Self-Concept Scale Research Articles

Self-Concept and Social Adjustment of First-Year Students

Objective - Students who study in higher education institutions should have a good socialization process since it later influences their happiness and sadness during their first year of university life. They may face some difficulties and problems that may inhibit their academic success if they cannot adjust well. One of the successful social adjustment criteria is self-concept, in which is derived from interactions with others, for example, the environment. For that reason, it is important to investigate the self-concept and social adjustment of Psychology students, at UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, during the first semester. This paper therefore aims to a) determine the degree of student social adjustment, b) determine the quality of self-concept, and c) identify the relationship between self-concept and social adjustment among first year students of Psychology, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. Methodology/Technique – The subjects of this study include 134 first year students at the Faculty of Psychology, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, East Java. The data was collected in accordance with the scale of self-concept and social adjustment. Finding & Novelty - The results show that 1) the degree of first students’ self-concept is in average scale, 69.4%, 2) the social adjustment of first year students belongs to a moderate category, 71,6%, and 3) self-concept has positive correlation to social adjustment (r = 0,703, p = 0,000). These findings confirm that the higher the self-concept the students poses, the better the social adjustment they perform. This study suggests the need for intervention to escalate self-concept and social adjustment of students by collaborating with some stakeholders, particularly students’ parents, universities, government, societies, and religious figures. Type of Paper: Empirical.

Impact of Jigsaw Technique on Improving University Students’ Self-Concept

Background: Educational achievement is related to positive and negative feelings. One of the important purposes of educational systems is to enhance students’ academic self-concept. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of the jigsaw approach on improving self-concept among university students of educational sciences. Methods: This quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest design with a control group. A total of 60 undergraduate students of educational sciences at Farhangian University in Sistan-Baluchestan province were selected and divided into two equal groups of 30 each, i.e. an experimental group and a control group. Liu and Wang academic self-concept scale was applied as a data collection tool and twelve 90-minute sessions of the jigsaw approach were collaboratively conducted on the students who met the inclusion criteria in 6 weeks (two sessions per week). Data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: Results of the one-way analysis of covariance show that academic self-concept and the subscales of academic confidence and academic effort are significantly different between the control and experimental groups (error level < 5%). The jigsaw approach had a direct effect on academic effort and improved students’ academic self-concept. Conclusions: Academic self-concept plays an essential role in students’ achievement. Some students do not know how to act and learn in groups, so they isolate themselves. This isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness or fear of others, but collaborative and cooperative approaches such as jigsaw technique help shape students’ self-concept and communicate with others.

Students’ Self Concept and Personalities with their Academic Achievement in Technical Health Institutes at Suez City

Background: Self-concept associated with cognitive aspects of self-knowledge, which would include all types of cognitive activity and content (concepts, percepts, images, judgments, reasoning, amnesic schemas, etc.). Aim:the aim of the study was to determine the relationship between students' self-concept and personality with their academic achievement in Technical Health Institutes at Suez city. Subject and Methods: The current study utilized a descriptive correlational design. The study population included all students of Health Institute at Suez City with a total numbers of 120 from nursing students and used three tools: Academic Achievement Questionnaire Sheet, Self-concept scale, the Big Five Personality Inventory and a personal questionnaire sheet was added. Results:Positive correlation between self-concept and academic achievement grades (96.7%) had a (good) &that there was a negative correlation between academic achievement grades and personality type. While (66.7%) had (pass) grades. Conclusions:The most of the nursing students had positive self-concept. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between self-concept and academic achievement grades. The most of the nursing students that had (excellent) and (very good) grades were an openness personality type. Finally, there was a negative correlation between academic achievement grades and personality types. Recommendations: The students should be exposed to motivational talks and seminars, they should also undergo leadership training where they could build self-confidence, independence and build their self-concept, identity and the team spirit to train them to interact with the people of the community

