Saving Mechanism Research Articles

Saving on the Phone—Evidence from Ghanaian Cocoa Farmers

Effective savings mechanisms are crucial for household resilience and economic growth. Savings accounts, whether from banks or mobile-phone based, offer an alternative to informal saving mechanisms as they provide safe and private cash storage. However, there is still no clear evidence on how the use of digital tools can contribute to increasing farmers’ savings, compared with other financial tools such as bank accounts or keeping cash at home. To address this gap, we investigate factors affecting cocoa farmers’ decisions to save, as well as their savings amounts. Shedding light on saving determinants, we answer the question of whether formal and semi-formal accounts play a major role in savings accumulation. For our study, we employ data from a structured telephone survey conducted in 2021 among 405 randomly sampled cocoa farmers. Results from an interval regression suggest that bank account usage is associated with higher savings amounts. In contrast to male cocoa farmers, females seem to use mobile savings tools to their benefit. Our analysis further reveals the importance of education in household financial resource management. We provide valuable results for public policymakers and the private sector towards responsible financial inclusion and pro-poor development of digital financial services.

Secure Triggering Frame-Based Dynamic Power Saving Mechanism against Battery Draining Attack in Wi-Fi-Enabled Sensor Networks.

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) have recently evolved into technologies featuring extremely high throughput and ultra-high reliability. As WLANs are predominantly utilized in Internet of Things (IoT) and Wi-Fi-enabled sensor applications powered by coin cell batteries, these high-efficiency, high-performance technologies often cause significant battery depletion. The introduction of the trigger frame-based uplink transmission method, designed to enhance network throughput, lacks adequate security measures, enabling attackers to manipulate trigger frames. Devices receiving such frames must respond immediately; however, if a device receives a fake trigger frame, it fails to enter sleep mode, continuously sending response signals and thereby increasing power consumption. This problem is specifically acute in next-generation devices that support multi-link operation (MLO), capable of simultaneous transmission and reception across multiple links, rendering them more susceptible to battery draining attacks than conventional single-link devices. To address this, this paper introduces a Secure Triggering Frame-Based Dynamic Power Saving Mechanism (STF-DPSM) specifically designed for multi-link environments. Experimental results indicate that even in a multi-link environment with only two links, the STF-DPSM improves energy efficiency by an average of approximately 55.69% over conventional methods and reduces delay times by an average of approximately 44.7% compared with methods that consistently utilize encryption/decryption and integrity checks.

Financial Crisis, Confidence in Financial Markets and Participation in Private Pension Plans in Germany

The financial crisis of 2008/2009 has not only left its mark on the value of retirement savings, but also on savings and investment behaviour. It has led to a loss of confidence in financial markets and its main protagonists. However, trust is a key mechanism for savings and investment decisions. We illustrate the loss of trust by looking at the number of pension plans purchased in the years following the financial crisis. The paper is based on data of the study on ‘Life courses and old-age provisions’ (LeA, Lebensverläufe und Altersvorsorge). The data was gathered in 2016 and provides information on the life histories of people living in Germany who were born between 1957 and 1976, as well as on pension entitlements in all three pillars of the German pension system. The analysis concentrates on so-called Riester pension plans, the most dynamic private pension scheme in Germany. We estimate a panel fixed-effects logit model to examine whether the financial crisis had an impact on the participation in Riester pension plans. Results show that instead of a shock effect relating to the crisis years, we see a negative linear effect following the crisis.

