Saussurea Involucrate Research Articles

Topical Saussurea involucrate Polysaccharide Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Epidermal Atrophy and Barrier Impairment in Mice

Topical Saussurea involucrate Polysaccharide Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Epidermal Atrophy and Barrier Impairment in Mice

Comparative study on flavonoids from Tibetan medicinal plants Saussurea species using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS

Three kinds of “Snowlotus” including Saussurea involucrate, Saussurea medusa and Saussurea laniceps had been prescribed as folk medicine interchangeably in Tibet and Uygur, China. To verify the feasibility of this phenomenon, a HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method was developed in this study to determine the flavonoid compounds from three Saussurea species qualitatively and quantitatively. The LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.0263–0.1172 µg/mL and 0.0862–0.3867 µg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD × 100%) of the validation for the instrument precision was below 2.03%, while the RSD × 100% values for the method precision were below 5.73%, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 92.98–101.79%. These results further demonstrated that this method was precise and practical for determining flavonoid compounds from three Saussurea species. In this study, 14 kinds of constituents were simultaneously identified according to the ESI-MS data and previous studies. The contents of total flavonoids and eight components were determined with spectrophotometry and HPLC-DAD methods, respectively. The results demonstrated that the total flavonoids in S. involucrate had the hightest value and there were some differences in the content of eight flavonoids. For S. involucrate, a proportion of rutin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and hispidulin were detected. For S. laniceps, Arctiin, apigenin, and arctigenin were the major flavonoid compounds. For S. medusa, seven types of compounds were detected and arctiin presented the highest value, whereas apigenlin exhibited the lowest value. This comparative study may promote the differentiation in use of three kinds of snowlotus.

Cloning and function analysis of a Saussurea involucrata LEA4 gene

Late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEA) help adapt to adverse low-temperature environments. The Saussurea involucrate SiLEA4, which encodes a membrane protein, was significantly up-regulated in response to low temperature stress. Escherichia coli expressing SiLEA4 showed enhanced low-temperature tolerance, as evident from the significantly higher survival numbers and growth rates at low temperatures. Moreover, tomato strains expressing SiLEA4 had significantly greater freezing resistance, due to a significant increase in the antioxidase activities and proline content. Furthermore, they had higher yields due to higher water utilization and photosynthetic efficiency under the same water and fertilizer conditions. Thus, expressing SiLEA4 has multiple advantages: (1) mitigating chilling injury, (2) increasing yields, and (3) water-saving, which also indicates the great potential of the SiLEA4 for breeding applications.

Review on oral plant extracts in Skin Whitening

Skin whitening has become one of the aesthetic problems among humans around the world, especially on women which is highly attention to skin beauty and whitening. Many of the plant extracts in oral energy drinks have whitening effects and good taste, which can support the health of the skin. We use the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) as a search engine to find literatures about skin whitening, oral plant extracts. This review mainly introduces the mechanism of skin whitening and the application of oral plant extracts in skin whitening. Skin whitening at melanin synthesis, melanosome transport, metabolism, oxidative stress, UV stimulation, other environmental stimulation inseparable. Many oral plant extracts are natural tyrosine inhibitors. The review concludes the melanin synthesis and transporting, pathway of melanin synthesis, whitening mechanism and the function of whitening on Green tea polyphenols, Rose Petal Extract (Rosa gallica), Pears, Peony, Rosa roxburghii Tratt, Olive (Olea europaea L.), Pomegranates, Phyllanthus emblica L., Mulberry extract, Açaí berry, saussurea involucrate flavonoids extract, etc. These will provide a strong foundation for the application of oral plant extracts in skin whitening. Furthermore, the mixture with function of skin whitening/ skin anti-aging / anti-inflammatory antioxidant oral plant extract can be a good candidate for further development on skin care product.

Analysis of flavonoids and antitumor activity of transgenic Saussurea involucrate

The aim of this paper was to investigate the flavonoids of callus of transgenic and non-transgenic Saussurea involucrate and its antitumor activity on the esophageal cancer CaEs-17 cells. The species and content of mono-phenols were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. The growth of human esophageal cancer CaEs-17 cells was detected using CCK-8 assay, apoptosis morphology observation and flow cytometry. Expression of related apoptotic genes Bax and Bcl-2 were determined by qPCR. The results showed that the content of total flavonoids in the transgenic callus was 2.72 times that of the non-transgenic callus. The cyanidin-galactoside was detected in the transgenic callus, but not in the non-transgenic callus. The inhibitory effect of the extracts from the transgenic callus on CaEs-17 cells was more significant than that of the non-transgenic callus, and the IC₅₀ value had a decreased of 26.4%. Flow cytometry analysis results showed that the apoptosis induction effect of the extracts from the transgenic callus on CaEs-17 cells was significantly better than that of the non-transgenic callus. Fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis results showed that the extracts from the transgenic callus could up-regulate the expression of proapoptotic gene Bax and down-regulate the expression of apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and the regulation effect of the transgenic callus was more significant. Therefore, compared with the non-transgenic callus, the antitumor activity of the extracts from the callus of transgenic S. involucrate on the esophageal cancer CaEs-17 cells was significantly increased, which was closely related to the accumulation of cyanidin-galactoside and its metabolism-related flavonoid compounds in the transgenic callus.

