Sawdust Particles Research Articles

Removal of Arsenic from Contaminated Water by Polypyrrole-Based Adsorbents

Worldwide, there is growing concern over the toxicity of arsenic in drinking water. The US Environmental Protection Agency and Central Pollution Control Board (India) have set a safe limit of 50 parts per billion for arsenic in drinking water. Millions of people are at immediate risk due to high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water, particularly in developing nations where arsenic poisoning symptoms have been observed. One of the essential techniques described in this article is the absorption of arsenic from contaminated water by sustainable cellulosic materials like jute and wood sawdust after suitable modification. Jute and sawdust are cheap and abundantly available in South Asia. They are functionalized with polypyrrole coating by in situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole in aqueous medium in the presence of ferric chloride. Polypyrrole-coated jute fabric (with 11.28% polypyrrole add-on) and polypyrrole-coated sawdust (with 5.28% polypyrrole add-on) are found to be excellent adsorbers of arsenic ion (As3+) from water. The effect of dosage of polypyrrole-coated adsorbents, treatment time and pyrrole concentration on the As removal efficiency have been investigated in this work. The arsenic concentration in water is determined using a microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer with the highest level of accuracy. Maximum As removal efficiency by the polypyrrole-coated sawdust and polypyrrole-coated jute fabric is found to be 80.90% and 97.3%, respectively, from a 50 mL, 7.5 parts per million As solution with a dosage of 1 g at neutral pH. The polypyrrole-coated jute and sawdust are characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to understand the chemical interaction between cellulose and polypyrrole molecules. The scanning electron microscope studies reveal a uniform coating of polypyrrole around the surface of jute fibre and sawdust particles. Thermo-gravimetric analysis shows good thermal stability of jute and sawdust after polypyrrole coating.

Development of lightweight sawdust-based composite panels for building purposes

This research dealt with fabrication of suitable lightweight composite panel samples from sawdust for building applications. Raw and alkali-treated sawdust particles were utilized at varying weight proportions (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %) to develop the samples with topbond as binder. From the results of heat transfer and strength properties tests, the raw sawdust improved thermal insulation efficiency while the treated sawdust enhanced the strength of the samples. For each loading level of sawdust, 100 % screwability and nailability were achieved. The findings suggest that, if used as ceiling panels in buildings, the samples would outperform conventional ceilings like plywood, asbestos, plaster of Paris, and KalsiCeil in mitigating global warming effects, reducing dead loads, and promoting sustainable and cost-effective housing development. This underscores the potential of these samples to address key priorities in construction and environmental sustainability.

Fluorine-free surface coating to prepare hydrophobic and magnetic sawdust particles for oil spill absorption

In the present work, magnetic sawdust was prepared via simple dip coating treatment of sawdust particles with iron oxide. Furthermore, the prepared magnetic sawdust particles were treated with calcium stearate solution in mixture of cyclohexanol and toluene (ratio of 1:9, w/w) to prepare magnetic hydrophobic sawdust (MHSD) particles. Electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrum, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and goniometry were employed to examine the surface morphology, chemical nature and wetting behavior (contact angle with water and oil as fluid) of the modified surface. The resulting MHSD particles exhibited hydrophobic (WCA ~ 136.5 ± 1°)/oleophilic (0°) properties and magnetically separation ability from oil/water mixtures. Furthermore, oil spill absorption efficacy of MHSD particles were examined with various oil/water mixtures. The maximum oil-absorption capacity of MHSD particles was observed for engine oil (2.216 g g1). The non-fluorinated calcium stearate based hydrophobic coatings is an efficient approach for oil spill absorption on water surface.