ANALYSIS OF INCOME INEQUALITY AMONG DRY AND WET SEASON FARO-44 RICE FARMERS BENEFICIARIES OF FADAMA III ADDITIONAL FINANCE II PROJECT IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA

The study was carried out to examine income inequality among dry and wet season faro-44 rice farmer beneficiaries of fadama III additional finance II project in Taraba State, Nigeria. A Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 500 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency distribution and percentages) and inferential statistics (Gini coefficient). The findings of the study revealed a gini coefficient of 0.71 for dry season farmers indicating 71% inequality in the size of income distribution among dry season faro-44 dry season farmers. The Lorenz curve shows the degree of departure of the curve from the diagonal line shows the extent of the deviation of distribution from equality. There is hence inequality in income distribution among the farmers. The result also shows that most (86%) of the respondents had income range of ₦50,001- ₦100,000 with cumulative income of ₦95,531.56 per farmer representing a gini coefficient of 0.65 for farmers. This indicated a 65% inequality in the size of income distribution among wet season faro-44 farmers. The degree of departure of the curve from the diagonal line shows the extent of the deviation of distribution from equality. From the analysis of both dry and wet season, the study concluded that there is very high-income inequality among faro-44 rice farmers in the study area due to difference in off-farmer income, labour availability, farm size and production technologies adopted by farmers. The study recommended that faro-44 rice farmers in the study area should be encouraged to diversify their income sources beyond farming activities, credit facilities and savings mechanisms should be promoted among farmers. Training and support should be provided to farmers on improved agricultural techniques that can increase productivity and reduce the impact of seasonal variations. And there should be better market linkages for Faro-44 rice farmers to ensure they receive fair prices for their produce.

NR DCP: An Enhanced Power Saving Mechanism With Wake-Up Signal Enabled DRX

NR DCP: An Enhanced Power Saving Mechanism With Wake-Up Signal Enabled DRX

Intelligent Control of Thermal Energy Storage in the Manufacturing Sector for Plant-Level Grid Response

Industrial facilities are seeking new strategies that help in providing savings mechanisms for demand charges. Demand charges are the charges incurred by industrial facilities as a result of power usage. Thermal energy storage has advanced significantly with lots of new applications, garnering the interest of many industrial facilities. These applications could be used to shave the industrial facilities’ peak electric demand and reduce their demand charges. This paper aims to demonstrate the efficacy of thermal energy storage in reducing demand charges and highlight new developments in the integration of smart control systems with thermal energy storage. The study compares energy consumption and peak demand for a facility equipped with and without thermal energy storage tanks using a fixed schedule for charging and discharging. Additionally, the paper examines the impact of incorporating a smart controller to determine when to charge and discharge the tank based on the facility’s real-time power usage and a given setpoint. The results indicate cost savings from the use of thermal energy storage tanks under two proposed scenarios, reflected in the reduced cost of power consumption for the studied facility. The incorporation of a smart controller with the thermal energy storage tank in the facility studied could provide estimated savings of 3.3% per year of power consumption charges, without considering the contribution of any incentives. The estimated savings provided by the fixed schedule scenario are 2.7% per year.

Power Saving Mechanism for Streetlight by using IoT

Abstract: There have been a predetermined number of brilliant roads in save social orders, and throughout the course of recent many years, streetlights and the executive’s guideline have been moderately basic. In any case, as the world has turned into a more prosperous local area and as urbanization has expanded, the quantity of savvy social orders in present day urban communities has expanded quickly. Consequently, it became difficult to regulate and maintain street lights in smart cities and societies. In addition, it is thought to be the first generation of the original street light control, which was inefficient and a waste of personnel. Right now, streetlights control a large part of the metropolitan climate just through manual control, by means of a control switch introduced inevery streetlight. A lot of electrical energy is lost.

Last Resort from Nursing Shortage? Comparative Cost Analysis of Open vs. Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomies with a Focus on the Costs of Nursing Care.

Despite perioperative advantages, robot-assisted surgery is associated with high costs. However, the lower morbidity of robotic surgery could lead to a lower nursing workload and cost savings. In this comparative cost analysis of open retroperitoneal versus robot-assisted transperitoneal partial nephrectomies (PN), these possible cost savings, including other cost factors, were quantified. Therefore, patient, tumor characteristics, and surgical results of all PN within two years at a tertiary referral center were retrospectively analyzed. The nursing effort was quantified by the local nursing staff regulation and INPULS® intensive care and performance-recording system. Out of 259 procedures, 76.4% were performed robotically. After propensity score matching, the median total nursing time (2407.8 vs. 1126.8 min, p < 0.001) and daily nursing effort (245.7 vs. 222.6 min, p = 0.025) were significantly lower after robotic surgery. This resulted in mean savings of EUR 186.48 in nursing costs per robotic case, in addition to savings of EUR 61.76 due to less frequent administrations of erythrocyte concentrates. These savings did not amortize the higher material costs for the robotic system, causing additional expenses of EUR 1311.98 per case. To conclude, the nursing effort after a robotic partial nephrectomy was significantly lower compared to open surgery; however, this previously unnoticed savings mechanism alone could not amortize the overall increased costs.

