Saudi Healthcare System Research Articles

A study of the crucial Role of Telehealth in Saudi Arabia's Nursing Care Changes

This research investigates how telehealth affects nursing care in Saudi Arabia, with particular attention to how it affects patient satisfaction, healthcare accessibility, and the management of chronic illnesses. The study used a mixed-methods approach to look at the experiences of 300 patients and 200 nurses in both urban and rural settings. It included both qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys. According to the findings, telehealth greatly improves accessibility by removing geographical barriers, and urban nurses use it at a somewhat higher rate than their rural colleagues. The majority of patient satisfaction ratings are positive, which is consistent with other research showing how telehealth can enhance patient experiences. According to the study, telemedicine interventions can effectively manage chronic diseases, including diabetes, as evidenced by a significant decrease in hospital visits and an improvement in medication adherence. Notwithstanding these advantages, considerable impediments were found to include technological hurdles including internet connectivity and digital literacy. The study's conclusions are in line with previous research, highlighting the necessity for continual advancements in technology and education while reiterating the role that telehealth has played in revolutionising healthcare delivery. All things considered, telehealth seems to be a useful instrument for improving nursing care, providing significant advantages and highlighting areas that require further development to reach its full potential in the Saudi healthcare system.

Key aspects of the Saudi healthcare system reform and the potential impact on the main stakeholders: A qualitative study

ObjectivesTo explore and understand KSA’s fundamental healthcare system reform, the potential changes and challenges, and their impacts on major stakeholders. MethodologyTo gain in-depth insights into healthcare leaders’ perspectives regarding healthcare system reform in KSA, a qualitative research approach was used. Ten participants from diverse backgrounds were selected, representing various sectors in KSA: private, public, executive, consulting, and regulatory. This study was conducted between august 2022 and June 2023. FindingsThe findings revealed four key themes that shed light on healthcare system transformation in KSA and its effects: healthcare system reform, the impact of corporatization/privatization on healthcare providers, the impact of corporatization/privatization on health insurance, and the impact of corporatization/privatization on the workforce. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the ongoing transformation of the public sector toward privatization in KSA faces various challenges that affect most, if not all, stakeholders in the sector. However, the private sector possesses several strengths that can aid in addressing the challenges associated with the rapid transformation of the system. These strengths include familiarity with the market, robust financial management, extensive experience in coding and billing payers and insurance companies, efficient decision-making processes, flexibility, and maturity. ConclusionThe study facilitated comprehensive insights into the transformation of KSA’s healthcare system and the public sector’s shift toward corporatization/privatization. The sector must enhance its capabilities by establishing specialized units and recruiting talent. Further studies are also needed to gain a deeper understanding of the obstacles hindering the transformation.

Assessing Medical Ethics Knowledge and Practice Among Healthcare Professionals in Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia.

Background The healthcare system is increasingly confronted with ethical challenges, necessitating a thorough exploration of healthcare providers' ethical knowledge and attitudes. This study aims to evaluate the ethical awareness and attitudes of healthcare providers in the Al Majma'ah region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Aim This research focuses on assessing the level of knowledge and practice regarding medical ethics among healthcare providers in a community hospital in Majmaah, KSA. Methods A comprehensive cross-sectional study was undertaken in the Majmaah governorate of Saudi Arabia. Data collection involved distributing a meticulously designed questionnaire to healthcare providers and faculty members affiliated with the College of Medicine. Subsequently, the acquired dataset underwent analysis utilizing SPSS software. Results A total of 183 participants were included in the study. The findings revealed that only 77 respondents (42.1%) considered ethical issues in their profession as extremely important. Moreover, 104 participants (56.8%) were aware of the existence of an ethics committee in their institution. A total of 113 respondents (61.7%) disagreed with the notion that ethical conduct is primarily important to avoid legal consequences, and 120 participants (65.6%) believed in the significance of in-service training on medical ethics for doctors. The study also highlighted that 100 participants (54.6%) believed that healthcare providers' opinions supersede patient preferences. However, a majority, 163 participants (89.1%), agreed that patients should be informed of any wrongdoing, contrasting with only 20 (10.9%) who disagreed. When asked about adhering to patients' wishes despite doctors' opinions, 112 (61.2%) responded affirmatively, while 71 (38.3%) disagreed. There was also a disparity in opinions regarding the necessity of obtaining consent, with 81 (44.3%) agreeing that consent is required not only for surgical procedures but also for medications or investigations. Furthermore, 137 participants (74.9%) recognized the importance of discussing ethical, social, and legal issues during clinical rounds alongside clinical aspects of patient care, while 46 (25.1%) disagreed. Conclusion Although medical ethics were introduced into the Saudi healthcare system more than a decade ago, this study underscores the ethical necessity of obtaining comprehensive informed consent prior to invasive and other medical procedures. It also highlights the significance of engaging patients in the decision-making process regarding their treatment. Well-informed patients typically exhibit higher satisfaction levels and are less inclined to pursue legal action.