Exploring Sawdust as a Sustainable Alternative in Block Production: A Study on Compressive Strength and Environmental Impact

The utilisation of sawdust in block manufacture has effectively minimised the amount of waste material being disposed of in landfills. The study aimed to examine the utilisation of sawdust as a partial substitute for sand in the manufacture of blocks and assess the compressive strength of sandcrete and sawdust blocks. The experiment utilised cement grade 32.5R, pit sand as the fine aggregate, fine particles of sawdust, and a water-cement ratio of 0.65. Control specimen 0,utilised 10%, 15%, and 20% of fine sawdust particles as partial substitutes for sand. Subsequently, the materials were combined in a proportion of 1:3 to generate sawdust and sandcrete blocks. The block samples were cured by applying water at intervals of 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. The results indicate a significant alteration in the water-cement ratio employed during the material batching and mixing procedure of the sawdust samples. Additional results revealed differences in the compressive strength and density tests between sandcrete and sawdust blocks in the control specimens. The compressive strength of sandcrete blocks was superior to that of sawdust blocks. Sandcrete blocks are suitable for load-bearing purposes in construction projects, whilst sawdust blocks are suitable for non-load-bearing walls.

The effect of sawdust on the pore structure and properties of low-cost ceramic water filter materials

Low-cost ceramic water filters are a very effective point-of-use technology for removing bacteria and protozoa from drinking water. The filters are made from locally sourced clay and a porogen materials such as sawdust. It is recommended that the sawdust be sieved to 30-sieve (600 μm) to make reliable filters. However, the size distribution of sawdust is usually broad and can extend below 100 μm. This study divided 30-sieve sawdust into four narrower size distributions and made filter disks for measurement of hydraulic conductivity and bulk density. Additionally, the microstructure of the materials was examined in three dimensions by micro-CT. The results showed that, independent of sawdust particle size, the void volume fraction in the filter increased linearly with the weight fraction of sawdust. In contrast, the permeability coefficient increased non-linearly as the fraction of sawdust increased. The magnitude of the permeability was higher for the larger sawdust particles when the sawdust fraction was 10 wt% or higher. Three-dimensional imaging of the pore structure in the filters suggested that the non-linear increase in permeability with increasing weight fraction of sawdust may be associated with increased interaction of the cavities created by the sawdust.

Application of sawdust particles modified by in situ surface polymerization of m-phenylenediamine and its by-product: Batch and continuous removal of Cr(VI)

The primary objective of this research was to synthesize an adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal using a simple synthesis method that involved the use of KMnO4 for the surface activation of sawdust in which the polymerization of m-Phenylenediamine (mPD) can take place directly on the surface of the adsorbent. The adsorbent's surface morphology was assessed using various techniques including FESEM, EDS, FT-IR, and XRD. The optimal adsorbent was prepared by synthesizing different adsorbents under various KMnO4/sawdust and PmPD/sawdust mass ratios and the best performance was obtained at ratios of 1 and 0.6 respectively. Batch experiments were conducted at optimal conditions (pH = 2, adsorbent dosage of 2 g L−1, contact time of 50 min) and removal efficiency of 90.28% was achieved at a Cr(VI) concentration of 100 mg L−1. The Langmuir isotherm model provided the most accurate fitting to the experimental data, resulting in the maximum adsorption capacity of 62.11 mg g−1. The interparticle diffusion model presented the most precise fitting to the experimental values. The positive value ΔH° and negative values ΔG° prove that the adsorption reactions are endothermic and spontaneous. To assess the effectiveness of PmPD/MnO2/sawdust in removing Cr(VI) at dynamic scales, column experiments were carried out at various flow rates and initial Cr(VI) concentrations. Also, the MnO2 particles obtained after the oxidation of sawdust were functionalized using the mentioned process, and the value of adsorption capacity was determined as 270.27 mg g−1. The easy separation, and full-scale applicability showed a promising application of sawdust/MnO2/PmPD for Cr(VI) removal from aquatic environments.