Changes in endogenous hormones and H2O2 burst during shoot organogenesis in TDZ-treated Saussurea involucrate explants

Thidiazuron [N-phenyl-N-(1, 2, 3-thidiazol-5-yl) urea, TDZ] treatment significantly improved shoot morphogenesis of Saussurea involucrata Kar. Et Kir (S. involucrata) leaf explants. The biochemical mechanisms underlying TDZ-induced shoot organogenesis were investigated by measuring endogenous plant growth hormones, H2O2, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The levels of endogenous gibberellic A3 (GA3) and zeatin (ZT) significantly increased in leaf explants subject to a 28-day treatment than the controls. However, extending exposure time to TDZ inhibited GA3 accumulation. At the same time, the SOD activity increased significantly until the 28th of TDZ treatment time and the CAT activity reduced simultaneously, which was closely linked with the significant increase in H2O2 concentrations in the explants. And there was a sharply promotion after the 35 day of culture time if the plant tissue was always in medium contained, which was in company with the cell activity decreased. We propose that a combination of increased GA3, ZT, and H2O2 concentration is the basis for the enhanced shoot morphogenesis in response to TDZ treatment. These results provide a starting point for an improved understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying TDZ-induced shoot organogenesis of S. involucrata.

Therapeutic effects of Saussurea involucrate injection in severe acute pancreatitis in rats

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of Saussurea involucrate injection in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in rats. Methods A total of 80 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups: SAP group (three hours、48 hours), Saussurea involucrate treated group (three hours、48 hours), ulinastatin control group (three hours、48 hours) and sham operation group (three hours、48 hours), 10 rats in each group. After modeling, the rats of SAP group were regularly feeded and the rats of other three group were treated with Saussurea involucrate injection (1.04 mL/kg) intraperitoneal injection, ulinastatin 10 000 U/L tail vein injection, and saline femoral vein injection, respectively and injected every 12 hours. At three hours and 48 hours after treated, blood and pancreatic tissue samples were obtained.The mortality rate, serum amylase level and pathological changes of the pancreas of each group were observed. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in pancreatic tissues was determined by chemical colorimetry. The level of TNF-α mRNA, IL-6 mRNA and IL-10 mRNA in pancreatic tissues were measured with reverse trascription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The activity of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) in the pancreatic tissue was tested by immunohistochemistry. Single factor analysis of variance was used to compare multiple groups, and the least significant difference (LSD) method was used in the multiple comparisons between groups. Fisher′s exact probability method was performed for rates comparison. Results At 48 hours, there was no statistically significant difference in mortality rate among Saussurea involucrate treated group, SAP group and ulinastatin groups (all P>0.05). At 48 hours, the histopathology score (8.13±0.64), levels of serum amylase ((2 597.0±214.0) U/L), TNF-α ((254.4±11.6) ng/L), IL-6 ((441.4±14.6) ng/L), levels of pancreatic tissues MDA ((311.0±10.6) mmol/L), TNF-α mRNA(2.04±0.08), IL-6 mRNA(1.77±0.04)and activity of NF-κB p65 ((25.90±2.90)%) of Saussurea involucrate treated group were all lower than those of SAP group (11.40±0.89, (4 780.0±101.0) U/L, (396.0±7.4) ng/L, (664.4±7.6) ng/L, (418.0±10.6) mmol/L, 2.94±0.03, 2.63±0.08 and (51.60±5.27)%; however level of serum IL-10 ((133.5±6.9) ng/L vs (95.1±5.2) ng/L) and IL-10 mRNA of the pancreatic tissue (1.38±0.06 vs 0.85±0.03) significantly increased (F=253.07、441.63、489.40、2 465.00、196.65、477.89、562.79、131.70、560.18、570.04, all P 0.05). Conclusion Saussurea involucrate injection can eliminate oxygen free radicals and prevent to xidation, inhibit NF-κB activation, regulate synthesis and release of cytokines, and alleviate pancreatic injury in SAP rats, but it can not decrease mortality. Key words: Saussurea involucrate injection; Ulinastatin; Severe acute pancreatitis