Student employability examined from academic achievement and self-concept

&lt;span&gt;Employability is a problem that often arises in its relation to job-seeking, where low employability has become an obstacle for individuals entering the workforce. Factors believed to influence levels of employability are academic achievements and self-concept. This study aim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="IN"&gt;ed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; to determine the relationship between academic achievement and self-concept with student employability. The subjects in this study were 85 students who were obtained through cluster random sampling. The research method used is a quantitative method, utilizing scales and report card scores as data collection tools. The scale used is scale of employability and self-concept. The data analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the data analysis showed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;significant relationship between academic achievement and self-concept with employability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="IN"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;

시니어에어로빅스에 참여한 여성노인의 신체적 자기개념과 심리적 웰빙감에 관한 연구

The purpose of study was to examine the physical self-conception and psychological well-being of elderly women participating in senior aerobics. The subjects of this study were 193 people in the elderly welfare center and seniors participating in senior aerobics in the northern part of Gyeongido (Uijeongbu, Yangju, Dongducheon, Pocheon). The survey tool used the physical self-concept scale developed by Kim Byung-Joon(2001) and the psychological well-being scale developed by Hwang Young-Joon(2009) as a questionnaire. The 5-point Likert scale was used. The collected data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows ; First, there was no difference in age, physical self-concept and psychological well-being according to general characteristics(age, exercise duration, frequency, intensity). Second, the correlation between physical self-concept and psychological well-being was positively correlated. Third, physical self-concept is related to psychological well-being. Among the sub-factors of physical self-concept, appearance and overall physical factors influenced sub-factors of psychological well-being. The physical self-concept of elderly women who participated in senior aerobics partially affected psychological well-being.

Psychological Happiness and its Relationship to the Self-concept of the Grade Nine Students in the Welayat Al-Mudhabi in the Sultanate of Oman.

The study aimed to identify the level of psychological happiness and self-concept among a sample of grade nine students in the Welayat Al-Mudhabi. It also investigated the relationship between psychological happiness and self-concept among the study sample. In addition, the present study attempted to identify the significance level of differences among the participants’ responses using the psychological happiness scale and self-concept scale according to the study variable (gender). To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher used a descriptive correlational approach and two tools: Psychological happiness scale, and self-concept measure. The population sample consists of (300) students (150 males and 150 females). Among the most essential findings of the study were: The level of the psychological happiness and the level of the self-concept among the grade nine students in the Welayat Al-Mudhabi of the Sultanate of Oman was high. A statistically significant strong positive correlation between psychological happiness and self-concept was found. Moreover, the results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the responses of the sample of the study on the measure of psychological happiness and the measure of self-concept pertain to the gender variable.

AUTOCONCEPTO Y APOYO SOCIAL EN ESTUDIANTES DE BACHILLERATO. UN ESTUDIO PREDICTIVO

The objectives of this work were to identify the relationship between and social support in high school students, compare both variables according to sex and, finally, recognize the strength of the dimensions of social support (family and friends) in the prediction of self-concept. The sample consisted of 567 students. The instruments were the Self-concept Scale (AF-5) and the Family and Social Support Scale (AFA-R). The results indicated a correlation between the study variables. Significant differences were found by sex in the total score of the Self-concept and in the dimensions Emotional Physical self-concept and Friends support. Through a multiple linear regression analysis, a model was generated that considers the dimensions of social support and sex in the prediction of self-concept, being the family's support the predictor of greater weight. The study confirms the importance of family support in the constitution of the of young students and suggests developing preventive and remedial actions in those cases in which it is necessary.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KONSEP DIRI DENGAN KECANDUAN GAME ONLINE PADA PEMAIN GAME MMORPG

This aim of study was to examine the relationship between self-concept and game online MMORPG player. Whereas the hypothesis proposed in this study is there was at relationship with self-concept and game online addiction in game MMORPG. The sample of this study was 100 gamers who was game MMORPG. The questioner used was game online addiction scale and self-concept scale. The sample used purposive sampling technique in order to get the sample. The result of the study was analyzed by pearson product momen technique. The result of the study showed that there was a negative significant relationship between self-concept and game online addcition in player game MMORP with value r = -0,393 and p = 0,000 (p<0,05). Therefore, the hypothesis is accepted. Keywords : Self-Concept, Game Online Addiction

Self concept, self efficacy, and interpersonal communication effectiveness of student

