Night Ravens’ (NR) was founded in Sweden in 1987 and has, over the years, developed into a Scandinavian concept covering large areas of Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The NR programme is a crime prevention initiative with adults walking the streets at night in identifiable ‘uniforms’ in areas with high activity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of the NR programme in Denmark based on a volunteer set-up with a less intrusive approach to situational crime prevention than, for instance, hot spot policing. The analyses are based on a longitudinal data set containing socio-demographic information on all 585 postcode districts in Denmark and quarterly records of six different categories of reported crimes in the years 2001–2010.We apply a difference-in-difference design and compare development in crime rates in districts with NR organizations to districts without NR organizations. The results show no difference in the crime rates between Danish postcode districts with and without the NR programme. Hence, we cannot identify positive effects of situational crime prevention when evaluating this Scandinavian volunteer programme with a more informal guardianship.

Changes in the social protection of surviving spouse: A comparative legal analysis

European countries introduced the concept of social protection of survivors, primarily spouses and children, in their respective legislations back in the 19th century. Since its introduction, the concept has undergone significant changes in the majority of EU Member States. This paper will provide an overview of the concept of social security survivors benefits, with the main focus on the survivors benefits for surviving spouse in the European Union, and in particular on the differences in regulation of this concept in Western European and the Eastern European countries. The author of this paper will endeavor to point out the ways the survivors benefits follow, and to establish whether this form of social security will survive in the future, in spite of the numerous changes Europe witnesses. The paper offers a comparison among three different systems of social protection for surviving spouse in the European Union, as follows: (i) the Scandinavian concept, (ii) the Western European concept and (iii) the Eastern European concept. Finally, on the basis of the characteristics of these three models and a comparative analysis of their effects, this paper will try to propose grounds of new European model for the social protection of surviving spouse.

Interview with Ben Okri

Introduction First, let me express my deep gratitude to you for taking time out of your busy schedule and the public demands made upon so celebrated a writer to talk to a reader who finds your works--be they poetic, dramatic, or prose--intriguing and compelling. I can well understand why the International Pen Club has you as their vice-president. Secondly, I must tell you that I would like to use this interview as the opening piece in a monograph of your works that 1 hope to publish shortly, containing articles by myself and also those by some of my postgraduate students at the University of Pretoria in South Africa. Rosemary Gray: I'd like to begin by asking you to respond to my perception that throughout your oeuvre there seems to me to be a single guiding principle, a deeply embedded philosophical credo, if you like. Of course I could be mistaken, being driven in my reading of your work by my own horizons of expectation (to borrow a term from Robert Jauss). In other words, I may be being misled by my own reception aesthetics. The principle I refer to is, I believe, nowhere better expressed than towards the end of Songs of Enchantment when, from the silence of unblindedness, Azaro's father, in conversation with his son, a spirit-child, an abiku, is moved to muse that [t]he light comes out of the darkness. (1993:287) This is a catalyst for two other questions and for a request I should like to make, but perhaps you'd like to respond to my contention about your guiding principle before I pose the two questions that arise out of this one. Am I on the right track in attributing an innate optimism to you? Ben Okri: No, I wouldn't call it optimism so much as realism. But, it is important how one defines realism. Realism takes in what is seen, felt, touched; what is unknown and unseen. The primordial African spirit views reality from a wider spectrum [than the Western one]. It is informed by the metaphysical sense embedded in all the great traditions, but particularly in the African tradition. The African world view takes in the hierarchy of metaphysical beings which, in turn, leads to a number of essential questions: What constitutes one's reality? Is one's reality true only for that individual? Isn't our reality limited to what we are taught to see? A piano with only five keys is a reality. But, if we include all the keys, the white keys and the black keys, this is a different reality. So reality depends on our cultural perception of the keyboard of life. Using the full keyboard, Azaro's father discovered a new perception of fundamental questions, especially the question of what constitutes the nature of reality. Is it outside oneself or fatally linked to human sensibilities? How does one construct reality? One cannot truthfully tell an African tale according to Jane Austen's reality or an early-nineteenth-century English tale according to an African reality. Dialogue with the West is thus difficult because reality is not universal. R.G.: Is there an element of the Platonic notion of the and the here? B.O.: Yes, but also the Scandinavian concept of reality. I can draw it for you. [This Okri did in my copy of Starbook. R.G.: Although the author has himself emphasised the realistic dimensions of his work, this realism must be seen to embrace the ancestors, myths and legends, which are an integral part of the real world, of urban life and of rural life. Local beliefs are thus part of the real world, not parallel with, but contiguous to it. Elsewhere, I have referred to Okri's spirit-in-life beings as leading sentient double lives (see The English Academy Review 26(1) May 2009: 45). In Starbook, Okri states: Only in light can truth be found.... Beyond is where it really begins (2007: 118), which is itself an effective synopsis of what he writes in Birds of Heaven (1996: 12-13): The greatest inspiration, the most sublime ideas of living that have come down to humanity come from a higher realm, a happier realm, a place of pure dreams, a heaven of blessed notions. …

L'adéquation entre offre et besoins

A supply strategy corresponds to choices taken for end-user services. Usually these are developed by targeting publics and require a lot of formalizing because of the interdependency of numerous levels of reflection. They are presented here not as stages to be followed but more as decisions to be taken collectively. Additional contributions follow, including one on the Scandinavian concept of "relational marketing".

