Scale-up Capability Research Articles

Acoustic resonance technology and quality by design approach facilitate the development of the robust tetrandrine nano-delivery system

The aim of this study was to develop a sufficiently robust tetrandrine (Tet) nano-delivery system using acoustic resonance (AR) technology and freeze-drying technology. This system can effectively improve the solubility and dissolution properties of Tet, along with high stability and scale-up adaptability. Firstly, 54 stabilizers were screened simultaneously in a high-throughput manner with the help of AR technology to fully explore the optimal prescription space of tetrandrine nanosuspension (Tet-NS). The Plackett-Burman design was used to screen for critical variables severely affecting the quality of Tet-NS. The Box-Behnken design was used to investigate and optimize critical variables to obtain optimal nanosuspensions. The optimal prescription was successfully scaled up by 100 times, which was the initial exploration of its commercial scale production. Solidification studies have shown that formulations with 2.44% fructose as the cryoprotectant have excellent redispersibility. Compared with pure Tet, Tet in Tet-NS showed a significant increase in solubility and dissolution rate in water. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) demonstrated that no significant interactions occurred between the drug and excipients in Tet-NS. Powder x-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD) indicated that some of the Tet transformed into amorphous state during the preparation process. In short-term stability study, Tet-NS successfully maintained its physical stability. In summary, under the guidance of the QbD concept, this study rapidly developed Tet-NS using acoustic resonance technology, which can effectively improve the solubility and dissolution properties of Tet. During the development of Tet-NS, AR technology has demonstrated high particle size reduction capability, the ability to process multiple sets of formulations in parallel, and excellent scale-up capability. Meanwhile, the method and concept of this study are not limited to Tet, but also applicable to other poorly water-soluble drugs.

Barriers and facilitators to the uptake of electronic collection and use of patient-reported measures in routine care of older adults: a systematic review with qualitative evidence synthesis.

The aims of this systematic review were to (1) synthesize the available qualitative evidence on the barriers and facilitators influencing implementation of the electronic collection and use of patient-reported measures (PRMs) in older adults' care from various stakeholder perspectives and (2) map these factors to the digital technology implementation framework Non-adoption, Abandonment, challenges to the Scale-up, Spread, Sustainability (NASSS) and behavior change framework Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behaviour (COM-B). A search of MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science databases from 1 January 2001 to 27 October 2021 was conducted and included English language qualitative studies exploring stakeholder perspectives on the electronic collection and use of PRMs in older adults' care. Two authors independently screened studies, conducted data extraction, quality appraisal using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), data coding, assessed confidence in review findings using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE CERQual), and mapped the findings to NASSS and COM-B. An inductive approach was used to synthesize findings describing the stakeholder perspectives of barriers and facilitators. Twenty-two studies were included from the 3368 records identified. Studies explored older adult, caregiver, healthcare professional, and administrative staff perspectives. Twenty nine of 34 review findings (85%) were graded as having high or moderate confidence. Key factors salient to older adults related to clinical conditions and socio-cultural factors, digital literacy, access to digital technology, and user interface. Factors salient to healthcare professionals related to resource availability to collect and use PRMs, and value of PRMs collection and use. Future efforts to implement electronic collection and use of PRMs in older adults' care should consider addressing the barriers, facilitators, and key theoretical domains identified in this review. Older adults are more likely to adopt electronic completion of PRMs when barriers associated with digital technology access, digital literacy, and user interface are addressed. Future research should explore the perspectives of other stakeholders, including those of organizational leaders, digital technology developers and implementation specialists, in various healthcare settings and explore factors influencing implementation of PREMs. CRD42022295894.

Interfacial Biomacromolecular Engineering Toward Stable Ah-Level Aqueous Zinc Batteries.