تأثير السيليكوكسيب على وظيفة الكلى لدى كبار السن في قطاع الصحة في المملكة العربية السعودية

The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of celecoxib on kidney function among elderly individuals within the Saudi healthcare system. The study's target population comprises kidney patients residing in Riyadh. Given the challenges associated with conducting a comprehensive inventory of all individuals within this population, the research employed a sampling approach. Specifically, a simple random sample of patients was selected from both the King Salman Center for Kidney Disease and the Dialysis Center at Diriyah Hospital, resulting in a total of 150 participants in the study sample. To collect data, an electronic questionnaire will be utilized, and the respondents will consist of kidney patients in Riyadh. Data analysis will be conducted using SPSS23. Findings from the study indicate potential adverse effects of NSAIDs on renal health. In conclusion, the use of NSAIDs, by inhibiting the inflammatory response mediated by COX enzymes, which forms the fundamental approach to managing pain and fever, may expose patients to harmful and hazardous kidney-related side effects. Therefore, it is imperative for healthcare practitioners to exercise caution when prescribing short-term celecoxib medication, as it has been associated with significant or life-threatening renal failure in patients with both normal and impaired renal function. Patients with severe renal conditions should avoid the use of celecoxib altogether.

Saudi Health Care System a Review

Saudi Arabia as many countries fight to deliver best possible quality and cost-effective healthcare services to their people. The general health of the Saudi population has greatly improved in recent years. however, it does face a variety of complex mid-to long-term challenges. Though, a number of issues pose challenges to the health care system, such the health ministry’s various roles, limited financial resources, changing patterns of disease etc... The Saudi Arabian government has committed huge resources to improve health care, with the ultimate goal of providing free and accessible healthcare services for every Saudi citizen and expatriate working within the public sector. Therefore, this review will focus on health care system in Saudi Arabia from general view and the challenges opposing the Saudi health care system.

Saudi Vision 2030 and Physician’s Perception of Public-Private Partnerships in Healthcare

This research aimed to assess the existing level of awareness about PPPs among physicians’ at different levels of health care delivery system and their perception on the benefits and potential challenges in implementation of PPPs in Saudi health care system. The study collected information from a total number of 60 health professionals including consultants, specialists, residents and general practitioners who were working in public and private health facilities in Riyadh city. The analysis showed that only one-thirds of respondents had complete understanding of the features of PPPs. About 33% of them identified most of the principles of PPP, whereas 50% of them could identify at least three principles. More than 70% of respondents identified improving access to quality health care to population as one of the major benefits of PPPs. Nearly 60% of them also highlighted that focus of PPP arrangements should be for providing primary health care and emergency care to the citizen. A significant percentage of physicians’ also identified areas like specialist care, radiology services and other laboratory services as focus areas for PPP in Saudi Arabia. However, they perceived many challenges in implementing PPPs, significant of which includes lack of policy driven strategy for PPP and absence of appropriate institutional structure in managing PPPs. The study concludes that there exists a low level of awareness among physicians’ on various aspects of PPPs in health care. The study recommends the need for improving awareness about PPPs among physicians, nurses, pharmacists, laboratory technicians and allied health professionals in the Kingdom.

