Scaling Limit Research Articles

Design strategy for an automotive lens with a wide field of view

To solve the problems in designing a wide field of view (FOV) automotive lens, such as the complicated initial structure solution when using aberration theory and the limited scaling method, a novel design strategy, to the best of our knowledge, based on the compression ratio of field angle is proposed. The wide-FOV automotive lens is first divided into two groups, front and rear lenses, and each group is designed with several parallel plates as starting points using SYNOPSYS software. Then, the two groups are connected as a whole initial optical system. Finally, an iterative process is applied to improve the performance of the initial structure. A wide-FOV automotive lens is designed to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the design method proposed in this paper. The wide-FOV automotive lens has the characteristics of good imaging quality, large aperture, and small size and consists of six spherical lenses. The result of the design indicates that this method based on the compression ratio of field angle is simple, effective, fast in convergence, and provides a good starting point for the design of a wide-FOV automotive lens.

The Predictive Validity of the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness Score Compared to the Glasgow Coma Scale in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review.

The Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score was developed to overcome the limitations of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) when assessing individuals with impaired consciousness. We sought to review the evidence regarding the predictive validity of the GCS and FOUR score in intensive care unit (ICU) settings. This review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023420528). Systematic searches of CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Embase were undertaken. Prospective observational studies were included if both GCS and FOUR score were assessed in adults during ICU admission and if mortality and/or validated functional outcome measure scores were collected. Studies were excluded if they exclusively investigated patients with traumatic brain injury. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool were conducted by two reviewers. Twenty studies of poor to moderate quality were included. Many studies only included patients with neurological illness and excluded sedated patients, despite high proportions of intubated patients. The FOUR score achieved higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for mortality prediction compared with the GCS, and the FOUR score achieved significantly higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for predictions of ICU mortality. Both coma scales showed similar accuracy in predicting "unfavorable" functional outcome. The FOUR score appeared to be more responsive than the GCS in the ICU, as most patients with a GCS score of 3 obtained FOUR scores between 1 and 8 due to preserved brainstem function. The FOUR score may be superior to the GCS for predicting mortality in ICU settings. Further adequately powered studies with clear, reliable methods for assessment of index and outcome scores are required to clarify the predictive performance of both coma scales in ICUs. Inclusion of sedated patients may improve generalizability of findings in general ICU populations.

‘A qualitative exploration of parent-teacher meetings in Indian schools: assessing stakeholder engagement and systemic efficacy’

ABSTRACT This study examined the effectiveness of Parent-Teacher Meetings (PTMs) and their impact on interpersonal relationships and mental health in Indian schools. Thirty participants, including 10 teachers, 10 parents, and 10 students, were purposively selected from both rural and urban areas in Assam and Delhi, ensuring equal gender representation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, allowing for an in-depth exploration of participants’ experiences and perceptions. Thematic analysis highlighted several challenges, such as a lack of teacher support, socioeconomic barriers, and feelings of being dismissed during PTMs. Despite these challenges, effective PTMs were found to significantly improve parent-teacher communication, enhancing support for students’ academic and emotional needs. The study emphasises the need to enhance PTMs by improving teacher receptivity, encouraging greater parental involvement, and overcoming socioeconomic challenges. However, the limited scale of the study, conducted solely in India, restricts the generalizability of findings to other contexts, highlighting the need for broader research.

SPIRIT: Scalable and Persistent In-Memory Indices for Real-Time Search

Today, real-time search over big microblogging data requires low indexing and query latency. Online services, therefore, prefer to host inverted indices in memory. Unfortunately, as datasets grow, indices grow proportionally, and with limited DRAM scaling, the main memory faces high pressure. Also, indices must be persisted on disks as building them is computationally intensive. Consequently, it becomes necessary to frequently move on-heap index segments to storage, slowing down indexing. Reading storage-resident index segments requires filesystem calls and disk accesses during query evaluation, leading to high and unpredictable tail latency. This work exploits hybrid DRAM and scalable non-volatile memory (NVM) to offer dynamically growing and instantly searchable (i.e., real-time) persistent indices in on-heap memory. We implement SPIRIT, a real-time text inversion engine over hybrid memory. SPIRIT exploits the byte-addressability of hybrid memory to enable direct access to the index on a pre-allocated heap, eliminating expensive block storage accesses and filesystem calls during live operation. It uses an in-memory segment descriptor table to offer: ① instant segment availability to query evaluators upon fresh ingestion, ② low-overhead segment movement across memory tiers transparent to query evaluators, and ③ decoupled segment movement into NVM from their visibility to query evaluators, enabling different policies for mitigating NVM latency. SPIRIT accelerates compaction with zero-copy merging. It supports volatile, graceful shutdown, and crash-consistent indexing modes. The latter two modes offer instant recovery using persistent pointers. SPIRIT with hybrid memory and strong crash consistency guarantees exhibits many orders of magnitude better tail response times and query throughout than the state-of-the-art Lucene search engine. Compared against a highly optimized non-real-time evaluation of Lucene with liberal DRAM size, on average, across six query workloads, SPIRIT still delivers 2.5 × better (real-time) query throughput. Our work applies to other services that will benefit from direct on-heap access to large persistent indices.

