Sawdust Filler Research Articles

Effect of sawdust fillers loaded on Cucumis sativus fiber‐reinforced polymer composite: a novel composite for lightweight static application

AbstractThis research investigates the impact of sawdust fillers on Cucumis sativus fiber‐reinforced polymer composites through a conventional hand layup process. The objective is to develop a novel material suitable for static applications that is both lightweight and environmentally sustainable. A range of analytical techniques including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis were employed to thoroughly characterize the resulting composite material. By integrating Cucumis sativus fibers and sawdust fillers into a polymer matrix, the study demonstrates the potential to create materials with improved mechanical properties due to addition of sawdust filler, including tensile strength (27.61 MPa), flexural strength (32.84 MPa), impact resistance (14.7 J cm−2) and hardness (42). These enhancements, averaging at 16.2%, are attributed to the addition of sawdust filler, which opens new avenues for environmentally conscious engineering solutions. XRD analysis reveals the composite's crystalline structure, indicating a crystallinity index of 64.5% and the orientation of crystalline planes. FTIR spectroscopy identifies chemical bonding and CO and CO functional groups present in the material with major peaks at 2123 and 2438 cm−1. TGA assesses the composite's thermal stability and decomposition behavior up to 380 °C. Additionally, SEM imaging elucidates the microstructural features and distribution of Cucumis sativus fibers and sawdust fillers within the epoxy matrix, while EDX analysis provides quantitative data on elemental composition. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Wood Polymer Composite Based on a Styrene and Triethoxy(Vinylphenethyl)silane

Today obtaining environmentally friendly wood composite materials is one of the main tasks. The urea-, phenol-, and melamine-formaldehyde resins used today are harmful to the human body and have a long-lasting effect. Therefore, replacing these and other resins with safe binders is one of the major problems. The aim of the work was to obtain and research ecologically safe wood polymer composites-deckings based on a new environmentally safe binder and a reinforcing agent triethoxy(vinylphenethyl)silane and styrene (in-situ polymerization) with a pine sawdust filler and aluminum hydroxide as an antioxidant. On the basis of triethoxy(vinylphenethyl)silane, styrene, and sawdust, the wood polymer composites – deckings have been obtained by hot pressing method at different temperatures and ratios of used components in the presence of antioxidant. For deckings surface, a morphological examination using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopic (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray roentgenographic microanalysis were performed. Water absorption, softening temperature (Vicat), strength on bending, and impact viscosity were determined. Besides, using sawdust as coupling and reinforcement agents, and aluminum hydroxide as an antioxidant, wood polymer composites (WPC) were obtained by hot pressing at different tempe¬ratures. For the obtained composites, the morphological study of the surface was carried out using optical micro¬scopy and scanning electron microscopy, energy disper¬sive X-ray microanalysis. Water absorption of compo¬sites, bending yield stress, impact strength, and softening temperature were determined by the Vicat method. The obtained composites were characterized by higher phy-sicomechanical properties and water absorption.

Investigation on Heat Deflection and Thermal Conductivity of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Composites Prepared by Hand Layup Method

Recent trends are shifting to the use of composite materials and their demands for making alternate materials to metals due to weight ratio, while the synthetic fiber composite also creates environmental hazards. To overcome these issues, composite materials with natural fiber reinforcement are being developed. The current work is concerned with the fabrication of composite laminates using the traditional hand layup method, with 40% reinforcement of basalt fiber mat and sawdust filler and 60% epoxy, with quantifying the thermal effects of composite laminates varying with four different weight fractions of basalt fiber and sawdust filler materials. The results revealed that maximum thermal conductance, heat deflection temperature, and coefficient of linear thermal expansion values are 0.254 W/mK, 95°C, and 2.9 × 10−5/°C, respectively, which increases sawdust filler loading resist the thermal effect compared to basalt fiber loading of hybrid composite.