Saudi Arabia's New Care Model and the Transformation of Health Care Kingdom's Vision 2030

"Vision 2030" was the framework adopted by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to guide its economic development and foster national expansion. The vision outlined the Kingdom's aspirations to establish itself as a global leader by accomplishing the following three primary objectives: a flourishing economy, a dynamic society, and an ambitious nation. In June 2016, the Kingdom initiated a national transformation program (NTP) in accordance with "Vision 2030" in order to achieve this objective. The transformation of health care is among the NTP's eight themes. Healthcare facilities in the Kingdom have a history of nearly a century. To attain the "vision 2030" objective, the Kingdom must modernize its health care system, despite significant strides in improving the health of its population in recent decades. The objective of this essay is to provide a description of the new Model of Care (MOC) as it pertains to the recent healthcare transformation in Saudi Arabia as outlined in the Kingdom's vision 2030. The MOC concept originated from a desire to comprehend the present condition and amass knowledge. It is predicated on the six systems of care (SOC): preventative care, premeditated interventions, pediatric and maternal care, critical issues, chronic ailments, and end-of-life care. The SOC is segmented across various "service layers" in order to facilitate individuals' recovery and restore their health when necessary. Twenty-seven of the forty-two interventions described in the new MOC are distributed across the six SOC, while the remaining fifteen are distributed across the numerous SOC. The completion of all MOC interventions will facilitate the Saudi health care system's transition to the "vision 2030" of the kingdom.

Endovascular Interventions for Peripheral Arterial Disease in Saudi Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study Assessing Efficacy and Economic Impact.

Introduction Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is characterized by arterial narrowing or blockage, causing pain and reduced quality of life. Endovascular interventions, like angioplasty and stenting, offer less invasive treatment options with potential benefits. This study, conducted in the Al-Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia from January to August 2023, aims to assess the impact of these interventions on PAD management in Saudi patients. Specifically, we aim to evaluate their effectiveness in improving clinical outcomes, such as symptom relief and quality of life, and their cost-effectiveness in the Saudi healthcare system. By addressing these objectives, our research provides evidence to support informed clinical decisions and healthcare policy in Saudi Arabia, ultimately enhancing patient care. Methods In this study, a cross-sectional design was used to assess the impact of endovascular interventions on PAD management in Saudi patients in the Al-Ahsaregion. Data collection took place from January to August 2023. The study focused on a sample of 385 or more Saudi patients who had undergone endovascular interventions. Inclusion criteria involved diagnosed PAD patients who had received these interventions, while non-Saudi patients and those without PAD or interventions were excluded. Data was collected through an online questionnaire distributed in hospitals. The study considered demographic and clinical/economic variables to evaluate intervention effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Results The findings of this study emphasize the significance of variables such as gender, education level, employment status, and geographic location in shaping perceptions concerning the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of endovascular interventions for the management of PAD. Participants in the study reported substantial improvements in symptom relief, quality of life, and daily activities following endovascular interventions. Moreover, the study revealed divergent perceptions regarding the cost-effectiveness of these interventions among participants. Conclusion This study highlights a positive association between the use of endovascular interventions and improved clinical outcomes in Saudi patients diagnosed with PAD. The results of this research indicate that endovascular interventions are not only more cost-effective when compared to alternative treatment modalities for PAD management but also lead to significant enhancements in symptom relief, quality of life, and daily activities among patients. The implications of these findings for the Saudi healthcare system are substantial, underscoring the importance of evidence-based decisions in the adoption of endovascular interventions for PAD management.

The Impact of Spondyloarthritis on Health-Related Quality of Life and Healthcare Resource Utilization in Saudi Arabia: A Narrative Review and Directions for Future Research.