Experimental and theoretical thermal investigation of bio-composite panels based on sawdust particles

This work focuses on the valorization of sawdust waste in order to develop a new bio-sourced insulation material. To assess the dynamic thermal behavior of a multi-layer external wall insulated with these panels, their thermal characteristics, the time lag, and the decrement factor, were investigated. The results obtained show that when the density increases, the thermal conductivity, the thermal diffusivity, and the volumetric heat capacity increase while the thermal diffusivity decreases. For a thickness of 20 cm of the composite material, the time lag increases, and the decrement factor decreases with increasing density. Moreover, the results obtained for an external wall show that the decrement factor decreases and the time lag increases with the thickness of the thermal insulation. It was also found that the position of the insulation layer has a considerable effect on thermal inertia properties. The wall with insulation on the outside is the most desirable. In addition, the internal global heat transfer coefficient affects the external wall's time lag and decrement factor, while the external global heat transfer coefficient does not affect its inertia properties.

Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel dan Perekat Taipoka Terhadap Sifat Biopelet dari Limbah Serbuk Gergajian

Biopellets from sawdust can be an alternative solution for dealing with sawn waste. This study aims to determine the effect of sawdust particle size and adhesive content on the characteristics of the resulting pellets. The study was conducted in a completely randomized two-factor design. The first factor was particle size which consisted of 4 levels, namely fine, medium, coarse, and mixed. The second factor was the tapioca flour as adhesive material consisted of 3 levels, namely 10%, 15% and 20%. Pellets were made using a single die with a diameter of 8 mm which was pressed using a hydraulic jack with a capacity of 5 tons. Parameters to be measured included moisture content, calorific value, ash content, density, and pellet strength (durability index). The raw material of wood sawdust has physico-chemical characteristics including 9.4% moisture content, 6.04% ash content, and 18.58 MJ/kg calorific value. The results showed that pellets had specific gravity between 1.018-1.086 kg/L, moisture content between 13.26-14.42%, and ash content between 0.98-2.42%. The resulting pellets have an average strength of more than 99%. Keywords: Biopellet, Calorific Value, Pellet Characteristics, Wood Sawdust.

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Sawdust Particles Size on Its Thermal Conductivity

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Sawdust Particles Size on Its Thermal Conductivity

PAPER – SAWDUST COMPOSITES: FABRICATION AND COMPARISON IN TERMS OF HEAT TRANSFER AND STRENGTH PROPERTIES

This study was designed to examine the feasibility of recycling cassava effluent, sawdust, and unused paper products to enhance their utilization for beneficial purpose. Waste newspaper paste (WNP), Waste writing – paper paste (WWP), and Waste carton paper paste (WCP) were prepared and then used separately to similarly fabricate composite panels with Sawdust particle (SDP) proportioned at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight. The binder used was cassava starch slurry prepared from the effluent. Bulk density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, nailability, and flexural strength were determined for the developed samples. From the results obtained, the samples were found to be light-weight and their thermal insulation performance improved with increasing proportions of the SDP. Though samples containing the WCP exhibited the best satisfactory performance, it was found that all the studied samples could perform more effectively and efficiently as ceilings compared to some of those reported in the literature. From scientific-economic viewpoint, valorizing the above-mentioned wastes as described in this paper could help to protect the environment and also yield value-added insulation ceilings for enhancement of sustainable building construction especially in tropical areas.

Burning characteristics of briquette produced from sawdust of Ficus exasperata and cassava peel using different binders

Energy used for domestic application is expensive and utilization of an alternative energy has become imperative. The study evaluated the combustion properties of briquettes produced from sawdust particles of Ficus exasperata and Cassava peel using different binders. Sawdust was mixed with the binders at a ratio (60 : 40) top bond, (40 : 60) starch and (60 : 40) cow dung, while the cassava peel mixed with the binders at a ratio (40:60) top bond, (60 : 40) starch and (40 : 60) cattle dung. This is followed by admixture of sawdust and cassava peel with the binders at ratio (25 : 25 : 50) top bond, (25 : 25 : 50) sawdust and (25 : 25 : 50) cattle dung, and substrate mixed with binders at ratio (20 : 20 : 20 : 20 : 20) respectively. Data analysis was carried out using a two-way analysis of variance. The proximate composition result reveals that the percentage ash content was significant at p<0.05. Results on binders revealed that heating value (HV) was highest at starch (32.48Mj/kg) and lowest in cattle dung (30.9Mj/kg) while result on substrate reveals highest HV at sawdust (32.79Mj/kg) and lowest in cassava peel (30.39) with significant higher % ash content (9.5). Therefore, this study reveals that briquette of admixture of sawdust and cassava peel bonded with starch had the best burning characteristics and could be maximized as alternative source to energy.