Successful interpersonal communication is one of the determinants of success factors of preaching, counseling, and learning. However, the data showed that not all students can deliver effective interpersonal communication. It can be developed if students have self-concept and self-efficacy. This study aims to examine the effects of self-concept and self-efficacy on students' interpersonal communication. The subjects of this study were 342 students of the Walisongo State Islamic University of Semarang, who were selected using the cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected using three psychological scales, namely self-concept scale, self-efficacy, and effective interpersonal communication scale. Simple regression techniques and multiple regressions were used for analyzing the data. The results of the study showed that self-concept partially influenced the effectiveness of the students' interpersonal communication, contributing by 12.7%. In line with the finding, self-efficacy also has a contribution to it by 12%. Also, self-concept and self-efficacy simultaneously had contributions to the effectiveness of the students' interpersonal communication as much as 12.2%.

Socio-Emotional Development in Sixth Grade Elementary School Children from Two Public Schools

The purpose of this work was to improve socio-emotional development of the participants as a basis to strengthen prosocial behavior. The sample was conformed by 89 sixth grade students of two public schools between 10 and 14 years old. For the evaluation of socio-emotional traits, the following instruments were used: (1) Battery of socialization, BAS-3, (Silva Moreno &amp; Martorell Pallás, 2018), (2) Questionnaire of antisocial and criminal conducts, A-D, (Seisdedos, 2001); (3) CP, Questionnaire of prosocial conduct (Weir &amp; Duveen, 1981); (4) Scale of assertive behavior for children CABS (Mencia Padilla, 2016); (5) Questionnaire of cognitive strategies for the resolution of social situations, EIS, (Garaigordobil, 2000); and (6) Scale of self-concept for children (Cortés Ayala &amp; Flores Galaz, 2010). The work consisted of an applied research with a multi-group design of pretest-postest repeat measures and a control group. There were significant differences found by sex in: prosocial behavior reported by teachers; antisocial and criminal behaviors; and socialization behavior; where women show a Medium high and men a Medium low level. The diagnostic-evaluation differences by group, as well as the differences between experimental and control groups after the intervention are discussed.

Is grit worth the investment? How grit compares to other psychosocial factors in predicting achievement

In this study, I examined the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on the Short Grit scale, Academic Self-Concept scale, and Engagement scale in a sample of 1154 urban adolescent high school students. I also assessed how much of GPA’s variance is explained by grit, academic self-concept, and educational engagement. Results suggested that the scores on all three scales were structurally sound and internally consistent. However, grit and engagement explained considerably less of GPA’s variance in this urban sample than academic self-concept. Therefore, this study’s findings indicate that school improvement and intervention programs might be more effective if they are focused on increasing more established psychosocial factors like academic self-concept rather than grit.

فاعلیة استخدام برنامج ماتلاب (MATLAB) مع السبورة التفاعلیة على التحصیل وتنمیة القدرة المکانیة ومفهوم الذات الریاضیاتیة لدى طالبات الصف الثالث الثانوی

