Scale Development Study Research Articles

Endocrine Disruptors Attitude Scale: A Scale Development Study

Endocrine Disruptors Attitude Scale: A Scale Development Study

Measuring parental behaviors supporting higher order thinking skills in children: A scale development study

Measuring parental behaviors supporting higher order thinking skills in children: A scale development study

Development of the compliance with mechanical ventilator scale in: A validity and reliability study.

Mechanical ventilation is a widely used treatment modality in cardiac surgery intensive care units (ICUs), especially for patients requiring respiratory support during postoperative management. The aim of this study was to define the process of developing a scale to assess adherence to mechanical ventilation in cardiac surgery patients and to assess the validity and reliability of the scale. This is a scale development and scale validation study. The study was conducted with 222 patients between April and September 2023. In the first stage, face-to-face interviews were conducted with seven nurses. Based on the literature review and content analysis of the interviews, the researchers created an item pool. In the second stage, the validity and reliability of the Mechanical Ventilator Compliance Scale in cardiac surgery patients were assessed. The scale was developed to be used by nurses working in cardiac surgery ICUs. The first 36-item scale was subjected to content validity assessment by 14 experts. It was revised according to the experts' feedback and a content validity criterion of 0.83 was obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit values for the scale (χ2/SD = 3.09, GFI = 0.90, AGFI = 0.90, CFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.06, and RMR = 0.07). Test-retest analysis to assess the reliability of the scale showed good agreement between responses over time (ICC: 0.932; p < .001). Cronbach's alpha values for the scale and its subscales, behavioural and physical responses were 0.956, 0.949 and 0.912, respectively. The study findings indicate that the scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing mechanical ventilator compliance in cardiac surgery patients. This study provides nurses in cardiac surgery intensive care units with a measurement tool to objectively assess patients' compliance with mechanical ventilation therapy. The scale provides more reliable results by preventing subjective judgement and estimation in patient assessment.

Examining the perception of the Metaverse: A scale development study

Metaverse is an innovative step that has the potential to impact investors, users, and other segments of society. In terms of the impact it creates, the metaverse can be perceived as positive by some people, while it can be perceived as negative by others. To manage the perception of Metaverse correctly, it is important to reveal what Metaverse is, what aspects provide social benefits, what factors cause negative consequences, and what features may unsettle users. This study aims to develop a measurement tool that can be used to measure both positive and negative perceptions of Metaverse. In this context, a quantitative research method was used, and data was collected using a survey technique. As a result of the analysis of the data, the eight-dimensional and 29-item "Metaverse Perception Scale" emerged. Also, the negative perception of participants about Metaverse is higher than the positive perception.

A Self-Administered Eating Behavior Scale for Patients With Heart Failure Living at Home: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Scale Development Study.

The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is increasing worldwide, with the associated mortality rates rising consistently. Preventing HF progression requires adherence to restricted sodium intake alongside sufficient and balanced nutritional consumption. For patients at home, preparing nutritionally balanced meals is essential, either self-assisted or with the aid of close individuals. Patients with HF frequently experience decreased exercise tolerance, depression, anxiety, and social isolation, which interfere with eating behaviors, leading to inadequate dietary habits. However, measures focusing on the determinants of eating behavior among patients with HF are currently lacking. This study aims to develop a self-administered scale to assess the eating behaviors of patients with HF living at home (Self-Administered Eating Behaviors Scale for Heart Failure [SEBS-HF]). This study encompasses 3 phases. Phase 1 involves identifying factors influencing eating behaviors in patients with HF. First, a literature review will be conducted using PubMed and CINAHL databases. The specified literature will be analyzed qualitatively and inductively. Additionally, verbatim transcripts obtained from semistructured interviews of patients with HF and medical experts will be qualitatively analyzed. Based on the Phase 1 results, a preliminary scale will be constructed. In Phase 2, cognitive interviews will be conducted with patients with HF and experts; the preliminary scale will be used to qualitatively evaluate its content validity. After validation, the scale will be used in Phase 3 to conduct a cross-sectional study involving patients with HF. In Phase 3, data will be collected from clinical records and self-administered questionnaires or scales. After conducting a preliminary survey, the main survey will be conducted. The reliability and validity of the scale will be assessed using statistical methods. The first phase of this study commenced in September 2023, and by May 2, 2024, a total of 7 patients with HF and 6 expert professionals were enrolled as study participants. The draft creation of the scale will be completed in 2024, and the content validity evaluation of the draft scale is expected to be finished by early 2025. The third phase will begin its investigation in mid-2025 and is expected to be completed by late 2025, after which the SEBS-HF will be published. The development and use of this scale will enable a more comprehensive evaluation of the factors influencing eating behaviors in patients with HF. Thus, medical and welfare professionals should provide appropriate support tailored to the specific needs of patients with HF. DERR1-10.2196/60719.