Spondylarthritis (SpA) is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of rheumatological disorders. Several studies demonstrated that SpA is associated with increased healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and a lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This review aimed to summarize the current literature regarding the multidimensional impact of SpA on HRQoL and HCRU in Saudi Arabia and explore the correlation of the extent of severity of SpA with HRQoL and HCRU. Although the prevalence of SpA varies across different populations and is correlated with HLA-B27 prevalence, the magnitude of SpA in the Saudi population has not been extensively evaluated. Few studies have investigated the impact of SpA on HRQoL and HCRU in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East. There is a need to study the cost-effectiveness of various SpA treatment strategies, including biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), to prioritize healthcare spending in the Saudi healthcare system. Data on SpA in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East region are mainly based on expert views, with few population-based studies compared to other regions. Therefore, there is an imperative need to develop high-quality, national-level epidemiological studies that assess the following: (1) more accurate estimates of the current prevalence of SpA in Saudi Arabia, including the prevalence of axial SpA and psoriatic arthritis; (2) the phenotypes/clinical characteristics of SpA, including disease severity and extra-articular involvement; (3) the impact of SpA on the HRQoL of the patients and the factors that can predict the extent of impaired HRQoL in such population, which can represent the first step in developing psychological interventions that should be personalized to this patient population; (4) the impact of implementing formal assessment of disease activity on the management of the patients and, subsequently, their HRQoL; and (5) the HCRU and costs for patients with SpA, and how treatment patterns can affect this cost.

Resident Physicians' Knowledge and Preparedness Regarding Human Monkeypox: A Cross-Sectional Study from Saudi Arabia.

This study aimed to evaluate knowledge about monkeypox and confidence in dealing with monkeypox diagnosis and management among resident physicians in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. The data of this cross-sectional study were collected online through a structured questionnaire (N = 315). Knowledge about monkeypox was assessed by 24 questions and a three-item scale assessed confidence in managing monkeypox cases. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the associations. Overall, two-thirds of the respondents (67.3%) showed good knowledge about monkeypox and the rest of them (32.7%) had poor knowledge. Respondents who received a copy of the Saudi MOH protocol for monkeypox and attended any conference or lecture about monkeypox were more likely to have good knowledge about monkeypox. Moreover, almost two-thirds of the participants were not confident that they could diagnose or manage the monkeypox. Respondents who received information about monkeypox during residency or medical school had higher confidence in managing monkeypox cases. It can be concluded that the Saudi healthcare system has scope to take necessary steps to contain the monkeypox endemic. The Saudi MOH should arrange conferences and educational programs on monkeypox so that healthcare professionals can improve their knowledge and be confident in the management and diagnosis of monkeypox cases.

The Effect of Structured Antenatal Education on Childbirth Self-Efficacy.

Antenatal (prenatal) education is a vital role of midwives when giving antenatal care to pregnant women. Particularly in the late stages of pregnancy, antenatal education regarding the natural-labor process, the introduction of labor rooms, coping strategies, and labor-pain management may enhance maternal self-efficacy and perceptions of childbirth. However, educational programs that include birth plans, pain-relief measures, and birth preparation are not a structured part of the Saudi healthcare system. This is the first study to investigate the effect of antenatal education on maternal self-efficacy in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an antenatal education program on maternal self-efficacy in primiparous pregnant women and to determine the relationship between maternal self-efficacy and their sociodemographic characteristics in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A randomized control trial (pretest/posttest) design was conducted with 94 primiparous pregnant women. Two groups were compared: an intervention group, which received a structured antenatal educational program (n = 46), and a control group, which received routine antenatal care (n = 48). The childbirth self-efficacy inventory (CBSEI) was used to assess maternal self-efficacy. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24 (Released 2016; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). The mean score on the CBSEI pretest was 238.5 ± 237.4 compared to 242.9 ± 276.2 in the posttest mean score, with significant differences (p < .05)in maternal self-efficacy between the pretest and posttest scores for both groups. The findings of this study suggest that an antenatal educational program could serve as an essential tool, providing access to high-quality information and skills during the antenatal period and significantly enhancing maternal self-efficacy. It is crucial to invest resources to empower and equip pregnant women in ways that promote positive perceptions andboost their confidence regarding childbirth.

Saudi Heart Association Guidelines on Best Practices in the Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes.