Rum med utsikter - modulationer på ett grundtema

This a r t i d e presents a framewot k f o r analysing spatially f o r m e d g e n d e r relations. On the same labour märket the o p p o r t u n i t i e s for m e n and women who have b e e n laid off f r om their work place differ. But these gender-related opportunities also vary f r om place to place; g e n d e r constitutes d i f f e r e n t labour märket structures in d i f f e r e n t local contexts. In a European network; Gender Inequality and the European Regions, researchers f r om d i f f e r e n t countries in Europé have come together in o r d e r to develop an u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f geographically related gender relations and conditions. The aim is to publish an Atlas of Gender Relations in Europé, which can illustrate a n d analyse regional differences in the everyday lives of women a n d men. O n e major focus is to analyse t h e way different forms of welfare systems shape t h e contexts in which women are living. One framework used is t h e six dimensions of patriarchy identified by Sylvia Walby. T h e Swedish study within this p r o j e c t compares domestic, working and political life in various districts and communities. Within the t h r e e spheres m e n t i o n e d b o t h the f o r m of local g e n d e r relations a n d the every day actions will be examined. T h e Scandinavian concept of the g e n d e r contract has become o n e i m p o r t a n t issue in the project. Are there locally constructed gender constracts? We assume that t h e r e are, since these constracts are maintained by men and women locally.

Continental Viewpoints on the Concept of Reactive Psychoses

Although the Scandinavian concept of reactive psychoses relates to K. Jaspers and although Kretschmer described the prototype of a psychosis of psychogenic/reactive origin (Der sensitive Beziehungswahn), the concept is not so commonly used in German-speaking countries. Important reasons for this refusal may be (1) the sharp distinction between psychosis (which may be explained but not understood) and understandable reactions, which was stressed in rather influential German psychiatric schools in the middle of the century, and (2) the aim of stressing psychological understanding in a broad spectrum of psychiatric illnesses in the Swiss tradition, where the demarcation of particular reactive psychoses seemed to be superfluous. The development of modern concepts stressing the multidimensionality in the etiology of the main groups of psychiatric disorders was certainly influenced by the concept of reactive psychoses but passed it.

The concept of 'bouffée délirante' with special reference to the Scandinavian concept of reactive psychosis.

The nosological concepts of 'bouffée délirante', first described by Magnan in the 1880s, and of 'psychogenic psychosis', first described by Wimmer in 1916, are still in use in their countries of origin, France and the Scandinavian countries. Both refer to psychotic episodes of good prognosis, not connected with schizophrenia, appearing in a special fragile personality. An examination of the diagnostic criteria of the two categories shows, however, that important differences exist. Contrary to what has been claimed, Wimmer's original description, although showing an encyclopedic knowledge of the international literature of the day, has not been directly influenced by Magnan. Bouffée délirante and psychogenic psychosis, whatever their differences, have survived in their respective countries of origin against the pressure of the psychiatric consensus of the rest of the world, as evidenced by the frequency of the present use of the two diagnoses. The two categories, after having been considered for a long time as idiosyncratic peculiarities of individual national schools, are now submitted internationally to empirical studies and have become the center of a renewed interest.

Classification of functional psychoses with special reference to follow-up studies.

The classification of functional psychoses is still a controversial issue, as are also diagnoses in psychiatry. The predictive validity of the diagnosis is of crucial importance. Diagnostic systems are discussed. The author presents the Scandinavian concept of reactive psychoses, schizophreniform psychoses and schizophrenia, and demonstrates from his own material on paranoid psychoses the predictive value of these concepts, with a percentage recovery of 81, 61 and 23% after long-term follow-up. The concepts are discussed in relation to ICD-9 and DSM-III. The concepts of paranoid disorders, affective disorders and borderline conditions are mentioned. The paper also introduces other papers to be presented in this volume.

The Scandinavian Concept of Reactive Psychosis, Schizophreniform Psychosis and Schizophrenia

A diganosis commonly used in the Scandinavian countries, reactive psychosis, is described. Systematic personal follow-up studies from Scandinavia have clearly demonstrated that the clinical and social course is more favourable in this diagnostic group than in schizophrenia, while the course in schizophreniform psychoses in between. The Scandinavian concept of schizophreniform psychosis and of schizophrenia is presented and discussed.