هدفت الدراسة إلى معرفة فاعلیة استخدام برنامج ماتلاب (MATLAB) مع السبورة التفاعلیة على التحصیل وتنمیة القدرة المکانیة ومفهوم الذات الریاضیاتیة لدى طالبات الصف الثالث الثانوی. ولتحقیق أهداف الدراسة استخدم المنهج شبه التجریبی، وتمثلت أدوات الدراسة فی: اختبار تحصیلی فی وحدة المتجهات، واختبار القدرة المکانیة، ومقیاس مفهوم الذات الریاضیاتیة لدى طالبات الصف الثالث الثانوی، کما تمت برمجة وحدة المتجهات إلکترونیا فی ضوء استخدام برنامج ماتلاب (MATLAB) مع السبورة التفاعلیة، وطبقت الدراسة على عینة مکونة من (29) طالبة من طالبات الصف الثالث الثانوی بالمدینة المنورة. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة: أنه یوجد فرق دال إحصائیا بین متوسطی درجات طالبات مجموعتی الدراسة التجریبیة والضابطة فی التطبیق البعدی لکل من الاختبار التحصیلی، ومقیاس مفهوم الذات الریاضیاتیة، واختبار القدرة المکانیة ککل، وفی کل من مهارتی (العلاقات المکانیة والتوجه المکانی) لصالح طالبات المجموعة التجریبیة، ولا یوجد فرق دال إحصائیا بین المجموعتین فی مهارة التصور المکانی، ویوجد فرق دال إحصائیا بین متوسطی درجات طالبات المجموعة التجریبیة فی التطبیقین القبلی والبعدی لکل من الاختبار التحصیلی واختبار القدرة المکانیة، ومقیاس مفهوم الذات الریاضیاتیة، لصالح التطبیق البعدی، کما أظهرت النتائج فاعلیة تدریس وحدة المتجهات باستخدام برنامج ماتلاب (MATLAB) مع السبورة التفاعلیة على تحصیل الطالبات لوحدة المتجهات بالصف الثالث الثانوی، وعلى تنمیة مفهوم الذات الریاضیاتیة، وتنمیة القدرة المکانیة ککل وعلى کل من مهارتی (العلاقات المکانیة والتوجه المکانی)، وعدم فاعلیتها على تنمیة مهارة التصور المکانی لدى طالبات الصف الثالث الثانوی، وأنه توجد علاقة ارتباطیة موجبة بین القدرة المکانیة لدى الطالبات وتحصیلهن لوحدة المتجهات بالصف الثالث الثانوی، کما توجد علاقة ارتباطیة موجبة بین مفهوم الذات الریاضیاتیة لدى الطالبات وتحصیلهن لوحدة المتجهات بالصف الثالث الثانوی، وتوجد علاقة ارتباطیة موجبة بین القدرة المکانیة ومفهوم لذات الریاضیاتیة لدى الطالبات بالصف الثالث الثانوی. Abstract: The Effectiveness of Using Program with the Interactive Whiteboard on Achievement and Spatial Ability Development and Mathematical Self-Concept of the Third Grade Secondary Female Students The objective of the present study is to identify the effectiveness of using program with the Interactive Whiteboard on achievement, spatial ability development and mathematical self-concept of the third grade secondary female students, Aquasi-experimental approach was adopted.To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher prepared an achievement test in Vectors unit, a spatial ability test, and a scale for the mathematical self-concept, The Unit Vector was electronically programmed using program with the Interactive Whiteboard . The sample of the study consists of (29) female students from third grade in a secondary school in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah. The results of the study revealed that: There was a statistical significant difference at (0.05≥ α) between the two means of both experimental and control group in the post application of the achievement test, the scale of mathematical self-concept, and in each of the spatial orientation skill and spatial relations skill in favor of the experimental group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the spatial visualization skill, There was a statistical significant difference at (0.05≥ α) between the two means of the experimental group in the pre and post application of the achievement test, the spatial ability test and the scale of mathematical self-concept, in favor of the post application.The effectiveness of teaching Vectors unit using MATLAB and the Interactive Whiteboard on developing academic achievement of the third grade secondary female students. The results also showed the effectiveness of teaching Vectors unit using MATLAB and the Interactive Whiteboard on developing the following variables: academic achievement, spatial orientation skill, spatial relations skill, and mathematical self-conceptof the third grade secondary female students. Moreover, the results showed the ineffectiveness of teaching Vectors unit using MATLAB and the Interactive Whiteboard on developing the spatial visualization skill of the Third grade secondary female Students. Finall There is a statistical significance relationship between achievement and spatial ability. Astatistical significance relationship between achievement and mathematical self-concept, and a statistical significance relationship between spatial ability and mathematical self-concept.

Correlations Between Parenting Stress and Adolescents' Depression, Coping Responses, and Self-Concept

This descriptive study aimed to explore the correlations between mothers’ parenting stress and adolescents’ coping responses, depression, and self-concept. Methods: Participants were 320 adolescents and their parents. The adolescents completed Self-concept Scale, Coping Responses, and Depression Scale-2, and their parents completed Parenting Stress Scale. Results: The adolescents used approach coping frequently and their depression was 54.87(±14.06). However, adolescents’ approach coping and overall self-concept were negatively correlated with parenting stress, and were significantly correlated with parenting stress in both mothers and fathers including depression. Mothers’ and fathers’ mean parenting stress scores and patterns were similar, but relationship patterns for parenting stress and adolescents’ Seeking Guidance subscale scores differed between mothers and fathers. Conclusion: These findings could be useful in supporting school-based mental health services for adolescents, through the development of parenting roles.