Single-crystalline High-κ GdOCl dielectric for two-dimensional field-effect transistors

Two-dimensional (2D) dielectrics, integrated with high-mobility semiconductors, show great promise to overcome the scaling limits in miniaturized integrated circuits. However, the 2D dielectrics explored to date still face the challenges of low crystallinity, diminished dielectric constant, and the lack of effective synthesis methods. Here, we report the controllable synthesis of ultra-thin gadolinium oxychloride (GdOCl) nanosheets via a chloride hydrate-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The resultant GdOCl nanosheets display good dielectric properties, including a high dielectric constant (high-κ) of 15.3, robust breakdown field strengths (Ebd) exceeding 9.9 MV/cm, and minimal gate leakage currents of approximately 10−6 A/cm2. The top-gated GdOCl/MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs) exhibit commendable switch characteristics, a negligible hysteresis of ~5 mV and a subthreshold swing down to 67.9 mV dec−1. The GdOCl/MoS2 FETs can also be employed to construct functional logic gates. Our study underscores the significant potential of the 2D GdOCl dielectric for innovative high-speed operated nanoelectronic devices.

The scaling limit of random cubic planar graphs

AbstractWe study the random cubic planar graph with an even number of vertices. We show that the Brownian map arises as Gromov–Hausdorff–Prokhorov scaling limit of as tends to infinity, after rescaling distances by for a specific constant . This is the first time a model of random graphs that are not embedded into the plane is shown to converge to the Brownian map. Our approach features a new method that allows us to relate distances on random graphs to first‐passage percolation distances on their 3‐connected core.

Cross Cultural Validation of Oral Health Index Profile for Temporomandibular Disorders in Spanish Speaking Population.

Structured patient-centred assessment is critical for improving care. OHIP-TMDs are a validated English-language outcome measure for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) which evaluates the biopsychosocial impact of TMD. Due to language and cultural changes, the original instrument's phrasing of its items may change when translated to Spanish. This study cross-culturally adapted and validated OHIP-TMDs for Spanish-speaking individuals with TMD. OHIP-TMDs was forward-backward translated into Spanish (OHIP-TMDs-Sp) and cross-culturally adapted to a Hispanic population with TMD (Diagnostic Criteria for TMD n = 154) according to international norms. All patients completed the OHIP-TMDs-Sp, the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), and Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS-20). A subsample (n = 30) recompleted the OHIP-TMDs-Sp after a 3-week washout to measure test-retest reliability using an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC 2.1). OHIP-TMDs-Sp, JFLS-20, and GCPS were analysed for convergent validity and internal consistency. The sample with articular and muscular TMD diagnoses was 85.7% female with a mean age of 29.5. (SD 9.01). OHIP-TMDs-Sp had high internal reliability (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.95) and good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.57-0.93). In terms of convergent validity, the OHIP-TMDs-Sp demonstrated moderate to large positive correlations with the total JLFS-20 score (ρ = 0.72; p < 0.01), Mastication (ρ = 0.68; p < 0.01), Communication (ρ = 0.68; p < 0.001), as well to GCPS disability score (ρ = 0.59; p < 0.01), and characteristic pain intensity (ρ = 0.69; p < 0.01). The total score of OHIP-TMDs-Sp is reliable for assessing quality-of-life in Spanish-speaking TMD patients.