The Effect of Corporate Governance Regulation on the Profitability of Insurance Companies in Indonesia

This study is driven by the growing importance of insurance companies in Indonesia and corporate governance as determinants of their profitability. Corporate governance is crucial in insurance companies as they provide instruments for risk transfers and savings mechanisms and promote investments in an economy. Our research examines the impact of implementing good corporate governance regulation POJK 73/2016 on the profitability of insurance companies in Indonesia. Using samples of all listed Indonesian insurance companies across 200 observations by employing LSDV panel data and 2SLS models, we found that the regulatory reform is negatively related to the company’s profitability and thus reduces performance. The outcomes of this study advocate for the continuation of fine-tuning of existing regulations so it could deliver the stated objectives.

Analysis of Non-Steady Queue-Length Distribution in a Finite-Buffer Model with Group Arrivals and Power Saving Mechanism with Setups

In the manuscript, a probability distribution of the queue length is studied in a model with group Markov arrivals, arbitrarily distributed service times and finite waiting room. After the period of suspension of service due to lack of packets, each new busy period is preceded by a random setup time. Integral equations for time-dependent queue-length distribution are derived by identifying renewal moments in the operation of the system and by applying total probability law. The representation for the solution of the system is found in terms of Laplace transforms. Computational examples illustrating the impact of system parameters on the queue-length distribution are included.

Strategi Pemasaran Produk Tabungan Seulanga Ib Pada PT. Bank Aceh Syariah Capem Lhok Nibong

This study aims to determine the mechanism for opening Seulanga Ib savings and marketing strategies at PT Bank Aceh Syariah Capem Lhok Nibong. The type of data used in this study is primary data. Data collection techniques were carried out through Field Research with direct observation and interview methods on the target object, namely Bank Aceh Syariah Capem Lhok Nibong, Pante Bidari District, East Aceh Regency in order to obtain data that was in accordance with actual conditions in the field. The data obtained are presented descriptively. The results obtained by K from this study are that there is a mechanism for opening a Seulanga iB savings account, the conditions that must be attached and the conditions for opening a Seulanga iB savings account, including: 1) Submit a photocopy of a valid identity card such as an ID card or driver's license. 2) Fill in the font of the Seulanga iB savings form. 3) The initial deposit for opening a Seulanga Savings account is IDR 100,000 (one million rupiah) for the next deposit, a minimum of IDR 100,000 (one hundred thousand rupiah). The marketing strategy carried out by PT. Bank Aceh Syariah Capem Lhok Nibong in marketing the Seulanga iB Savings product is carried out in various ways including: a) Direct Selling, b) Cross Selling, c) Open Table, d) Advertising, and e) Sales Promotion.

ESCIFI: An Energy Saving Mechanism for WLANs Based on Machine Learning

As wireless local area networks grow in size to provide access to users, power consumption becomes an important issue. Power savings in a large-scale Wi-Fi network, with low impact to user service, is undoubtedly desired. In this work, we propose and evaluate the eSCIFI energy saving mechanism for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). eSCIFI is an energy saving mechanism that uses machine learning algorithms as occupancy demand estimators. The eSCIFI mechanism is designed to cope with a broader range of WLANs, which includes Wi-Fi networks such as the Fluminense Federal University (UFF) SCIFI network. The eSCIFI can cope with WLANs that cannot acquire data in a real time manner and/or possess a limited CPU power. The eSCIFI design also includes two clustering algorithms, named cSCIFI and cSCIFI+, that help to guarantee the network’s coverage. eSCIFI uses those network clusters and machine learning predictions as input features to an energy state decision algorithm that then decides which Access Points (AP) can be switched off during the day. To evaluate eSCIFI performance, we conducted several trace-driven simulations comparing the eSCIFI mechanism using both clustering algorithms with other energy saving mechanisms found in the literature using the UFF SCIFI network traces. The results showed that eSCIFI mechanism using the cSCIFI+ clustering algorithm achieves the best performance and that it can save up to 64.32% of the UFF SCIFI network energy without affecting the user coverage.