POTENTIALS OF SAWDUST AND DISPOSED WATER SACHET WASTES FOR WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITE PRODUCTION

The study investigated the potential of sawdust and disposed water plastics for the production of wood plastic composite. The sawdust was obtained from the plank market in Yola, while, the water sachets were hand-picked within the Modibbo Adama University premises. The gathered sawdust were sieved into 1.0 and 2.0 mm particle sizes, thoroughly mixed with already melted water sachet plastics at a ratio of 1:25 (100: 2500 ml) and 1:30 (100:3000 ml) respectively,. The mixtures were heated at (105.20 C,) and then filled into an already constructed oiled Aluminum mold of size 1.5 x 6 x 15 cm. Pressure was applied for two hours to compress the composite before removal from the mold. The samples were then trimmed according to sample size requirement, for mechanical and physical property properties tests. The results revealed that, the plastic composite produced from 2mm sawdust particles and mixed at ratio of 1:25 has the highest mean hardness (14.99 ± 3.54 MPa), The mean highest impact strength (1.24 ± 0.12 J) was obtained in the sample with particle size 1 mm and plastic ratio of 1:30, while, the highest mean water absorption percentage (2.27 ± 0.132 ) was obtained in particle size 2 mm and plastic ratio of 1:25.The Analysis of variance conducted shows that, sawdust particle size and mixing ratio had significant effect on both physical and mechanical properties of the produced plastic composite (p < 0.05). The study had demonstrated that the use of disposed sachet water plastics and sawdust waste

Effect of sawdust filler with Kevlar/basalt fiber on the mechanical properties epoxy–based polymer composite materials

In this paper aim to design and develop the new hybrid composite material high-strength lightweight and high-strength mat fibers fabricated from natural fibers has increased tremendously. The use of natural fibers has rapidly increased due to their high availability, low density, and renewable capability over synthetic fiber. The materials used to fabricate hybrid composite laminates are Basalt/Kevlar fiber with Sawdust particles mixed with Epoxy LY556 resin, the ratio was fixed 50:50 between the reinforcement and matrix material. Compression molding techniques were used for fabricating laminates, followed by six different sample laminates with changing the stacking sequence to seven layers. After curing laminates as per the ASTM standard followed for mechanical properties to perform the experiments, surface analysis microstructure study also carryout, the high tensile strength of 328 MPa, Flexural strength of 380 MPa, Impact strength 13 MPa, which used for automotive (4 Wheelers) the interior part may be replaced with existing materials.

Temperature Distribution in Bio Stove using Saw Dust: An Integrated Project-based Learning

This paper aims at developing the potential of cellulose-based energy generation using pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion methods with biodegradable waste media. The cellulose-based material used in this study was sawdust. The sawdust was heated using a biomass stove, which was then analyzed in terms of heat conduction and propagation as well as temperature distribution. To ensure the effectiveness of sawdust as the main material in the biomass stove, sawdust particles were pressed and compacted under various pressure conditions. This experiment was integrated with the Project-Based Learning method through the following steps: (1) determination of projects testing, (2) project design, (3) project implementation schedules, (4) project completion and progress monitoring, (5) reports and presentations of project results, and (6) project evaluation. The results provide new findings that the denser sawdust particles correlate with the greater temperature and propagation rate. This can be obtained from the measured temperature distribution. Areas close to the heat source tend to have the same heat propagation. The density of the sawdust particle is the main key point for producing better pyrolysis and gasification process, in which it correlates with long combustion energy. Integrasi This finding opens a new concept and can be used as a reference for other researchers who develop research related to renewable energy from waste, especially when using a biomass stove. This study also gives ideas for the need for developing project-based learning using the burning of sawdust using biomass stove as a tool for the teaching and learning process.