Reliability, reference values and factors related to maximum bite force measured by the Innobyte system in healthy adults with natural dentitions

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the predictors of maximum bite force (MBF), as measured with the Innobyte system, and to assess the reliability and reference values for MBF in young adults with natural dentitions.MethodsThis cross-sectional test–retest study included 101 dental students with natural dentitions. Participants had their dental occlusion examined and completed three questionnaires: the Temporomandibular disorders Pain Screener, Oral Behavior Checklist, and Jaw Functional Limitation Scale. Body mass index and muscle mass percentage were determined, and handgrip strength was measured with a dynamometer. The MBF was measured with Innobyte, with reliability assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient, expressing reference values as MBF percentiles. Bivariate tests and multiple linear regression models were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficient for the MBF was 0.90, with 10th to 90th percentiles of 487–876 N for females and 529–1003 N for males. A positive relationship existed between the MBF and male sex, muscle mass percentage, overbite, handgrip strength, and possible sleep/awake bruxism. Stepwise regression showed that overbite, handgrip strength, and possible sleep/awake bruxism had the greatest effect on the MBF, explaining 27% of the variation.ConclusionsThis study provides reference values for MBF when using the Innobyte system and shows excellent reliability. Overbite, general strength, and self-reported bruxism appear to be important predictors of MBF.Clinical relevanceInnobyte is a reliable device that can be used to measure MBF bilaterally. Self-reported bruxism is associated with an 8%–10% increase in MBF.

The Moduli Space of Twisted Laplacians and Random Matrix Theory

Abstract Rudnick recently proved that the spectral number variance for the Laplacian of a large compact hyperbolic surface converges, in a certain scaling limit and when averaged with respect to the Weil–Petersson measure on moduli space, to the number variance of the Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble of random matrix theory. In this article we extend Rudnick’s approach to show convergence to the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble for twisted Laplacians that break time-reversal symmetry, and to the Gaussian Symplectic Ensemble for Dirac operators. This addresses a question of Naud, who obtained analogous results for twisted Laplacians on high degree random covers of a fixed compact surface.

The fuzzy Potts model in the plane: scaling limits and arm exponents

AbstractWe consider a critical Fortuin–Kasteleyn (FK) percolation with cluster weight $$q \in [1,4)$$ q ∈ [ 1 , 4 ) in the plane, and color its clusters in red (respectively blue) with probability $$r \in (0,1)$$ r ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) (respectively $$1-r$$ 1 - r ), independently of each other. We study the resulting fuzzy Potts model, which corresponds to the critical Ising model in the special case $$q=2$$ q = 2 and $$r=1/2$$ r = 1 / 2 . We show that under the assumption that the critical FK percolation converges to a conformally invariant scaling limit (which is known to hold for the FK-Ising model,i.e. $$q=2$$ q = 2 ), the obtained coloring converges to variants of Conformal Loop Ensembles constructed, described and studied by Miller, Sheffield and Werner. Based on discrete considerations, we also show that the arm exponents for this coloring in the discrete model are identical to the ones of the continuum model. Using the values of these arm exponents in the continuum, we determine the arm exponents for the fuzzy Potts model.

The Evolution of tiny houses: A review of 20th and 21st century prototypes

INTRODUCTION. Tiny Houses are prototypes of compressed housing, conceived from technological and sustainable innovations, especially during the 20th and 21st centuries. They represent an alternative to address the lack of housing. Research question: What are the key principles and limitations in the creation of Mini House prototypes? OBJECTIVE. Analyze and compare design strategies for the development of Mini Houses to serve as a guide in future developments of innovative prototypes. METHOD. In this documentary review on minimal prototypes, a qualitative approach based on three stages is proposed, first with the bibliographic review and selection of recognized prototypes, then, the analysis of the prototypes and finally, the evaluation of criteria and strategies applied. RESULTS. Three design strategies or principles have been identified: functional optimization, constructive innovation, transformation and temporality. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Tiny Houses are innovative housing prototypes, they experiment with construction technologies to improve energy efficiency and bioclimatic adaptation, they can be embedded in different environments and create new community relationships. However, they represent a challenge to the lifestyle of their inhabitants. Due to their limited scale, their temporality of use and their capacity for transformation over time are restricted.

Single center experience of internal jugular vein as alternative access for implantation of a wireless pulmonary artery pressure sensor

Abstract This single-center study delves into the novel use of the internal jugular vein (IJ) as an alternative access pathway for the implantation of the CardioMEMS device, a wireless pulmonary artery pressure sensor. This approach is compared to the conventional femoral vein access in terms of procedural times, contrast volume, and patient outcomes. The study spans five years, from 2018 to 2023, evaluating the efficacy and safety of IJ access for CardioMEMS implantation. The analysis revealed a tendency towards shorter procedural times and reduced contrast volume with IJ access, although statistical significance was not reached due to the small sample size. Notably, IJ access provided a quicker needle-to-door time, suggesting benefits such as improved patient throughput and potentially shorter hospital stays, which are pivotal in a healthcare landscape that prioritizes efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In conclusion, this investigation offers initial evidence that IJ vein access is a feasible and potentially superior alternative for CardioMEMS device implantation. While the findings are preliminary due to the study's limited scale, they pave the way for future larger-scale, multicenter studies. Such research could confirm the benefits of IJ access and possibly influence clinical practices, enhancing the management of heart failure patients.