Viewport-Dependent Delivery for Conversational Immersive Video

Real-time immersive video has been an area of interest for the research and standardization community over the past few years. It has gained particular importance in the era of 5G services. 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) Release 17 includes Immersive teleconferencing for Multimedia Telephony services over IP Multimedia System. Viewport-dependent delivery (VDD) is a mechanism for bandwidth savings by assigning more bits to the part of the 360-degree video currently in the viewport and fewer or no bits to the areas of the 360-degree video that a user does not currently view. The technique has been extensively studied in the context of adaptive HTTP streaming of immersive video, where the 360-degree video is pre-encoded in different versions, and the appropriate version is selected and requested by the viewer’s client application, depending on their current viewport orientation. However, conversational video has more stringent latency requirements than HTTP streaming; the time from capture to rendering is in the order of a few milliseconds for a good user experience. Conversational immersive video also allows adapting the encoding during the media delivery session according to the user viewport and network bandwidth characteristics. This paper explores tile-based and viewport region encoding for VDD and how they apply to conversational video. In particular, we explore the challenges related to the absence of periodic intra-coded frames in conversational video. Based on simulation results, we show that VDD methods may not always be a performant alternative to viewport-independent delivery in conversational use cases. We also discuss possible encoder optimization that would improve the VDD performance.

How and why do the poor save Determinants of saving behaviour of rural poor

This study examined the savings behaviour of rural poor with a focus on the motives of saving and preferred savings mechanisms. One of the major causes of financial distress in lower income groups especially in developing countries has been lack of sustainable saving. The existing literature has mainly focused on the saving capacities of rural poor which is inadequate in explaining the saving behaviour. Building on the existing theories a more systematic view on savings motives and mechanisms preferred by this segment is presented in this research. The results revealed that the poor do not save for a goal and the only motive which significantly increases the likelihood of saving is to reduce the need for credit. Creating a corpus for medical exigencies was a major motive for informal saving. Providing a basic sustenance financial foundation for children was found to be a major motive for saving and this probably is a new finding which needs further research. This research has important implications for policymakers and financial professionals in formulating recommendations or developing financial, business plans.

Blockchain-Based Privacy Preserving and Energy Saving Mechanism for Electricity Prosumers

With the development of distributed and renewable energy resources and smart grids, energy management systems that allow electricity prosumers to schedule their power usage, are seen as a prominent solution for reducing electricity costs. This paper presents a novel blockchain-based mechanism to incentivize prosumers to save energy, while preserving their privacy. In the proposed mechanism, each prosumer utilizes an energy management system that is based on the percentage power change (PPC) at each hour of the day. The use of PPC values allows the proposed blockchain to preserve the privacy of the prosumers as no sensitive information is shared. The calculated PPC values are shared among the prosumers. The prosumer with the minimum PPC value is selected as the validator of the blockchain, which is responsible for creating the next block of the blockchain. The problem of approving the validator, by other prosumers, is formulated using a novel zero-metric weighted average consensus. The communication model required to reach this consensus is investigated and the consensus value is analytically derived. Multiple test systems with varying number of prosumers are simulated and analyzed. The results demonstrate the capability of the proposed mechanism to sustain energy while preserving privacy in a scalable manner.