Interfacial instability within aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) spurs technical obstacles including parasitic side reactions and dendrite failure to reach the practical application standards. Here, an interfacial engineering is showcased by employing a bio- derived zincophilic macromolecule as the electrolyte additive (0.037 wt%), which features a long-chain configuration with laterally distributed hydroxyl and sulfate anion groups, and has the propensity to remodel the electric double layer of Zn anodes. Tailored Zn2+-rich compact layer is the result of their adaptive adsorption that effectively homogenizes the interfacial concentration field, while enabling a hybrid nucleation and growth mode characterized as nuclei-rich and space-confined dense plating. Further resonated with curbed corrosion and by-products, a dendrite-free deposition morphology is achieved. Consequently, the macromolecule-modified zinc anode delivers over 1250 times of reversible plating/stripping at a practical area capacity of 5 mAh cm-2, as well as a high zinc utilization rate of 85%. The Zn//NH4V4O10 pouch cell with the maximum capacity of 1.02 Ah can be steadily operated at 71.4mA g-1 (0.25 C) with 98.7% capacity retained after 50 cycles, which demonstrates the scale-up capability and highlights a "low input and high return" interfacial strategy toward practical AZBs.

Design and operation insights concerning a pilot-scale S0-driven autotrophic denitrification packed-bed process

Elemental sulfur autotrophic denitrification (S0AD) is viewed as a promising alternative to conventional heterotrophic denitrification due to lower running costs, zero carbon dioxide emission, and minimum excess sludge production. However, its scale-up capability and robustness in treating real-life wastewater have not been convincedly demonstrated. In this study, a pilot-scale S0AD packed-bed with over 1000 m3/d of actual wastewater treatment capacity was operated for 197 days. The S0AD packed-bed could effectively remove nitrate to below 12 mg-NO3−-N/L that is 20% stricter than China’s national standard (15 mg-TN/L). The temperature effect coefficient Q10 was calculated as 1.01, illustrating that denitrification efficiency could be doubled when the temperature increased every 10 °C. Mass balance calculations indicated that 85% of removed nitrate was contributed by S0AD process, and the rest 15% was by heterotrophic and assimilative processes. A total of 2684 kg sulfur was consumed during the course of the experiment which was attributed to 16.1% DO oxidation and 83.9% denitrification. Nitrogen gas produced through denitrification, could be trapped in the S0 packed-bed that was the primary causality of clogging. Daily gas venting instead of conventional back washing, could effectively recover the packed-bed flux and promote denitrification efficiency. In addition, a weekly thorough back washing was deemed necessary to deeply clean the trapped SS and sloughed overgrowing biofilm. The predominant S0AD bacteria belonged to the genus Thiobacillus, was enriched throughout the packed-bed providing robust and stable denitrification. Overall, we provided some guidance to the design and operation of S0AD packed bed in practical engineering.

A distinctive strategy of Sb doped quaternary oxide cathodes materials toward energy storage of electric equipment for sodium-ion batteries

The poor cycle stability and rate capability for sodium-ion batteries is largely due to electrochemical irreversibility and sluggish mobility of Na+ in the cathode materials. Herein, a new strategy of introducing Sb ions into the ternary oxide NiMnTi-based layer-structured cathode material is designed. Reversible phase transition in this cathode NMTSb0.03 restraint the rapid capacity decay issued from intense volume variation, exhibiting a reversible capacity of 147.8 mAh g−1 and retaining 103.5 mAh g−1 over 200 cycles at 1C. The enough space after Sb substitution allows the effective accommodation of Na+ intercalation and deintercalation, affording a specific capacity of 90 mAh g−1 at 8C. The improvement is attributed to the enhanced Na+ diffusion kinetics with the meliorative equilibrium conductance and the higher cohesive energy after Sb doping. Considering its simple preparation and scale-up capability, the O3-type NaNi0.5Mn0.3Ti0.2O2 with Sb5+may find extensive applications in designing electrode for sodium-ion batteries.

Transduction of HEK293 Cells with BacMam Baculovirus Is an Efficient System for the Production of HIV-1 Virus-like Particles.