Enhancing Activity Recognition After Stroke: Generative Adversarial Networks for Kinematic Data Augmentation

The generalizability of machine learning (ML) models for wearable monitoring in stroke rehabilitation is often constrained by the limited scale and heterogeneity of available data. Data augmentation addresses this challenge by adding computationally derived data to real data to enrich the variability represented in the training set. Traditional augmentation methods, such as rotation, permutation, and time-warping, have shown some benefits in improving classifier performance, but often fail to produce realistic training examples. This study employs Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGANs) to create synthetic kinematic data from a publicly available dataset, closely mimicking the experimentally measured reaching movements of stroke survivors. This approach not only captures the complex temporal dynamics and common movement patterns after stroke, but also significantly enhances the training dataset. By training deep learning models on both synthetic and experimental data, we enhanced task classification accuracy: models incorporating synthetic data attained an overall accuracy of 80.0%, significantly higher than the 66.1% seen in models trained solely with real data. These improvements allow for more precise task classification, offering clinicians the potential to monitor patient progress more accurately and tailor rehabilitation interventions more effectively.

Psychometric properties of the situational procrastination scale of medical undergraduates: factor structure, reliability, and validity

IntroductionProcrastination is very common among college students, but there is a lack of consistency in the relationship between procrastination and academic achievement, which might be partly caused by the limitations of previous procrastination scales. The current study constructed the Situational Procrastination Scale (SPS) with two subscales, the Academic Situational Procrastination Scale (ASPS) and the Daily Life Situational Procrastination Scale (DSPS), by adapting previous procrastination scales.MethodThe valid sample for data analysis included 2,094 medical undergraduates. After testing item discrimination, we conducted exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and measurement invariance to examine the factor structures. Reliability (i.e., internal and test-retest reliability) and validity (i.e., concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) of the SPS were verified subsequently.ResultsThe ASPS included near lateness, lateness, procrastination on academic tasks before deadlines, and procrastination on academic tasks beyond deadlines, and measurement invariance across gender, household registration, and family financial status was found. The DSPS included procrastination on going out, consumption, routines, and communication, and had measurement invariance across grade, household registration, and family financial status. The results demonstrated adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Situational procrastination positively correlated with trait procrastination at a moderate or low level and negatively correlated with self-efficacy. Only procrastination on academic tasks before and beyond deadlines negatively predicted academic achievement.DiscussionThe SPS could measure procrastination accurately and clarify the nexus between procrastination and academic achievement, which has implications for improving the academic warning system.

BEOL-Compatible 4F2 Oscillator Using Vertical InGaAs Biristor for Highly Scalable Monolithic 3D Ising Solver.

Ising solvers are important for efficiently addressing non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs), where scalability and compactness are crucial for practical applications. In this study, an experimental demonstration of an oscillator-based Ising solver employing a highly scalable 4F2 InGaAs bi-stable resistor (biristor) is presented. It is first explored the oscillation behavior of the InGaAs biristor, establishing that classical Ising spins can be emulated using the sub-harmonic injection locking (SHIL) technique. Furthermore, capacitive and resistive coupling between two coupled InGaAs biristors is demonstrated, leading to out-of-phase and in-phase coupling, respectively. Employing this foundational technology, it is experimentally achieved a solution to the MaxCUT problem with the InGaAs biristor-based Ising solver, supplemented by simulation-based behavior evaluations. This emerging device architecture offers a viable pathway to surmount the scaling limitations faced by present hardware-based Ising solvers, representing a significant step forward in the development of efficient, scalable solutions for complex optimization challenges.

Firewalls at exponentially late times

We consider a version of the typical state firewall setup recently reintroduced by Stanford and Yang, who found that wormholes may create firewalls. We examine a late-time scaling limit in JT gravity in which one can resum the expansion in the number of wormholes, and we use this to study the exact distribution of interior slices at times exponential in the entropy. We consider a thermofield double with and without early perturbations on a boundary. These perturbations can appear on interior slices as dangerous high energy shockwaves. For exponentially late times, wormholes tend to teleport the particles created by perturbations and render the interior more dangerous. In states with many perturbations separated by large times, the probability of a safe interior is exponentially small, even though these would be safe without wormholes. With perturbation, even in the safest state we conceive, the odds of encountering a shock are fifty-fifty. One interpretation of the phenomenon is that wormholes can change time-ordered contours into effective out-of-time-ordered folds, making shockwaves appear in unexpected places.