Effect of cell cultures of Saussurea involucrata on bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats

Objective To investigate the effects of Saussurea involucrate by cell culture on increasing the calcium content and bone density after 90 days feed in ovariectomized rats. Methods Osteoporosis model rats were induced by ovariectomy, treated with 16.7、33.3、100 mg/（kg？d）cell culture of Saussurea involucrate for 90 days. Body weight was observed, calcium content was measured through atomic absorption method and the bone density was detected by bone sonometers. Results cell culture of Saussurea involucrate（16.7、33.3、100 mg/kg）can increase the calcium content[（380.1 ± 1.9）mg/g、（370.7 ± 1.1）mg/g、（363.5 ± 2.4）mg/g] significantly（P〈0.01）than the model group; increase distal femoral bone mineral density[（0.041 ± 0.017）g/cm2、（0.042±0.023）g/cm2、（0.040±0.008）g/cm2] significantly（P〈0.01 or 0.05） than the model group（0.022±0.014）g/cm2; and also increase the middle femoral bone mineral density, the low-dose group （0.305±0.030）g/cm2 significantly （P〈0.05） than the model group（0.259±0.061）g/cm2. Conclusion The cell culture of Saussurea involucrate has the effect of increasing the bone density. Key words: Cell culture of Saussurea involucrate; Bone density; Osteoporosis

Biological Characteristics of Artificial Planting 1-Year-Old Saussurea involucrate in Low Altitude Region

Our objective was to investigate the important biological characteristics of annual artificial planting Saussurea involucrate in low altitude region(567 m).We hope that these results can provide essential referential materials for the utilization and protection of this kind of resource.Experiment in the present research was carried out on the ecological adaptation of S.involucrate such as leaf number,leaf length,root length and single plant fresh weight of annual artificial plant in low altitude region.The characteristics of annual plant growth of S.involucrate in low altitude were that it grew slowly after being sowed 45 d,then became fast,and reached a moderate stable rate after 70 d.Its emergence rate could be improved by sowing with covered straw mat.Its growth had a great drought-enduring characteristic.Annual plant of S.involucrate could be cut twice,and its leaf length and leaf number could grow to the size of an original plant after cutting approximately in 20 d,but the plexus amplitude was significantly smaller.Its regeneration could be promoted by cutting,which was also helpful to avoid the high temperature weather and pest outbreaks.

Anti-hypoxic activity at simulated high altitude was isolated in petroleum ether extract of Saussurea involucrata

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRhodiola algida, Saussurea involucrata, and other herbs grown in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau have long been used to prevent and treat acute mountain sickness. Aim of the studyTo screen and identify the anti-hypoxic constituents in the herbs grown in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau of Northwestern China. Materials and methodsThe anti-hypoxic activities of 20 selected plateau herbs were examined against two positive controls, Rhodiola algida and acetazolamide, using the normobaric hypoxia model of mice. The herb with the highest activity was successively extracted with 70% ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The extract with the highest activity was identified by comparing the survival time of mice under normobaric hypoxia condition after being subjected to different extracts. The identified extract was further tested by simulating high altitudes through an acute decompression model and a chronic decompression model for mice. ResultsThe herb found to have the highest anti-hypoxic activity was Saussurea involucrate (Kar. et Kir.) Sch.-Bip, and the most effective fraction was in the petroleum ether extract. Administration of petroleum ether extract of Saussurea involucrata (PESI) to mice at 50mg/kg significantly decreased the mortality of animals under acute decompression conditions. Changes in biochemical indicators for glycometabolism and energy metabolism, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in brain and cardiac muscle, lactic acid (LAC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in blood and cardiac muscles, blood sugar, and glycogen content in liver and skeletal muscle were reversed under chronic decompression conditions. ConclusionsSaussurea involucrata (Kar. et Kir.) Sch.-Bip exhibits high anti-hypoxic activity that may be effective in preventing acute mountain sickness, and the active constituents are mainly in the petroleum ether extract.