Gag virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine candidates against infectious diseases. VLPs are generally produced using the insect cell/baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS), or in mammalian cells by plasmid DNA transient gene expression (TGE). However, VLPs produced with the insect cell/BEVS are difficult to purify and might not display the appropriate post-translational modifications, whereas plasmid DNA TGE approaches are expensive and have a limited scale-up capability. In this study, the production of Gag VLPs with the BacMam expression system in a suspension culture of HEK293 cells is addressed. The optimal conditions of multiplicity of infection (MOI), viable cell density (VCD) at infection, and butyric acid (BA) concentration that maximize cell transduction and VLP production are determined. In these conditions, a maximum cell transduction efficiency of 91.5 ± 1.1%, and a VLP titer of 2.8 ± 0.1 × 109 VLPs/mL are achieved. Successful VLP generation in transduced HEK293 cells is validated using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, with VLPs produced resembling immature HIV-1 virions and with an average size comprised in the 100–200 nm range. Additionally, evidence that BacMam transduction occurs via different pathways including dynamin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis is provided. This work puts the basis for future studies aiming at scaling up the BacMam baculovirus system as an alternative strategy for VLP production.

Towards Continuous Primary Manufacturing Processes—Particle Design through Combined Crystallization and Particle Isolation

Integrated continuous manufacturing processes of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) provide key benefits concerning product quality control, scale-up capability, and a reduced time-to-market. Thereby, the crystallization step, which is used in approximately 90% of API productions, mainly defines the final API properties. This study focuses on the design and operation of an integrated small-scale process combining a continuous slug flow crystallizer (SFC) with continuous particle isolation using the modular continuous vacuum screw filter (CVSF). By selective adjustment of supersaturation and undersaturation, the otherwise usual blocking could be successfully avoided in both apparatuses. It was shown that, during crystallization in an SFC, a significant crystal growth of particles (Δd50,3≈ 220 µm) is achieved, and that, during product isolation in the CVSF, the overall particle size distribution (PSD) is maintained. The residual moistures for the integrated process ranged around 2% during all experiments performed, ensuring free-flowing particles at the CVSF outlet. In summary, the integrated setup offers unique features, such as its enhanced product quality control and fast start-up behavior, providing a promising concept for integrated continuous primary manufacturing processes of APIs.

Scale-Up of Decanter Centrifuges for the Particle Separation and Mechanical Dewatering in the Minerals Processing Industry by Means of a Numerical Process Model

Decanter centrifuges are frequently used for thickening, dewatering, classification, or degritting in the mining industry and various other sectors. Their use in an industrial process chain requires a sufficiently accurate prediction of the product and the machine behaviour. For this purpose, experiments on a smaller pilot-scale are carried out for scale-up of a decanter centrifuge, which is usually a major challenge. Predicting the process behaviour of decanter centrifuges from laboratory tests is rather difficult. Basically, there are two common ways of scale-up: First, via analytical methods and the law of similarity, which often requires an enormous experimental effort. Second, using numerical models, which demands a mathematically and physically precise description of the multiple processes running simultaneously in such machines. This article provides an overview of both methods for scale-up of a decanter centrifuge. The concept of a previous developed numerical approach is introduced. Pros and cons of both scale-up methods are compared and further discussed. Experiments on lab-scale, pilot-scale, and industrial-scale decanter centrifuges with two different finely dispersed calcium carbonate water suspensions were carried out and simulations were done to investigate and prove the scale-up capability and transferability of the numerical approach.

