With the rapid development of internet of things (IoT), the scale of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is gradually expanding, and it is necessary to study the energy saving and balancing algorithm for WSNs in multi-sensor nodes and large deployment range scenarios. A clustering and routing algorithm based on an energy-balanced path tree (EBPT-CRA) is proposed for large-scale WSNs. First, the energy-balanced path tree (EBPT) is constructed, and then the aggregation betweenness of the nodes are calculated to obtain the cluster head competition coefficients of the nodes. Second, an iterative process is executed to select the cluster heads and build the cluster trees to complete the clustering and intra-cluster routing. Finally, the inter-cluster routing is determined based on the node residual energy and the communication energy. The simulation results demonstrate that the EBPT-CRA can better save and balance the node energy, while improve the network lifetime, throughput and service capability in large-scale WSNs.