Effect of sawdust filler with Kevlar/basalt fiber on the mechanical properties epoxy–based polymer composite materials

In this paper aim to design and develop the new hybrid composite material high-strength lightweight and high-strength mat fibers fabricated from natural fibers has increased tremendously. The use of natural fibers has rapidly increased due to their high availability, low density, and renewable capability over synthetic fiber. The materials used to fabricate hybrid composite laminates are Basalt/Kevlar fiber with Sawdust particles mixed with Epoxy LY556 resin, the ratio was fixed 50:50 between the reinforcement and matrix material. Compression molding techniques were used for fabricating laminates, followed by six different sample laminates with changing the stacking sequence to seven layers. After curing laminates as per the ASTM standard followed for mechanical properties to perform the experiments, surface analysis microstructure study also carryout, the high tensile strength of 328 MPa, Flexural strength of 380 MPa, Impact strength 13 MPa, which used for automotive (4 Wheelers) the interior part may be replaced with existing materials.

Production of Reinforced Polyester Composite from Okra Fibre and Sawdust

This research presents properties of okra and sawdust reinforced polyester composite. The compatibility of the simple woven okra and sawdust with polyester was enhanced with stearic acid treatment. FTIR analysis confirmed decrease in hydrophilicity of the fibre and dust. Six composite samples; pure polyester, sawdust reinforced polyester composite, okra reinforced polyester composite, 10% sawdust in okra fibre reinforced composite, 20% sawdust in okra fibre reinforced composite and 30% sawdust in okra fibre reinforced composites were fabricated and characterized. The morphological analysis showed that the homogeneity of polyester in the samples reduces with increase in sawdust filler (10-30 wt%). Water absorption was highest (1.6%) in 30% sawdust in okra. The densities of all the composites were between 3.5 – 4.5 kg/m3. The sawdust reinforced composite recorded low impact energy of 0.25 J while the woven okra fibre reinforced polyester recorded the highest impact energy of 9.9 J. Hardness property reduced as the biomass content increased. Unreinforced polyester recorded the highest average elongation of 25% (1400 µm) and reduced elongation as filler increased. The storage modulus was highest for unreinforced composite at 40oC but as the temperature reached 81oC the storage modulus of unreinforced polyester dropped lower than the sawdust composite. The damping factor (1.41) was highest for 20 wt% sawdust/okra polyester composite. This research concludes that sawdust and okra are suitable for lightweight and energy damping materials in automobile applications.

Mechanical properties and moisture behaviour of neem/banyan fibres reinforced with polymer matrix hybrid composite

ABSTRACT In this research work, chopped neem fibre and woven banyan fibre were stacked into seven different sequences and fabricated by the hand lay-up technique. The laminates consist of 70% epoxy matrix, 25% natural fibre reinforcements and 5% sawdust filler material. The mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, flexural strength, compression strength and impact strength were studied and also identify the water absorption capacity under different weight fractions of fibres. It is more effective by increasing the weight fraction of bi-directional woven banyan fibres which give better tensile strength of 25.55 MPa, flexural strength of 21.23 MPa, compression strength of 25.21 MPa and increasing of chopped neem fibre gave higher impact strength of 18 J in sample G was found in natural composite. Also, in sample G was given less moisture absorption capacity of 0.1% compared with other sample of hybrid composite. Therefore, the sample G sequence can replace to polycarbonate synthetic helmet and it is a potential alternate material for making natural composite helmet. The surface morphology was studied by SEM analysis before and after fracture of the hybrid composite to reveal the surface finish and failure mode of the epoxy composite laminates.

Effect of cellulosic fillers addition on curing and adhesion strength of moisture-curing one-component polyurethane adhesives

Abstract In this work, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sawdust (SD) green fillers have been demonstrated as reactive fillers and moisture reservoirs for enhanced curing and adhesion strength of one-component moisture-curing polyurethane (PU) adhesives. The chemical reaction between the MCC or SD fillers and isocyanates present in the PU adhesives was tracked using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while the joint strength was determined using lap-shear tests. The results showed that the addition of MCC or SD leads to an accelerated curing rate through the early consumption of isocyanates. The lap-shear strength of unreinforced PU adhesive joints was achieved in 12 hours. In turn, the curing time in MCC and SD reinforced joints was achieved in 5 hours. The addition of MCC and SD fillers also enhanced the lap-shear strength of the joints under full cure conditions. An autocatalytic growth model was used to describe the lap-shear strength variation with respect to curing time.