An Overview of Second Generation Nanoparticles− Nanostructure Lipid Carrier Drug Delivery System

Lipids are used as vehicles for the preparation of various formulations prescribed for administrations, including emulsions, ointments, suspension, tablets, and suppositories. The first parental nano-emulsion was discovered from the 1950s when it was added to the intravenous administration of lipid and lipid-soluble substances. Lipid-based drug delivery systems are important nowadays. Solid nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are very proficient due to the ease of production process, scale-up capability, bio-compatibility, the biodegradability of formulation components and other specific features of the proposed route. The administration or nature of the materials must be loaded into these delivery systems. The main objectives of this review are to discuss an overview of second-generation nanoparticles, their limitations, structures, and route of administration, with emphasis on the effectiveness of such formulations. NLC is the second generation of lipid nanoparticles having a structure like nanoemulsion. The first generation of nanoparticles was SLN. The difference between both of them is at its core. Both of them are a colloidal carrier in submicron size in the range of 40-1000 nm. NLC is the most promising novel drug delivery system over the SLN due to solving the problem of drug loading and drug crystallinity. Solid and liquid lipids combination in NLC formation, improve its quality as compare to SLN. NLC has three types of structures: random, amorphous, and multiple. The random structure containing solid-liquid lipids and consisting crystal and the liquid lipid irregular in shape; thereby enhance the ability of the lipid layer to pass through the membrane. The second is the amorphous structure. It is less crystalline in nature and can prevent the leakage of the loaded drug. The third type is multiple structures, which have higher liquid lipid concentrations than other types. The excipients used to form the NLC are bio-compatible, biodegradable and non-irritating, most of which can be detected using GRAS. NLC is a promising delivery system to deliver the drug through pulmonary, ocular, CNS, and oral route of administration. Various methods of preparation and composition of NLC influence its stability Parameters. In recent years at the educational level, the potential of NLC as a delivery mechanism targeting various organs has been investigated in detail.

Highly sensitive room temperature ammonia gas sensor using pristine graphene: The role of biocompatible stabilizer

Graphene has attracted extraordinary attention for gas sensing due to its large specific surface area as well as its high charge carrier mobility. Nonetheless, in most cases, graphene derivatives, such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO), were employed as sensing elements instead of pristine graphene. In this contribution, pristine graphene noncovalently functionalized by a biocompatible stabilizer (flavin monocleotide sodium salt, FMNS) was produced for the application as NH3 sensing materials in a chemiresistor type gas sensor. Detailed characterizations indicate that the graphene flakes exhibit good structural quality with few defects. The optimized ammonia sensors demonstrate outstanding performance: ultralow limit-of-detection (1.6 ppm), excellent sensitivity (2.8%, 10 ppm; 18.5%, 1000 ppm), reproducibility, reversibility, low power consumption (work temperature, 25 °C) as well as low cost. Additionally, the roles of FMNS from graphene preparation to NH3 sensing are elucidated via all-atom molecular dynamics simulations: (1) stabilizer for the graphene dispersion, (2) p-type dopant for graphene-based sensing element, and (3) active adsorption sites for NH3 gas sensing. This contribution provides an efficient strategy to design highly sensitive pristine graphene-based NH3 gas sensors utilizing FMNS-like molecules, involving a facile and environmentally friendly process, biocompatible materials, low cost equipment, and scale-up capability.

Counterpart test for LSTF 1% cold-leg break LOCA (SB-CL-32) utilizing ATLAS test facility