Prediction of Perceived Stress Based on Self-concept and Emotional Intelligence in Females with HIV/AIDS

Background - Paying attention to the psychological issues of patients with HIV/AIDS, improving their quality-of-life (QoL), and promotion of mental health in such patients are of great importance. The present study aimed at predicting the perceived stress based on self-percept and emotional intelligence in patients with HIV/AIDS. Methods - The population of the present descriptive, correlation study was all females diagnosed with HIV/AIDS of which 90 subjects selected by the convenience sampling method were evaluated. The data collection tools were the Cohen perceived stress scale (PSS), the Rogers self-concept scale, and the Bar–On emotional intelligence questionnaire; the stepwise regression analysis was used to analyze data. Results - Results of the present study indicated a negative and significant relationship between the perceived stress with self-concept and emotional intelligence; also, emotional intelligence could better predict the level of perceived stress than self-concept. Positive self-concept and higher levels of emotional intelligence, followed by the use of coping strategies, may cause lower levels of perceived stress in such patients. Conclusion - It seems that the findings can indicate that the emotional intelligence can predict perceived stress better than self-concept.

Effect of Parents' Encouragement on Reading Motivation: The Mediating Effect of Reading Self-Concept and the Moderating Effect of Gender.

Previous research has found that parental encouragement is associated with children’s motivation to read. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this association or factors that might strengthen or weaken these processes. The current research scrutinized a moderated mediation model that comprised of parental encouragement (predictor variable), reading self-concept (mediator), gender (moderator), and reading motivation (outcome variable) simultaneously. A total of 254 Chinese students (Mage = 11.35 years, SDage = 0.87) completed the Parents’ Encouragement of Extracurricular Reading Questionnaire, Reading Self-Concept Scale, and Pupil Reading Motivation Scale. Path analysis revealed that parents’ encouragement was associated with children’s reading motivation both directly and indirectly via reading self-concept, and the effect of parents’ encouragement on children’s motivation was more positive for boys than girls, while the effect of reading self-concept on children’s motivation was more positive for girls than boys. Our results highlight the importance of parental encouragement in improving children’s reading motivation, and the findings and their implications are discussed.

The mediating effect of self-consciousness between peer relationship and social anxiety in HIV-infected children

Objective To explore the relationship among peer relationship, self-consciousness and social anxiety in HIV-infected children. Methods Peer Relationship Scale, Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale and Social Anxiety Scale for Children were applied to 126 HIV-infected children. Results The score of peer relationship was 53.0(45.0, 62.0), the score of self-concept was 52.0(42.0, 60.0), and the score of social anxiety was 6.0(2.0, 9.0). Peer relationship was positively correlated with social anxiety( r=0.196, P=0.029) and negatively correlated with self-consciousness(r=-0.628, P<0.01). Self-consciousness was negatively correlated with social anxiety(r=-0.504, P<0.01). Bootstrap analysis showed that self-consciousness played a complete mediating role between peer relationship and social anxiety, and the mediating effect value was 0.377. Conclusion Peer relationship, self-consciousness and social anxiety are closely related.Furthermore, self-consciousness plays a complete mediating role between peer relationship and social anxiety in HIV-infected children. Key words: HIV-infected children; Peer relationship; Self-consciousness; Social anxiety

Personality and Social Context Factors Associated to Self-Reported Excessive Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on a Sample of Spanish Adolescents.