Complex dark photon dark matter EFT

We construct an effective field theory for complex Stueckelberg dark photon dark matter. Such an effective construction can be realized by writing down a complete set of operators up to dimension six built with the complex dark photon and Standard Model fields. Classifying the effective operators, we find that in order to properly take into account the non-renormalizable nature of an interacting massive vector, the size of the Wilson coefficients should be naturally smaller than naively expected. This can be consistently taken into account by a proper power counting, that we suggest. First we apply this to collider bounds on light dark matter, then to direct detection searches by extending the list of non-relativistic operators to include the case of complex vectors. In the former we correctly find scaling limits for small masses, while in the latter we mostly focus on electric dipole interactions, that are the signatures of this type of dark matter. Simple UV completions that effectively realize the above scenarios are also outlined.

PEGylation Can Effectively Strike a Balance in siRNA Delivery Performances of Guanidinylated Linear Synthetic Polypeptides with Potential Use for Transcriptional Gene Silencing.

The prevailing design philosophy for polymeric vectors delivering siRNA is rooted in the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism. Yet, the transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) mechanism offers a potentially more durable silencing effect, which necessitates efficient siRNA delivery into the nucleus. However, it remains a challenge for the polymeric vectors to efficiently deliver siRNA into the nucleus. We have explored guanidinylated cyclic synthetic polypeptides (GCSPs) to enhance the nuclear delivery of siRNA, but an increased cytotoxicity and difficulty in producing the GCSPs on a large scale limit their utility. Herein, we simply prepare PEGylated guanidinylated linear synthetic polypeptides (PGLSPs) exhibiting improved membrane penetration, direct siRNA transport to the nucleus, reduced toxicity, high cellular uptake, and mitigation of protein corona formation. The PEGylation can effectively balance the vector's nuclear delivery capacity with other critical aspects of performances for siRNA delivery. Therefore, the PGLSPs hold promise as TGS-based delivery vectors, offering potential for future therapeutic applications.

Tourism digital marketing in Indonesia: Current issues, challenges and opportunities

Purpose of the study: Marketing strategies must evolve with shifts in customer trends, behavior, and technological advancements. Academically, marketing has long been a key area of interest for scholars. This study systematically analyzes research references on tourism marketing in Indonesia. Methodology: This analysis draws on national publication data featuring tourism marketing keywords from 2014 to 2024, obtained via web scraping from the Google Scholar database. Additionally, it seeks to identify key concerns, challenges, and opportunities for digital marketing within Indonesia's tourism sector. Main Findings: This review highlights that academic journals cover diverse aspects of tourism marketing, including tourism, social sciences, communication management, and technology. Despite its limited scale, digital marketing is widely explored by scholars across fields. Bali, Bantul, Sleman, and Yogyakarta are frequently studied locations. Indonesian tourism marketing research tends to adopt qualitative approaches, yet a broad spectrum of contexts such as economics, business, communication, entrepreneurship, sociology, anthropology, and creative industries is also examined. Applications of the study: This study's scope is limited by the narrow range of Google Scholar articles. Future research can expand the literature, with key findings serving as hypotheses for further studies. Policymakers and the digital industry can use these insights for tourism product development. It also represents one of the latest ten-year reviews of digital marketing literature in Indonesia. Novelty/Originality of the study: Tourism must use effective marketing and adapt to changing market behaviors. Collaboration among stakeholders, including academics, is key to seizing opportunities and tackling future challenges.

Scalable, compressed phenotypic screening using pooled perturbations.

High-throughput phenotypic screens using biochemical perturbations and high-content readouts are constrained by limitations of scale. To address this, we establish a method of pooling exogenous perturbations followed by computational deconvolution to reduce required sample size, labor and cost. We demonstrate the increased efficiency of compressed experimental designs compared to conventional approaches through benchmarking with a bioactive small-molecule library and a high-content imaging readout. We then apply compressed screening in two biological discovery campaigns. In the first, we use early-passage pancreatic cancer organoids to map transcriptional responses to a library of recombinant tumor microenvironment protein ligands, uncovering reproducible phenotypic shifts induced by specific ligands distinct from canonical reference signatures and correlated with clinical outcome. In the second, we identify the pleotropic modulatory effects of a chemical compound library with known mechanisms of action on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cell immune responses. In sum, our approach empowers phenotypic screens with information-rich readouts to advance drug discovery efforts and basic biological inquiry.