Comprehensive Mechanism for Four-Level Energy Cost Control

The paper examines the model of energy cost management in a four-level control system of company, includes its boss with the advisor on top level, administrator on the middle level, and managing director of the plant at the bottom level. Neither the boss nor the advisor knows minimal administrator and plant stochastic energy costs, and need to learn to control them. The administrator knows minimal stochastic costs better than the boss and the advisor. So the administrator can manipulate costs in order to influence the results of learning the advisor and the boss in own favor. But the administrator itself does not know the minimum stochastic costs in plant. This can be used by its director to achieve own goal. So the administrator also needs to learn to control the managing director. All of the interests of such active elements are reflected in the model by introducing goal functions. On the basis of this model, sufficient conditions have been found for the synthesis of a hierarchy of mechanisms for managing energy costs, ensuring the use of stochastic possibilities of reducing these costs. In these conditions, the boss needs training with the help of a self-learning consultant. Through this training, the boss can rate the administrator's costs. This mechanism encourages the administrator, firstly, to minimize overhead energy costs and, secondly, to implement an adaptive cost savings mechanism on the plant. Such an adaptive mechanism includes standardization and stimulation procedures that encourage the managing director to minimize the energy costs of the plant. The application of this approach is illustrated by the example of managing energy costs in a wagon repair company.

Energy Saving Mechanism based on Beamforming in 5G Millimeter Wave Communication

Energy Saving Mechanism based on Beamforming in 5G Millimeter Wave Communication

An Application of Shapley Value Cost Allocation to Liquidity Savings Mechanisms

This paper describes a proposal for operating a centralized netting queue for nonurgent interbank payments that involves take-it-or-leave-it offers and allocates liquidity costs using the Shapley value. This method achieves fairness and ensures welfare-maximizing netting proposals are agreeable to all providers of liquidity.

THE CASE FOR OVER-WITHHOLDING FEDERAL INCOME TAX: BENEFITS TO LOW-INCOME TAXPAYERS

The W-4 tax withholding form has been used by individual taxpayers for decades to calculate their tax withholdings. It is based, however, on the faulty assumption that most U.S. workers have a single source of income. This assumption has caused millions of taxpayers to incur unnecessary tax debt. The formula for calculating federal income tax withholding for employees routinely under-withholds for low-income workers who have multiple sources of income because, without substantial documentation and calculation by the employee, employers withhold as if they are the employee’s single source of income. Taxpayers may therefore see their income tax withheld at too low a marginal rate, oftentimes zero percent, and can have significant balances due on short notice at the end of the tax year.This Note documents that reality and proposes a solution. It proposes a reconception of the Form W-4 and the withholding formula through the lens of low-income filers and aims for a policy of over-withholding from those filers in order to reduce surprise tax due and related penalties. The proposed solution removes the bias towards achieving a “zero refund” from the form design by eliminating the tax-free threshold—for most filers, the equivalent of their standard deduction—from the withholding scheme. As discussed in the Note, the proposed policy would also have the benefit of increasing tax compliance, minimizing bureaucratic burdens, and providing a revenue-neutral solution for the government. This Note further suggests an extension of the proposed policy to provide a much-needed savings mechanism for low-income filers.

Simulation of interactive contagion between depositors' panic and banking risk

AbstractContagion (spread of harmful idea) and control of bank risk have been an eternal topic in the field of financial research. In this paper, we firstly use the savings mechanism to combine the social network of depositors with the network of balance sheets in the banking system to build multiple networks for the banking industry. Secondly, aiming at the heterogeneity of depositors, construct an improved SIS model based on node attitudes to represent the decision‐making process of a bank run during the spread of panic emotions in social networks. Finally, three sets of simulation experiments were designed using a multi‐agent model to analyse the interaction between bank risk contagion and depositor panic contagion under initial asset shocks, the sensitivity of two types of risk contagion, and bank risk contagion under initial rumour shocks. Results show that: (i) The contagion of bank risks and the spread of panic emotions of depositors will affect each other, which will further expand the scope of the spread of bank risk and panic emotions; (ii) depositors in social networks are more likely to be affected by the negative emotions around them; (iii) The key to stabilizing the banking system, while sufficient liquidity can effectively help the banking system resist rumour attacks.