The vulnerability that characterizes adolescents justifies the growing health concern about the impact of excessive use of ICT. Exploring the roll both psychological and social variables in excessive use of ICT in adolescents can help preventing risk behaviors. Examining the ICT use of 1,102 secondary school, baccalaureate and professional training course students (11–18 years old, M = 14.42, Sd = 1.78; 50.58% boys), we investigate the psycho-social profile of those adolescents who have self –reported an excessive use of ICTs. Personality factors were assessed using the NEO-FFI, and social context factors through the PWI (Personal Well-being Index); AF5 (Multidimensional Scale of Self Concept); SSA (Social Support Appraisals); ad hoc questions on self-perception of parental and sibling ICT consumption, and the existence of rules for ICT use in the home. 14.5% (n = 160) of adolescents match the criteria of excessive use. The self-reported excessive use is associated as much by personality factors as by family context. Risk factors in self-reported excessive adolescent ICT use are being female, impulsiveness, perceiving a high level of family support and a high use by parents and siblings. The family, academic, emotional and physical self-concepts are factors of protection. This study has provided us with a profile of adolescents who make a self-reported excessive use of ICT, which may be of help in preventing such use. The presence of these specific personality and socio-demographic factors indicate a greater vulnerability and may serve as indicators for parents, teachers and healthcare professionals to intervene and prevent excessive ICT use and other serious psychological problems related.

Parent-children relationship and internet addiction of adolescents: The mediating role of self-concept

The present study aimed to explore the association between parent-children relationship and internet addiction with the mediating effect of self-concept among Chinese adolescents. The Chinese Parent-Children Relationship Diagnostic Test, the Chinese revised edition of Tennessee Self-concept Scale, and the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale were administered to 300 junior and high school students aged 13–18 years (in grades 7–12). Results indicated that parent-children relationship was positively related to self-concept and was negatively related to internet addiction, while self-concept was negatively related to internet addiction among adolescents. Moreover, the association between parent-children relationship and internet addiction was partially mediated by self-concept. Findings of the present study suggested that parent-children relationship exerted not only direct effect but also indirect effect on internet addiction through self-concept. Limitations of the study are considered and implications of the findings for reducing adolescents’ internet addiction are discussed.

Development and Validation of Positive Smoker Identity Questionnaire (PSmoQi): A New Instrument for Smoking Cessation Correlates

Background: The positive smoker identity construct, which was based on West’s PRIME Theory, affected the smoking prevalence, quit attempts and cessation success. A validated questionnaire which could measure this rich and complex construct may facilitate prediction models of successful cessation. We aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire that assesses positive smoker identity based on West’s PRIME Theory. Method: The initial item pool was developed based on a theoretical framework, empirical literature, existing scales and expert review. The questionnaire was conveniently distributed to 100 smokers. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized to explore domains in the questionnaire. Construct and criterion validity, internal consistency and reliability of the domains were analyzed. Results: The final positive smoker identity questionnaire (PSmoQi) has 26 items under four internally-consistent and reliable domains: Contributory factors, contextual and temporal patterning, identity related to smoking, and behaviour in relation to smoking. The full scale demonstrated good internal consistency (∝ = 0.78), acceptable convergent and divergent validity, and good concurrent validity with the smoker self-concept scale. Conclusion: The current study provides fundamental evidence for the PSmoQi as a valid instrument in research related to smoking cessation and interventional strategy. The PSmoQi contained validated domains which could measure almost a full spectrum of smoking cessation components.

Examination of Science High School Students’ Attitudes and Academic Self-Concepts towards the Physics Lesson

Bu araştırmanın amacı Ankara Fen Lisesi öğrencilerinin Fizik dersine yönelik tutumlarıyla akademik benlik tasarımlarını a) cinsiyet, b) sınıf düzeyi, c) başarı düzeyi, d) öğrenim görmeyi planladığı fakülte bazında incelemektir. Veri elde etmek amacıyla bir adet fizik dersine yönelik tutum ölçeği ile bir adet akademik benlik tasarımı ölçeği kullanılmıştır, ölçekler Ankara Fen Lisesinde öğrenim gören toplam 339 öğrenciye uygulanmıştır. Veri elde etmek amacıyla bir adet fizik dersine yönelik tutum ölçeği ile bir adet akademik benlik tasarımı ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Fen Lisesi öğrencilerin fizik dersine yönelik tutumları erkek öğrenciler lehine değişmektedir. Yine, öğrencilerin fizik dersine yönelik tutumları ile akademik benlik tasarımlarının sınıf düzeyi, başarı düzeyi ve öğrenim görmeyi planladıkları fakülteye göre anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu bulunmuştur.