Access Pass: Validating The Scale of Barriers to Participation in Recreational Spaces

The importance of parks and recreational spaces in terms of public health has become even more evident after the pandemic period. The increased utilization of these areas by larger populations has imposed different responsibilities on the park and recreational spaces managers. To increase people's participation in parks and recreational spaces, it is important to first identify the barriers that hinder their participation. This study aims to adapt The Scale of Barriers to Participation in Recreational Spaces, developed by Gümüş and Alay, to the United States. In this context the study was conducted in a mid-sized city located in the Midwest in the U.S.A., involving a sample of 412 individuals ranging in age from 18 to 76. The data collection took place over four months, from December 2022 to March 2023. The factor structure obtained in the original scale development study was tested through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) as part of the validity study. During this analysis, it was necessary to remove one item from the security factor as it increased the Chi-square value in the CFA procedure. According to the analysis, it is evident that the goodness-of-fit indices yielded favorable results. Specifically, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) obtained a value of 0.04, while the Incremental Fit Index (IFI) and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) reached values of 0.94 and 0.98, respectively, signifying excellent goodness of fit. Additionally, the Normed Fit Index (NFI) and Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) attained values of 0.94, which fall within acceptable limits. Moreover, the chi-square value of χ2(94)=153.693 and a ratio of χ2/sd=1.63&lt;2 indicated a perfect fit for the model. Correlation analyses between dimensions were conducted as part of the validity study. In the reliability study of the scale, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was estimated. According to the findings, the factor structure of the scale was confirmed to be parallel to the original scale development study. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha values ranged between 0.83 and 0.90. With these conducted studies, the scale has provided the necessary validity and reliability evidence for its use in the USA culture and has been introduced to the field to be utilized in various studies. It is expected that this scale can benefit both park and recreational spaces managers and users by identifying barriers to participation in these spaces and increasing engagement. Concurrently with the research outcomes, recommendations were formulated for park and recreation administrators.

Sustainability Communication in Higher Education Institutions: Scale Development and Validation Study

This article aims to develop and validate the Sustainability Communication Scale in higher education institutions. An eight-step process proposed by DeVellis (2022) was applied to develop the scale, which consists of 32 items capable of measuring the level of sustainability communication in Turkish universities. A total of 1291 participants, comprising 109 academics and 1182 students, participated in the study. Expert opinion analysis, KMO and Barlett tests, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and partial correlation analyses were all used to check the scale's validity and reliability. According to the results of the exploratory factor analysis using the principal components method, the scale consists of 4 factors: environmental sustainability communication, social sustainability communication, economic sustainability communication, and sustainability of communication. The general structure and measurement of the scale have been validated by confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency coefficient found using Cronbach's alpha was .769; internal consistency coefficients found using composite reliability were .875(F1), .888 (F2), .866(F3), .882(F4). The findings indicate that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

“I enjoy conversing with my professor”: relational maintenance behaviors in the undergraduate student–instructor context

ABSTRACT Scholars of communication, teaching, and learning have been calling for more research on the instructor–student relationship to be studied from an interpersonal perspective. To answer these calls, we conducted a two-step scale development study, first to derive participant-generated responses concerning undergraduate student relational maintenance behaviors and second to construct and validate a scale concerning those behaviors. Of additional interest was to explore reasons as to why students aim to maintain these relationships. A 19-item measure titled the Student Relational Maintenance Scale was created, consisting of making connections, respectful behavior, classroom participation, expressing gratitude, and classroom effort. Additionally, results revealed that both professional reasons and personal reasons motivated students to build these relationships. The results of this study provided further insight into how and why undergraduate college students build positive interpersonal connections with their instructors.

Breastfeeding health literacy scale for pregnant women: A scale development study.

Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants, and health literacy significantly influences breastfeeding rates. This study aimed to develop a tool to assess the breastfeeding health literacy levels of pregnant women. This methodologically structured study was conducted with 590 pregnant women who visited the pregnancy follow-up clinic between January and April 2024 and met the sampling criteria. Data were collected using a participant form and the Health Literacy Scale for Breastfeeding for Pregnant Women (BFHLS). To assess the BFHLS validity, the content validity index (CVI) and factor analysis were used, while the reliability was evaluated using the test-retest method, item-total score correlation, and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient. The BFHLS for pregnant women is structured into four dimensions, comprising 25 items. To assess the scale's stability, test-retest measurements were conducted with a minimum interval of 2 weeks, revealing no significant difference in mean scores (p > 0.05). The CVI for each item was 99%. The corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.48 to 0.92, and Cronbach's alpha value was determined to be 0.96. The BFHLS developed for pregnant women is a valid and reliable tool. Higher scores on the scale indicate a greater level of breastfeeding health literacy in pregnant women. This scale can effectively be used to assess the breastfeeding health literacy levels of pregnant women.

The Adoption of Holacracy in Higher Education: A Scale Development Study

This study aims to develop a valid, reliable, and convenient data collection tool to measure the level of faculty members’ adoption of the holacracy model in university administration. The data of this study were obtained from faculty members working in the faculties of education of state universities in Türkiye in the 2020-2021 academic year. Participation in the study was completely voluntary. The data were collected from a sample of 268 people. Within the scope of the research, the Higher Education Holacracy Scale (HEHS) was used as a data collection tool. The researcher developed the draft form of the HEHS in line with the literature on holacracy. The draft form was presented to 14 experts, one of whom was an expert in measurement and evaluation. Thus, the content validity of the research was ensured. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the variance explained was 63.228%, the structure consisted of three components, and the fit index values were at a good level. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted for the validity of the scale, and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was calculated for reliability. Item-total correlations examined the discrimination of the scale items. After the analyses, it was determined that this 25-item scale, which is in harmony with its theoretical foundations, is a valid and reliable scale suitable for measuring faculty members’ opinions.

Work–family enrichment among parent nurses: a cross-sectional scale development and validation study

BackgroundWork-family enrichment refers to the extent to which experiences in one role improve the quality of life in another role, and the bidirectionality indicates that benefits derived from work can be applied to family and vice versa. Parent nurses, that is, female nurses who are raising preschool children, play a major role at work and in the family. Thus, work-family enrichment is significant for them. The Work-Family Enrichment Scale cannot be generalized to parent nurses. This study was aimed at developing and psychometrically validating a draft Work-Family Enrichment Scale for Parent Nurses.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among 1,090 parent nurses who were randomly sampled from hospitals with more than 200 beds in Japan. The survey evaluated (1) a draft Work-Family Enrichment Scale for Parent Nurses, (2) the Japanese version of the Work-Family Enrichment Scale, and (3) the Positive Spillover Scale. The scales were psychometrically evaluated for internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.ResultsData from 503 participants (age, mean ± standard deviation [range] 35.5 ± 4.96 [23–47] years) were analyzed. Results of exploratory factor analysis, the work to family enrichment direction yielded five factors for 23 items: “emotional fulfillment,” “efficiency,” “ability to lead,” “displaying industriousness,” and “self-growth.” Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.862 to 0.914. In the family-to-work enrichment direction, there were five factors for 28 items: “help-seeking,” “receptiveness,” “expansion of one’s horizon,” “efficiency,” and “emotional fulfillment.” Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.790 to 0.907. Additionally, the correlation coefficients reporting criterion-related validity were 0.685 and 0.619 with regard to the Japanese version of the Work-Family Enrichment Scale and 0.596 and 0.534 with the Positive Spillover Scale for the Work-to-Family Enrichment Scale and the Family-to-Work Enrichment Scale for Parent Nurses, respectively.ConclusionsThe Work-Family Enrichment Scale for Parent Nurses has adequate reliability and validity and can be used as an effective measure to assess the positive aspects of work and family roles among female parent nurses.

P.012: Organ transplantation readiness scale: Scale development study.

P.012: Organ transplantation readiness scale: Scale development study.