The counterpart test of the OECD-ATLAS project named A5.1 was performed using a thermal–hydraulic integral effect test facility, ATLAS. The target scenario for the A5.1 test was the LSTF SB-CL-32 test. The SB-CL-32 test is a 1% horizontal small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA) at the cold leg with cold leg injection of the emergency core cooling system (ECCS) and accident management (AM) action. The test objective is to investigate the thermal hydraulic phenomena during a cold leg SBLOCA such as core heat-up, loop seal clearing (LSC), and the effect of AM actions. To achieve the test objectives, scaling analysis between LSTF and ATLAS was conducted first. The detailed test conditions such as initial and boundary conditions and sequence of events were determined based on the scaling analysis result. The experimental result showed that overall thermal hydraulic behavior which can be expected in this kind of SBLOCA scenario was observed. However, significant differences were found in the A5.1 test result compared with the LSTF SB-CL-32 test result in the view point of the loop seal clearing phenomenon and the maximum heater rod surface temperature behavior. These differences result from the different design between two test facilities which are refer to the different prototype nuclear power plant. Thus, several test condition parameters were analyzed as the sensitivity study utilizing the thermal hydraulic system analysis code to check their effect on the system response. From the sensitivity analysis result, it was confirmed that the A5.1 test was well modeled as a counterpart test of LSTF and realized the thermal hydraulic behavior during SBLOCA transient. This test result can be utilized to evaluate the prediction capability of thermal hydraulic system analysis codes and to validate the scale-up capability of integrated effect test (IET) test data to the nuclear power plant condition.

Manufacturing Strategies for Solid Electrolyte in Batteries

Throughout the development of battery technologies in recent years, the solid-state electrolyte (SSE) has demonstrated outstanding advantages in tackling the safety shortcomings of traditional batteries while meeting high demands on electrochemical performances. The traditional manufacturing strategies can achieve the fabrication of batteries with simple forms (coin, cylindrical, and pouch), but encounter limitations in preparing complex-shaped or micro/nanoscaled batteries especially for inorganic solid electrolytes (ISEs). The advancement in novel manufacturing techniques like 3D printing has enabled the assembly of different solid electrolytes (polymeric, inorganic, and composites) in a more complex geometric configuration. However, there is a huge gap between the capabilities of the current 3D printing techniques and the requirements for battery production. In this review, we compare the traditional manufacturing to several novel 3D printing techniques, highlighting the potential of 3D printing in the SSE manufacturing. The latest SSE manufacturing progress in the group of direct-writing (DW) based or lithography-based printing technologies are summarized separately from the perspectives of feedstock selection, build envelope, printing resolution, and application (nano-scaled, flexible, and large-scale battery grids). Throughout the discussion, some challenges associated with manufacturing SSEs via 3D printing such as air/moisture sensitivity of samples, printing resolution, scale-up capability, and long-term sintering for ISEs have been put forward. This review aims to bridge the gap between 3D printing techniques and battery requirements by analyzing the existing limitation in SSE manufacturing and point out future needs.

Scalable aesthetic transparent wood for energy efficient buildings

Nowadays, energy-saving building materials are important for reducing indoor energy consumption by enabling better thermal insulation, promoting effective sunlight harvesting and offering comfortable indoor lighting. Here, we demonstrate a novel scalable aesthetic transparent wood (called aesthetic wood hereafter) with combined aesthetic features (e.g. intact wood patterns), excellent optical properties (an average transmittance of ~ 80% and a haze of ~ 93%), good UV-blocking ability, and low thermal conductivity (0.24 W m−1K−1) based on a process of spatially selective delignification and epoxy infiltration. Moreover, the rapid fabrication process and mechanical robustness (a high longitudinal tensile strength of 91.95 MPa and toughness of 2.73 MJ m−3) of the aesthetic wood facilitate good scale-up capability (320 mm × 170 mm × 0.6 mm) while saving large amounts of time and energy. The aesthetic wood holds great potential in energy-efficient building applications, such as glass ceilings, rooftops, transparent decorations, and indoor panels.

Design and fabrication of whisker hybrid ceramic membranes with narrow pore size distribution and high permeability via co-sintering process