The prevalence of both chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and its risk factors is alarming in Saudi Arabia and only a minority of patients achieve optimal medical management. Context-specific CCS guidelines outlining best clinical practices are therefore needed to address local gaps and challenges. A panel of experts representing the Saudi Heart Association (SHA) reviewed existing evidence and formulated guidance relevant to local clinical practice considering the characteristics of the Saudi population, the Saudi healthcare system, its resources and medical expertise. They were reviewed by external experts to ensure scientific and medical accuracy. Recommendations are provided on the clinical assessment and management of CCS, along with supporting evidence. Risk reduction through non-pharmacological therapy (lifestyle modifications) remains at the core of CCS management. Great emphasis should be placed on the use of available pharmacological options (anti-anginal therapy and event prevention) only as appropriate and necessary. Lifestyle counseling and pharmacological strategy must be optimized before considering revascularization, unless otherwise indicated. Revascularization strategies should be carefully considered by the Heart Team to ensure the appropriate choice is made in accordance to current guidelines and patient preference. Conscientious, multidisciplinary, and personalized clinical management is necessary to navigate the complex landscape of CCS in Saudi Arabia considering its population and resource differences. The reconciliation of international evidence and local characteristics is critical for the improvement of healthcare outcomes among CCS patients in Saudi Arabia.

Medical Devices Readiness in Private Outpatient Care Facilities in Riyadh within the Saudi Healthcare System

A significant transformation is observed in the Saudi healthcare system in response to the Saudi 2030 vision. Outpatient Care Facilities (OCF) are expected to carry more duties in providing healthcare services. The current study aims to analyze the readiness of medical devices in private outpatient care facilities (OCFs) in Riyadh. An on-site questionnaire-based study was conducted to assess medical equipment maintenance and its readiness in private OCFs in different regions of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was formulated following local and international guidelines and standards. The response rate to the study was 100%. Types of OCF were classified into general and specialized polyclinics, medical clinics, laboratories, and physiotherapy centers. The results of the questionnaire reveal that only 29.2% OCF have a medical device maintenance department, a periodic preventive maintenance protocol was present in 54.2% OCF, and only 12.5% OCF inspect their medical devices regularly. A lack of essential medical equipment maintenance practices was observed in the private OCF in Riyadh. Private OCF should comply with best practices in medical equipment rather than ignore Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) instructions, and local and international medical device maintenance guidelines. Private OCFs in Riyadh should restructure their medical equipment practices.

Culturally Appropriate Interventions For Prevention And Treatment Of Mental Health In Saudi Arabia

Mental health conditions present devastating effects to patients, patient families and healthcare systems across the globe. While there are conventional approaches to their treatment and management, the beliefs around their development and prognosis continue to present hurdles in the sole use of Western medicine. Complementary and alternative medicinal (CAM) approach, which draws on patients’ cultural beliefs, has been recommended across literature to augment the conventional medicine. This narrative review examined the culturally appropriate interventions for prevention and treatment of mental health in Saudi Arabia. Four culturally oriented approaches were noted to be effective in preventing and managing mental health problems, including faith-based interventions and practices, traditional healing, herbal medicine, and culturally sensitive cognitive behavioral therapy. Nevertheless, the applications of these interventions often face challenges of inadequate resources and culturally competent among other hurdles, which call for the attention of the Saudi healthcare system administrators for better outcomes.

The long-term growth, cost-effectiveness, and glycemic effects of growth hormone therapy on children born small for gestational age over 10years: a retrospective cohort study.

We aimed to report our 10-year experience of treating short children born small for gestational age (SGA) by comparing the long-term growth, metabolic safety, and cost-effectiveness of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy in short children born SGA with those in rhGH-treated children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and Turner syndrome. We performed a 10-year retrospective cohort study at King Saud University Medical City. We included children aged 3-16years who received rhGH for GHD, SGA, or Turner syndrome for >1year. A total of 166 children received rhGH therapy for GHD, 58 for SGA, and 16 for Turner syndrome. During the last study visit, the average height change was 21cm for GHD children and 14cm for children born SGA (p-value <0.001). The height SDS change was 0.84 forGHD children and 0.55 for SGA children (p-value=0.004). The average cost-effectiveness ratios for treating GHD and SGA children were USD 1,717.22 and USD 1,157.19 per centimeter gained, respectively. Moreover, the mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for GHD vs. SGA patients was USD 2,820.39 per centimeter gained. Dysglycemia developed in 70 patients: 43 (36.44%), 22 (40.74%), and 5 (13%) in the GHD, SGA, and Turner syndrome groups, respectively. rhGH is effective in height improvement of short children. However, pursuing rhGH treatment for children born SGA requires a shared decision-making approach to balance the modest benefit of final adult height gain with the long-term metabolic effects, considering the acceptable costs on the Saudi healthcare system.