Natural Ball Clay Ceramic Membrane Fabrication Using Full Factorial Design for Screening

AbstractA screening design is used to assess a large number of process or design parameters to identify the most influential factors that affect the process performance. This study investigates factors affecting the fabrication of natural ball clay (NBC) ceramic membranes using the 24 full factorial design (FFD) with two replications at each point. The factors studied were: particle size of the sawdust, percentage of sawdust, amount of binder, and sintering temperature. The FFD study results indicated that the sawdust particle size and the percentage of sawdust had a positive impact on the porosity and mechanical strength of the NBC ceramic membrane. This demonstrates the importance of performing a screening experiment prior to an extensive investigation of certain factors such as in the optimization studies.

A Comparative Evaluation of Combustion Characteristics of Araucaria cunninghamii, Intsia bijuga and Pometia pinnata for Bio-Energy Source

Burning woody biomass for energy is gaining attention due to the environmental issues associated with fossil fuels and carbon emissions. The carbon released from burning wood is absorbed by plants and, hence, offsets pollution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combustion characteristics (heat calorific values and ash contents) of three timbers: Araucaria cunninghamii, Instia bijuga, and Pometia pinnata to recommend for fuelwood. The test samples were sawdust particles (treatment) and solid woods (control) extracted from the heartwoods. The sawdust particles were oven dried, sieved, and pelletized into pellets using a hand-held pelletizing device, thus, forming a cylindrical dimension (volume 1178.57 mm3, oven-dry density 0.0008 g/mm3). Meanwhile, the solid woods were cubed and oven dried (volume 1000.00 mm3, oven-dry density 0.001 g/mm3). Prior to combustion in a semi-automatic bomb calorimeter, 90 test specimens (15 replicates per treatment and control per species) were conditioned to 14% moisture content (at a temperature of 105 °C) and weighed to a constant (unit) mass (1.0 g). The heat energy outputs and ash residues (of treatments) were analyzed statistically. The results indicated variability in heat energy outputs and ash residues between the test specimens of the three species. Comparatively, the treatment specimens of A. cunninghamii produced a higher calorific value (18.546 kJ/g) than the control (18.376 kJ/g), whilst the treatment specimens of I. bijuga and P. pinnata generated lower heat calorific values (17.124 kJ/g and 18.822 kJ/g, respectively) than the control (18.415 kJ/g and 20.659 kJ/g, respectively). According to ash content analysis, A. cunninghamii generated higher residues (6.3%), followed by P. pinnata (4.5%), and I. bijuga (2.8%). The treatment specimens of the three species could not meet the standard heat energy requirement (20.0 kJ/g) and, thus, were unsuitable for fuelwood. However, the control specimens of P. pinnata generated an equivalent heat energy (20.659 kJ/g) and could be a potential fuelwood.

Study on preparation and plugging effect of sawdust gel particle in fractured reservoir

In order to solve the problem of conventional preformed particle gel (PPG) with relatively high cost and poor strength and shearing resistance, a preformed sawdust gel particle (S-PPG) with a more superior performance than PPG was presented. A series of S-PPG with different mass ratio of sawdust particles to gelling liquid were prepared with free radical polymerization. It makes acrylic acid and acrylamide as polymerization monomers, N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide as crosslinking agent, ammonium persulfate as initiator and sawdust particles as enhancer. In general, enhancer content was less than 1%, but the content of enhancer in this work was increased by about 20–30%. The microscopic morphology, swelling property, viscoelasticity, yield stress, creep-recovery characteristics and shearing resistance of S-PPG in the formation water had been studied. The plugging behavior of S-PPG was studied using core flooding test. The results indicated that the swelling ratio of S-PPG (1:5) in the formation water was 8. S-PPG showed better viscoelasticity properties, shearing resistance and higher yield stresses than PPG. Moreover, the plugging rate of the plugging system with 3000 mg/L S-PPG (1:5) improved from 85.1% to 90.5% in fracture core compared with PPG. S-PPG (1:3) improved the plugging rate from 85.1% to 91.9%. The research results provide an alternative plugging material in fractured reservoirs.