Ceramic microfiltration membranes (MF) with narrow pore size distribution and high permeability are widely used for the preparation of ceramic ultrafiltration membranes (UF) and in wastewater treatment. In this work, a whisker hybrid ceramic membrane (WHCM) consisting of a whisker layer and an alumina layer was designed to achieve high permeability and narrow pore size distribution based on the relative resistance obtained using the Hagen-Poiseuille and Darcy equations. The whisker layer was designed to prevent the penetration of alumina particles into the support and ensure a high porosity of the membrane, while the alumina layer provided a smooth surface and narrow pore size distribution. Mass transfer resistance is critical to reduce the effect of the membrane layers. It was found that the resistance of the WHCM depended largely on the alumina layer. The effect of the support and whisker layer on the resistance of the WHCM was negligible. This was consistent with theoretical calculations. The WHCM was co-sintered at 1000 °C, which resulted in a high permeability of ~ 645 L m−1 h−1 ;bar−1 and a narrow pore size distribution of ~ 100 nm. Co-sintering was carried out on a macroporous ceramic support (just needed one sintering process), which greatly reduced the preparation cost and time. The WHCM (as the sub-layer) also showed a great potential to be used for the fabrication of ceramic UF membranes with high repeatability. Hence, this study provides an efficient approach for the fabrication of advanced ceramic MF membranes on macroporous supports, allowing for rapid prototyping with scale-up capability.

Hydrothermal carbon superstructures enriched with carboxyl groups for highly efficient uranium removal

Carbon superstructures with graphitized lamellar microstructures were fabricated through a modified hydrothermal method. The dual oxidation process combining acrylic acid functionalization and air thermal treatment introduced plentiful carboxyl groups on the surface of the carbon superstructures. Adsorption capacity of U(VI) on the as prepared carbon superparticles reached 197.7 mg g−1, which was 9-fold higher than that of raw glucose-derived hydrothermal carbon microspheres. The thermo-dynamic and kinetic studies demonstrated that the uptake of uranyl ions was a spontaneous and endothermic chemisorption dominated process with the abundant carboxyl groups acting as main binding sites. Impressively, the carbon superstructure adsorbents showed excellent recycling performance. To sum up, this paper proposed a novel high-performance U(VI) adsorbent from hydrothermal carbon, which exhibited potential in real application due to their outstanding reusability and scale-up capability.

Immobilization of Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A on Chitosan Particles and Its Applications in Peptide-to-Peptide Ligation and Peptide Cyclization.

Chitosan macro-particles prepared by the neutralization method were applied to Sortase A (SrtA) immobilization using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. The particles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the immobilization process. An average specific activity of 3142 U (mg protein)−1 was obtained under optimized immobilization conditions (chitosan concentration 3%, SrtA concentration 0.5 mg·mL−1, glutaraldehyde concentration 0.5%, crosslinking and immobilization at 20 °C, crosslinking for 3 h, and an immobilization time of 8 h). The transpeptidase activity of immobilized SrtA was proved by a peptide-to-peptide ligation with a conversion yield approximately at 80%, and the immobilized catalyst was successfully reused for five cycles without obvious activity loss. Moreover, the scale-up capability of using immobilized SrtA to catalyze a head-to-tail peptide cyclization was investigated in a batch reaction and the conversion yield was more than 95% when using 20 mg of peptide as a substrate.

Application of Acoustic- Vibratory Milling For Screening and Scale-Up of Micro/ Nanosuspensions in Early Drug Discovery and Development

Current methods of milling an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) often suffer from limited control over particle size and solid-state form or require large amounts of material for optimization, rendering them unsuitable for use in early discovery efforts. We here develop operating workflows of an acoustic-vibratory milling technique, which enables both materials-sparing screens and scaled-up production of micro/nanosuspensions with well-defined and tunable particle size distributions. Workflows are based on the generation of guidance maps for API insensitive outputs (temperature) and API dependent outputs (particle size), with various operational parameters for milling such as container headspace, container geometry, milling media load & size, milling time, and excipient compositions. Theexperimental conditions for low and high intensity milling were identified and implemented for six model compounds with a wide range of physicochemical properties, to conduct materials-sparing screens (10 mg) at high throughput (>36 conditions per run) and short milling times (2 hours) to successfully produce suspensions for all compounds tested. The scale-up capability of the approach is demonstrated for model API, mebendazole, by producing more than 20 g of suspensions per run with predefined size and solidstate form that corresponds to small-scale screens by two orders of magnitude. This work develops new tools that help enable micro/ nano-suspension development in early-drug discovery settings.