Patient Safety Culture Scale in Medication Administration: A Scale Development Study

Patient Safety Culture Scale in Medication Administration: A Scale Development Study

Correction: A scale development study on the perception of the sustainable urban environment

Correction: A scale development study on the perception of the sustainable urban environment

Perceived Halo Effect in Referee Evaluations in Sport: A Scale Development Study

This study was conducted to develop a scale that can measure the relationship between the Halo effect and the evaluations made by referees about athletes' performances, who should make subjective evaluations in sport competitions. The population of the study consisted of 247 referees who were on duty in various sports and in different classifications and who were registered for the year 2023. The items of the scale were produced by the researcher with the support of the literature and it was determined that the items provided content validity (CVI=0.925). After the pilot study, reliability analysis was performed and Alpha=0.970 was found. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to reveal the construct validity of the scale and Alpha=0.972 was found. The fit statistics calculated by confirmatory factor analysis were found to be compatible with the previously determined factor structure of the scale at an acceptable level. In the results of the analyses, it was determined that factor loadings were high, standard error values were low, t values were significant and the construct validity of the predetermined factor structure was confirmed. In addition, as a result of the item discrimination test, it was determined that the scale was able to make a sensitive discriminative measurement (p&amp;lt;0.05). It was found that the scale provided convergent and divergent validity (CR&amp;gt;AVE&amp;gt;0.5), ICC values related to the agreement between test-retest measurements were high, there was no difference between test-retest correlation values, and the scale made reliable measurements based on short time (p&amp;lt;0.05). As a result, it was concluded that the "Perceived Halo Effect Scale in Referee Evaluations in Sport" is a valid and reliable scale.

The metaverse experience: A scale development study

AbstractUnderstanding the metaverse experience (MEX) is paramount to allow companies to exploit its potential and to align with consumers' expectations. Accordingly, this paper develops a scale to identify the main dimensions that define the MEX as well as investigate which constituent dimensions of the MEX are more suited to enhance consumers' attitude toward the metaverse, a key element to foster consumers' exploratory behavior. By drawing on a research design based on multiple stages including qualitative and quantitative data and analysis, this paper develops a measure of the MEX that includes six dimensions: sensory/affective, intellectual, behavioral, relational, interoperability, and safety. The dimensions of intellectual, behavioral, and relational experience were found non‐significant showing that the MEX is built on the experiential dimensions of sensory/emotional, interoperability, and safety. These dimensions were also found to directly affect consumers' attitude toward the metaverse. The paper contributes to current discussion of the metaverse by offering the first tested and reliable scale to measure the MEX.

Development of the Perceived Maverick Leadership Scale: Generation Z Sample

The starting point of this study is the question of what Generation Z expects from business life, which has become one of the topics of curiosity in today's business world with the involvement of Generation Z in business life. In addition, the relationship between maverick leadership, a new concept in the literature, and the expectations of the leaders of Generation Z, who have just stepped into the business world, is one of the reasons for the emergence of the research. In this regard, the aim of the study is to conduct a scale development study to determine how Generation Z employees perceive maverick leaders. In this context, first of all, a literature review was conducted regarding the differences between generations and maverick leadership, then research was conducted on maverick leadership perceived by 385 Generation Z employees. As a result of the research, a valid and reliable measurement tool was developed that can be used to evaluate the maverick leadership perception of Generation Z employees.

Roy Adaptation Model-based adjustment scale in patients with type 2 diabetes: a scale development study

Roy Adaptation Model-based adjustment scale in patients with type 2 diabetes: a scale development study

A scale development study on the perception of the sustainable urban environment

AbstractIn order to assess sustainability, it is necessary to monitor social conditions on environmental, global, national and urban scales. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a scale to determine PSUE. In addition, it is also examined whether there is a significant difference between the components that determine the perception of sustainable urban environment according to the characteristics of the participants. For this purpose, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Spearman–Brown correlation test, Cronbach alpha test, Mann–Whitney test and Kruskal–Wallis test are implemented. According to the findings acquired, it has been detected that the components that determine PSUE are “spatial strategies related to sustainable environment and transportation”, “spatial strategies related to ecological sustainability and solid waste management” and “spatial strategies related to social and economic sustainability” respectively. In this study, differences have been identified in the perspectives on social and economic sustainability strategies according to gender. However, participant’s viewpoints regarding strategies related to sustainable environment and transportation, as well as ecological sustainability and solid waste management, are similar. Additionally, significant differences exist in social and economic sustainability strategies based on the age of the participants. The urban or rural character of the settlement where the students families live or grew up influences their perspectives on strategies based on social sustainability and economic relations.

What Does It Take to Confront Discrimination at Work? A Scale-Development Study

What Does It Take to Confront Discrimination at Work? A Scale-Development Study