Sound absorption properties of rigid polyurethane foam composites with rubber-wood sawdust as a natural filler

Rigid closed-cell polyurethane (PU) foam is well-known for its ability to withstand external force. On the other hand, due to the closed-cell nature, its ability to absorb sound is doubtful since hollowed materials are supposed be better in sound absorption. However, the composites fabrication with non-reactive fillers was thought to improve sound absorption ability since it might prohibit the formation of closed cell in the process. In this research, rigid polyurethane foam was prepared from polyether polyol and polymeric methylene di-isocyanate (p-MDI) formulated with water as a blowing agent. Natural rubber-wood sawdust was used as a filler. The percentages of rubber-wood sawdust in the polyurethane foam composites were varied by 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7%. The measurement of sound absorption coefficient has been done using impedance tube technique. The results showed that the rigid closed-cell polyurethane foam with 0% filler exhibits poor acoustic absorption. Additionally, sound absorption coefficient results showed that a sample with higher amount of rubber-wood sawdust allowed the sound wave to be absorbed at wider frequency range. This could be explained that the rubber-wood sawdust filler played an important role in sound absorption property.

Cellulosic fiber based hybrid composites: A comparative investigation into their structurally influencing mechanical properties

This paper focuses on hybrid and twisted hybrid Indian mallow/roselle cellulosic fiber yarn mat reinforced polyester composites and effects of their wood sawdust filler. The composite materials were fabricated usingcompression moldingtechnique. There were four different combinations of hybrid yarn mat composite samples used, while the twisted hybrids were six. An evaluation of the hybrid and twisted hybrid mechanical properties for the single and double layer cases of the yarn mat was done with and without wood sawdust filler effects. The samples were tested at both warp and weft directions. From the results obtained at warp direction, it was observed that for the hybrid double layer case, longitudinal yarn mat with wood sawdust (filler) composite sampleexhibited better tensile, impact and flexural strength properties in comparison with other related composites of hybrid type reported in literature. Moreover, the modified twisted hybrid double layer composites with longitudinal yarn mat andwood sawdust fillersamplerecorded significantly greater improvement on the mechanical properties at warp direction, when compared with the hybrid double layer longitudinal yarn mat composites with wood sawdust filler and other reported similar hybrid composite materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was utilized to evaluate morphological internal damage (cracks) and fractured surfaces of the various tested composite samples. Based on their mechanical performances and for further practical evidence, these two types of eco-composites were used to effectively fabricate tri-wheeler auto-wheel hubs and ceiling fan blades, as applicable to automobile and electronics industries, respectively.

Hygrothermal aging, fatigue and dynamic mechanical behavior of cellulosic particles reinforced one-component moisture curable polyurethane adhesive joints

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sawdust (SD) green fillers have great potential to act as moisture reservoirs and reactive fillers. In the present study, a one-component moisture curable polyurethane (PU) adhesive was reinforced with MCC and SD fillers. The durability of aluminum/steel joints produced using unreinforced and reinforced PU adhesives was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), fatigue, and hygrothermal aging experiments. Lap-shear tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of aging on joints strength. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments were performed on adhesive joints after hygrothermal aging to understand the changes in chemical structure due to aging, and the influence of cellulosic fillers on the aging phenomena. DMA results showed that the glass transition temperature of the reinforced PU was similar to that of the unreinforced PU. Fatigue performance of MCC and SD reinforced PU adhesive joints was found to be better than unreinforced PU joints. Further, MCC reinforced PU adhesive joints were found to be more resistant to hygrothermal aging than SD reinforced and unreinforced PU joints. Overall, MCC reinforced PU adhesive joints exhibited good fatigue and superior long-term properties.

Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Recycled HDPE and LDPE Plastic Wastes

Most plastic materials can be recycled, and turning them into some useful products can be one of the options in reducing environmental pollutions. In this project, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) were used, shredded into smaller pieces and were hot-pressed to become flat plates. Both materials were then mixed with industrial waste sawdust with an aim to investigate their material properties and their suitability to be used in domestic applications such as bricks, pavement and roof tiles. Three destructive and one non-destructive methods have been conducted: tensile, impact, water absorption and ultrasonic testing. It was found that the tensile properties and impact resistance of the recycled HDPE are better than the recycled LDPE, but 10% lower than their virgin polymers. Higher stiffness and lower impact resistance were observed from specimens with additional sawdust filler in comparison to their original polymers. From the ultrasonic measurement, higher wave velocity and lower attenuation in HDPE specimens were observed, compared to the LDPE specimens, attributed by a higher modulus and density of the HDPE specimens. The ultrasonic velocity, which reflects the elastic modulus, and the attenuation that reflect the microstructure inhomogeneity are respectively decreased and increased when more fillers were added to the original specimens. This study reveals that the mechanical properties of the recycled HDPE and LDPE are closer to their virgin materials, and they have huge potential for plastic recycling.

Measurement of Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Leucaena Leucocephala Bio composite substrate with Different Composition Mixture

The measurements of dielectric and thermal properties for bio composite substrate conducted between the mixture of polypropylene (PP) and saw dust filler Leucaena Leucocephala (150μm). The high temperature Agilent 85070E dielectric probe and Quickline 30 Thermal properties analyser used as an instruments to measure the dielectric properties (εr) and handling temperature of the substrate for frequency range of 1GHz to 20 GHz that are suitable for radio frequency applications. The effect of increasing wood filler indicated that it will raise the DK value from 1.84 to 2.49 and decreases the thermal conductivity behaviour from 0.2 to 0.11w/m.k for all 5 mixture fabricated substrate (PP100, PB9010, PB8020, PB7030 and PB6040). In this research the composition of PP must be greater than the sawdust filler due to PP act as laminating and hold the composite structure. The result presented on this research will useful for planar antenna and microwave filter substrate up to frequency 20 GHz and it could support the technical and vocational education tanning (TVET) learning process that hybrid the knowledge among different field.

Effect of sawdust impregnation on long coir fibers reinforced with epoxy matrix

The purpose of this study is to improve mechanical property of long coir fibers of length 100-150mm using well graded sawdust filler and to scrutinize viability when subjected to distill and sea water conditions for calculated duration. Study involves fabricating eco-friendly composite specimens by maintaining optimum percentage of natural fibers and fillers without compromising on mechanical strength. The composites of different proportions by percentage of matrix (85%, 80%, 75%, 70%), reinforcement (15%, 15%, 15%, 15%), and filler (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) by mass is developed by hand layup method and compared for their mechanical properties in dry, distilled and sea water conditions. Mechanical properties of coir composite materials improved in addition to sawdust fillers up to certain percentage. In dry condition tensile, flexural and hardness was observed. A maximum tensile and flexural modulus of 7.61Gpa and 2.16Gpa respectively was observed. Higher water absorption was noticed in specimen with higher filler percentage than the specimen with no filler. This is due to hydrophilic nature of sawdust and coir. Specimens immersed in distilled and sea water observed a slump by certain percentage in their strength with increase in fillers. Efficient utilization of filler has improved mechanical performance up to certain percentage when compared to specimen with no filler. As the filler percentage increased above 5% due to the higher fiber length and cluster behavior of coir, resistant in resin penetration was observed as a result specimen turned out to be more and more redundant