Flexible, all-solid-state, high-cell potential supercapacitors based on holey reduced graphene oxide/manganese dioxide nanosheets

2D ultrathin nanomaterials have attracted a significant interest for their application in flexible and lightweight energy storage devices. In this work, we report the fabrication, by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), of flexible all-solid-state symmetric high cell potential supercapacitors, comprised of holey reduced graphene oxide – manganese dioxide nanosheets (HGM). HGM films were electrophoretically deposited in a layer-by-layer fashion onto targeted substrates, with net thicknesses ranging from 0.2 to 2.5 μm. The assembled HGM films were highly compact with the density of ∼2.2 g cm−3. The resulting symmetric HGM supercapacitors, using PVA-LiClO4 gel as an electrolyte, exhibited excellent electrochemical capacitive performance over a wide cell potential window of 0.0–1.6 V. Operating at ultra-high charge-discharge rates, up to 5000 mV s−1, the HGM supercapacitors delivered excellent areal specific capacitances of 12–46 mF cm−2, corresponding to volumetric specific capacitances of 557–182 F cm−3 at thickness of 0.2–2.5 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the HGM supercapacitors exhibited long-term cycling stability with a retention over 80% of its initial capacitance after 2000 cycles. Considering the facile scale-up capability of the EPD process, our approach paves a promising route for the manufacture of next-generation flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors with high energy and high power density.

Opportunity for Realizing Ideal Computing System using Cloud Computing Model

An ideal computing system is a computing system with ideal characteristics. The major components and their performance characteristics of such hypothetical system can be studied as a model with predicted input, output, system and environmental characteristics using the identified objectives of computing which can be used in any platform, any type of computing system, and for application automation, without making modifications in the form of structure, hardware, and software coding by an external user. In this paper, we have proposed cloud computing service model to be used as a part of computing processor section enabled through information communication technology concept and discussed how it will support the computing processor part of ideal computing processor section by providing virtual system components with both hardware and software from the cloud to realize ideal computing system model. In this model, the infrastructure required for an ideal computing processor section is owned by a third party vendor and the cloud computing services are delivered to the ideal computing system over the Internet on a leased/wireless basis with the capability to extend up or down their service requirements or needs ubiquitously and almost infinite scale-up capability. A well designed flexible cloud computing system can work and fulfill the requirement of the processing section of an ideal computing device. It also offers an innovative business concept for organizations to adopt ideal computing services without advance investment and enables convenient, on-request network accessibility to a shared pool of IT computing resources like networks, servers, storage, applications, and services

Opportunity for Realizing Ideal Computing System using Cloud Computing Model

An ideal computing system is a computing system with ideal characteristics. The major components and their performance characteristics of such hypothetical system can be studied as a model with predicted input, output, system and environmental characteristics using the identified objectives of computing which can be used in any platform, any type of computing system, and for application automation, without making modifications in the form of structure, hardware, and software coding by an external user. In this paper, we have proposed cloud computing service model to be used as a part of computing processor section enabled through information communication technology concept and discussed how it will support the computing processor part of ideal computing processor section by providing virtual system components with both hardware and software from the cloud to realize ideal computing system model. In this model, the infrastructure required for an ideal computing processor section is owned by a third party vendor and the cloud computing services are delivered to the ideal computing system over the Internet on a leased/wireless basis with the capability to extend up or down their service requirements or needs ubiquitously and almost infinite scale-up capability. A well designed flexible cloud computing system can work and fulfill the requirement of the processing section of an ideal computing device. It also offers an innovative business concept for organizations to adopt ideal computing services without advance investment and enables convenient, on-request network accessibility to a shared pool of IT computing resources like networks, servers, storage, applications, and services.