A sensitive fluorescence reagent, 2‐[2‐(7H‐dibenzo[a,g]carbazol‐7‐yl)‐ethoxy]ethyl chloroformate, for amino acids determination in Saussurea involucrate and Artemisia capillaris Thunb using high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and identification with mass spectroscopy/electrospray ionization source

Recent researches shows that amino acids (AA) are not only cell signaling molecules but are also regulators of gene expression and the protein phosphorylation cascade. More precise analysis of AA composition is reckoned to be one of the most important applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. In this paper, we develop a sample, sensitive and mild method using 2-[2-(7H-dibenzo[a,g]carbazol-7-yl)-ethoxy]ethyl chloroformate (DBCEC) as A labeling reagent for AA determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) and identification with mass spectroscopy. The maximum excitation and emission wavelengths for DBCEC-AA derivatives were 300 and 395 nm, respectively. This method, in conjunction with a gradient elution, offered a baseline resolution of 20 AA on a reversed-phase Hypersil BDS C(18) column. LC separation for the derivatized AA showed good reproducibility, and all AA were found to give excellent linear responses with correlation coefficients > 0.9993. The calculated detection limits with a 25.0 fmol injection of each AA (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1) ranged from 2.62 to 22.6 fmol. This method was applied to determine the AA composition in Saussurea involucrate and Artemisia capillaris Thunb. Meanwhile, this method exhibits a powerful potential for trace analysis of AA from biomedicine, foodstuff and other complex samples.

Measurement of total flavone content in snow lotus (Saussurea involucrate) using near infrared spectroscopy combined with interval PLS and genetic algorithm

NIR spectroscopy technique was attempted to measure total flavone content in snow lotus in this work. Interval partial least square with genetic algorithm (iPLS-GA) was used to select the efficient spectral regions and variables in model calibration. The performance of the final model was back-evaluated according to root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and correlation coefficient (R(c)) in calibration set, and tested by mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (R(p)) in prediction set. The optimal iPLS-GA model was obtained with 6 PLS factors, when 5 spectral regions and 53 variables were selected. The measurement results of final model were achieved as follow: RMSEC (%)=0.8347/R(c)=0.9444 in the calibration set, and RMSEP (%)=1.0766/R(p)=0.9006 in the prediction set. Finally, iPLS-GA moded showed its excellent performance, when compared with other 5 different PLS models. This work demonstrated that total flavone content in snow lotus could be measured by NIR spectroscopy technique, and iPLS-GA revealed its superiority in model calibration.

Population structure and gene flow among wild populations of the Saussurea involucrate based on chloroplast DNA sequences

Population structure and gene flow among wild populations of the Saussurea involucrate based on chloroplast DNA sequences

Authentication of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Saussurea involucrate using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Authentication of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Saussurea involucrate using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Assessment of genetic stability in tissue-cultured products and seedlings of Saussurea involucrata by RAPD and ISSR markers

To control the genetic quality during the whole process of tissue culture of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Saussurea involucrate Kar. et Kir., DNA polymorphisms and genetic variations were investigated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. The genetic stability/variation in tissue-cultured products, including three calli, three adventitious shoots, regenerated plantlets and 2 year-old regenerated plantlets cultivated in the planting base in Tianshan Mountain, were assessed compared with 1 year-old and 2 year-old seedlings cultivated in the same planting base using aseptic seedlings as reference. Apparent genetic variation was detected in the 11 type of plant materials. The percentages of polymorphic bands in the RAPD and ISSR analysis were, respectively, 35% and 33%. Cluster analysis indicated that the genetic similarity values calculated on the basis of RAPD and ISSR data among the 11 type of plant materials were respectively ranged from 0.823 to 0.995 with a mean of 0.878 and 0.825 to 0.974 with a mean of 0.885, which classified the samples into three groups. The similarity coefficient also revealed that differences among three calli were not remarkable by both RAPD and ISSR analysis, and only chemical components and growth properties needed consideration in the screening of callus used for the next redifferentiation studies. But there are remarkable differences among three adventitious shoots analyzed by ISSR markers. Therefore, RAPD and ISSR markers are efficient tools in genetic variation assessment and quality control in plant tissue culture process.

An Improved Method for Testing Weak VOCs in Dry Plants with a Purge and Trap Concentrator Coupled to GC-MS

The purge and trap (P&T) technique was improved for measuring the release of organic compounds with weak volatility (weak VOCs) from dry plant materials. Using distilled water as a dispersant, the plant tissues were mulled and placed in the purge tube of a P&T concentrator. Then the sample-containing purge tube was heated to 80 °C with helium as the carrier gas, and the purged volatiles were preconcentrated in the trap prior to analysis with GC-MS. The VOCs in Chinese herbal medicinal plants Swertia tetraptera, Saussurea involucrate and S. lacostei, which had been stored dry for 1–2.5 years were assayed with this improved method and conventional P&T techniques. Our results show this new P&T method had great promise for determining the VOCs in dry plant materials. Using this new technique, we identified 38 weak VOCs with a large peak area from the dry samples. In contrast, less than five VOCs were detected by the conventional P&T method. So the improved heat-purge and trap system showed to be more efficient for measuring the release of the weak VOCs from dry plant materials.