Mechanical Behavior of Asphalt Mastics Produced Using Waste Stone Sawdust

This study intended to evaluate the use of waste stone sawdust filler with asphalt binders and compare the mechanical properties of the waste filler‐asphalt mastic with those of the asphalt mastic produced using the typical limestone filler. The mastics were prepared at four filler‐to‐asphalt ratios by volume of asphalt binder: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30. A dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) strain‐controlled frequency sweep test was used to evaluate the properties of the control asphalt binder and the mastics. The test used a constant strain of 10% and loading frequencies of 10, 5.6, 3.1, 1.78, 1.0, 0.56, 0.31, 0.178, and 0.1 Hz and was conducted at wide range of temperatures: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70°C. The test measured the complex shear modulus (G∗) value and the phase angle for the binder and the mastics. The findings of this study showed that the stone sawdust filler demonstrated higher resistance to fatigue and rutting behavior than the limestone filler. However, the elastic behavior of the two asphalt mastics was nearly similar and increased with the increase in volume ratio. It was also found that the best‐fit model described the relationship between the volume ratio and each of |G∗|/sin δ and |G∗|cos δ, and the mastic‐to‐binder modulus ratio was the exponential model with high coefficient of determination (r2). The differences in the G∗ value between the limestone filler and the stone sawdust filler were relatively insignificant particularly at low loading frequencies and high temperatures. Finally, the mastic‐to‐binder modulus ratio decreased with the increase in loading frequency.

Influence of Sawdust Bio-filler on the Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties of Mangifera Indica Leaf Stalk Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites

The need to have biodegradable composites is aloft in today’s market as they are environment friendly and are also easy to fabricate. In this study, mangifera indica leaf stalk fibres were used as reinforcement along with saw dust as bio-filler material. Unsaturated isophthalic polyester resin was used as the matrix. The fibres were treated with 6 % vol. NaOH and neutralized with 3 % vol. of dilute HCl. Treatment of sawdust fillers was done by using 2% vol. NaOH solution. Hand layup method and compression moulding technique was used to fabricate the composite laminates. Specimens for evaluating the mechanical properties were prepared by using water jet machining. The results indicated an increase in tensile, flexural and impact strength of composites with addition of sawdust upto 3%. Further addition of the bio-filler resulted in decrease of mechanical properties.

Influence of Sawdust Bio-filler on the Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties of Mangifera Indica Leaf Stalk Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites

The need to have biodegradable composites is aloft in today’s market as they are environment friendly and are also easy to fabricate. In this study, mangifera indica leaf stalk fibres were used as reinforcement along with saw dust as bio-filler material. Unsaturated isophthalic polyester resin was used as the matrix. The fibres were treated with 6 % vol. NaOH and neutralized with 3 % vol. of dilute HCl. Treatment of sawdust fillers was done by using 2% vol. NaOH solution. Hand layup method and compression moulding technique was used to fabricate the composite laminates. Specimens for evaluating the mechanical properties were prepared by using water jet machining. The results indicated an increase in tensile, flexural and impact strength of composites with addition of sawdust upto 3%. Further addition of the bio-filler resulted in decrease of mechanical properties.

Effect of wood sawdust filler on the mechanical properties of Indian mallow fiber yarn mat reinforced with polyester composites

ABSTRACTThe research article focused on the effect of wood sawdust as secondary filler reinforcement in Indian mallow fiber yarn mat reinforced with polyester composites. Composites were fabricated along the transverse and longitudinal orientation in six different combinations by compression molding machine. The mechanical properties of composites by single and double layer yarn mat with and without wood sawdust filler were evaluated while loading composites specimen on warp and weft direction at the first time in this research paper. The Indian mallow fiber double layer longitudinal orientation yarn mat/wood sawdust filler/polyester composite specimen along the warp direction was found to exhibit optimum mechanical properties compared to other composites. Furthermore, the Indian mallow fiber yarn mat composites were fabricated with helmet and civil construction pipes at first time in this work to replace the synthetic fiber through natural fiber. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to study the morphologies of internal crack and fractured surface of composites.