Experimental study on fixed-bed combustion and agglomeration of sawdust–polyethylene mixtures

ABSTRACT Fixed-bed conversion of polymer-containing waste is one of the most common ways of their disposal. One of the problems with such conversion is the cross-sectional non-uniformity of the bed, the formation of agglomerates, and burnouts. The agglomeration process essentially depends on the weight fraction of melting components (plastic materials). Usually, the non-uniformity of the bed is associated with the random nature of the packing (fluctuations of local concentrations and percolation properties). In the present work, we investigate the agglomeration process caused by non-uniform conditions of heat transfer. To this end, combustion of model waste (mixtures of sawdust and polyethylene with a content of the latter of 20–80) is experimentally studied in a laboratory setup with a bed height of about 10 cm. Due to the heat supply through the wall, airflow, non-uniformities developed, associated with different gas permeability in different areas of the bed. The transition from intense thermal decomposition to smoldering is achieved in 5–15 min (the higher the polyethylene content, the shorter the transition time). When the polyethylene content is high, the permeable area decreases so that the air velocity becomes high enough to entrain sawdust particles. As the polymer decomposes, tarry substances are released and form dense deposits in the gas cooling and cleaning system.

HAY-PLASTIC COMPOSITES – EFFECT OF HAY PARTICLE SIZE ON THE WATER ABSORPTION

The main aim of this paper is to present the research findings which come out from the experimental determination of the influence of input raw material properties and composition on the water absorption of hay-plastic composites (HPC). During the HPCs production, important raw material parameters such as hay sawdust particle size, hay/plastic concentration ratio or type of plastic matrix can be recognized. In this research study, the aim was to produce HPCs of an acceptable and competitive level of quality which is determined from the final mechanical properties of HPCs. Particle size of hay sawdust used for production of HPC has significant influence on mechanical properties of composites and also on other important properties (water absorption, hardness, frost resistance, etc.). The paper deals with the determination of the impact and the relationship between the input hay sawdust particles sizes, hay/plastic concentration ratio and water absorption of composites. By side intention of authors is to determine the possibilities of waste raw materials usage. The experimental research findings were obtained using a semi-operational injection molding press where the injection is provided by a working screw. As the input raw material, meadow hay, HDPE plastic matrix and recycled HDPE, represented by lids from PET bottles, was used. The effect of the input hay sawdust particle size on water absorption was determined according to a combination and default levels of hay/HDPE concentration ratio, using recycled HDPE instead of virgin HDPE and particle size of hay sawdust.

Sawdust drying in a series of rectangular base spouted beds using solar energy

The present work reports experimental results and a statistical analysis of sawdust drying in a direct contact dynamic dryer using solar energy and phase change materials. The equipment consists of a solar energy accumulator using paraffin wax as storage material, and three rectangular base spouted beds connected in series. Solar energy was captured by the energy accumulator in its charging stage and then released as thermal energy to the circulating air, which subsequently entered the rectangular base spouted beds removing moisture from sawdust particles in a continuous operation. Temperature profiles of the paraffin wax and of the air were registered in different positions of the solar energy accumulator. A total of 89 kg of paraffin wax distributed in 450 beverage cans within the accumulator were used. With a confidence level of 95%, it was found that the significant effects in steady state operation were the sawdust feed flow, the solid initial moisture content and the drying air temperature. Using the optimal operating conditions of the dryer found, it was possible to remove 27.6% of the moisture from the solid. Additionally, it was projected that the operation may be feasible for at least 4 h with the amount of accumulated solar energy and with high thermal drying efficiencies.