Effect of Alkaline Treatment on Sawdust Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Composite under Wide Strain Rate

In this study, the alkali treatment of sawdust using different concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is performed. The purpose of this treatment is to improve the filler-matrix compatibility, thus, enhance the properties of tested specimens under various strain rate condition. The outcome shows the alkali treated sawdust did improve its surface roughness through reduction of sawdust diameter. With this increasing of surface roughness, it will enhance the compatibility between sawdust filler and HDPE matrix. For comparison purpose, the treated and untreated sawdust filler were reinforce in High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) matrix and have been test under static and dynamic loading using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus. The results indicate that the stiffness and compression strength properties were improved on treated sawdust composites for both static and dynamic loading compare to untreated sawdust composites.

Effect of Particle Size of Sawdust on Behaviour of Sawdust/UPE Composites in Water

The aim of the present work is to develop a new class of natural fillers based polymer composites with sawdust (S.D) which used two particle sizes (1.2 μm & 2.3 μm) and different weight percentage from sawdust (10%, 15%, and 20%). The mechanical properties studied include hardness (shore D) for all samples at normal conditions (N.C). The unsaturated polyester (UPE) and its composites samples were immersed in water for 30 days to find the effect of particle size of sawdust (S.D) on the weight gain (Mt %) by water for all the samples, also to find the effect of water on their hardness. The results show that the composite materials of sawdust (S.D) fillers which has particle size (1.2 μm) better than (2.3 μm) particle size before & after the immersion in water. Also the results show a decrease in the values of the hardness for the UPE and its composites samples after immersion in water. The results show that the UPE and its composites samples have relatively increased values of weight gain (Mt %) by water with time of immersion, for sawdust composite samples (1.2 μm) particle size the samples of (15%) weight percentage have relatively highest values of weight gain (Mt %) by water but for samples of (2.3 μm) particle size the samples of (20 %) weight percentage have relatively highest values of weight gain (Mt %). Finally results show that the value of weight gain (Mt %) increased with increasing of particle size of sawdust so that the composites samples have highest value of weight gain (Mt %) than UPE sample.

ANALISIS SIFAT PENYERAPAN AIR DAN INDEKS NYALA API PADA PAPAN KOMPOSIT YANG DI PERKUAT SERAT DAUN PANDAN DURI DAN LIMBAH SERBUK GERGAJI KAYU SENGON DENGAN RESIN POLYESTER

The use of composite materials as an alternative to metallic materials in the field of engineering more widespread, not only as an interior daneksterior in the automotive field but also extended to other areas such as property and architecture is to reduce the incidence of fire one only to find a replacement for wood as a raw material of houses and buildings with other alternative materials are more fire resistant, the material need not be limited in mechanical strength, but also on the physical properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the absorption properties of water and fire index in the fiber-reinforced composite board pandanus leaves thorns and wood sawdust filler sengon with polyester resin as matriknya.Analysis of the absorption properties of the water carried by the ASTM D 5529 with a variation of the length of time of immersion (10, 20, and 30 days) and the fiber volume fraction (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%). Testing index of the flame using ASTM E1321 with long burning time of 10 minutes. To test the effect of soaking time and a fiber volume fraction of the weight gain, volume, and density on the board fiber composite pandanus thorns with 10% filler wood sawdust sengon diguanakn Two Ways Analysis Of Variance, and the effect of fiber volume fraction to index Flash Fire is used One Ways Analysis Of Variance.The results showed that the water absorption is affected by fiber volume fraction and longer soaking time. The largest percentage of water absorption occurs in the volume fraction of 30% with long soaking time of 30 days is 24.41%. Similarly, the highest percentage swelling occurs in composite board with a volume fraction of 30% with a 30-day long soaking time is 11:22% .Then the flame to the percentage of the index without fiber composite board has a greater percentage is 167.03%. By contrast the percentage of board composite index gained shortest of composite board with a fiber volume fraction of 30% ie 70.25% composite board with a fiber volume fraction of 30% also have a flame index is lower than the comparison is with wood composites sengon.