Barriers to routine checkups use among Saudis from the perspective of primary care providers: A qualitative study.

Objectives:To explore the perspectives of primary care providers (PCPs) on the low use of and barriers to routine checkups among Saudi adults.Methods:A qualitative phenomenological study design was used. Interviews were carried out between (December 2020 and February 2021) with 19 PCPs working at 5 primary healthcare centers (PHCs) operated by the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Descriptive statistics were performed to characterize participants, and a directed content analysis was carried out to examine major themes.Results:Primary care providers identified a number of barriers that contributed to a low uptake of routine checkup among Saudis. These barriers to routine checkups were classified into 3 main themes: patient-related barriers, provider-related barriers, and healthcare system-related barriers. Lack of knowledge of patients, crowdedness at PHCs, and busy staff at PHCs were the most frequently mentioned barriers that hamper the use of routine checkups.Conclusion:This study presented new insight into the low use of routine checkups by obtaining the perspective of PCPs. Although results point to potential targets for interventions to increase routine checkups, additional research is recommended with a representative sample of PCPs randomly selected from the healthcare system to inform future policy and decision making related to improving use of routine care available through the Saudi Healthcare System.

Do Saudi medical schools consider the core topics in undergraduate medical curricula?

BackgroundMost of the medical schools in Saudi Arabia are currently evolving their curricula in accordance with the most recognized medical education trends worldwide. Undergraduate medical school’s curriculum should be compatible with community health needs. Therefore, the study aims to explore the current contents of Saudi undergraduate medical curricula and to check if the core topics that were internationally recognized were implemented in their curriculum.MethodologyAn online questionnaire was designed and sent to 37 deans of medical schools in Saudi Arabia. The deans or the vice-deans in charge of the curriculum were asked to complete the pre-designed questionnaire, which assessed the status of inclusion of the core topics in the curriculum of their affiliated schools. Each listed core topic was evaluated according to five options for each subject: not included, separate required course, part of the required course, separate elective course, and part of an elective course.ResultsTwenty four out of 37 (65%) Saudi medical schools completed the survey questionnaire. Almost all core topics, such as communication skills, evidence-based medicine, patient safety, professionalism were included in the curricula of Saudi medical schools as separate required courses or as part of required courses or elective courses.Complementary and alternative medicine and the history of medicine were the topics least taught in Saudi medical colleges, as 25% of the schools did not include them in their curricula.ConclusionThe majority (65%) of the internationally recognized core topics were included in the Saudi undergraduate medical curricula. Evidence-based medicine, complementary medicine, the Saudi healthcare system, patient safety, and professionalism/medical ethics should be part of compulsory credited courses in all Saudi undergraduate medical curricula.

A structural equation model analysis of the association between work-related stress, burnout and job-related affective well-being among nurses in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AimTo test a model that examines the direct and indirect effects of work‐related stress on job‐related affective well‐being through compassion fatigue.BackgroundDespite the danger of infection, nurses' dedication to their work appears to be an innate desire to provide care for patients with COVID‐19. Nonetheless, the universal effort to control the outbreak has led to extended work hours and workload, which has been defined as the primary contributor to work‐related stress among nurses and might impact their job‐related affective well‐being.MethodWe used a cross‐sectional exploratory design. Data were collected using an online survey from 161 nurses working in the Saudi health care system. The survey included obtaining information on demographics and work‐related stress using Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5 to measure compassion fatigue as well as a job‐related affective well‐being scale.ResultsWork‐related stress had significant negative direct effects on job‐related affective well‐being and positive effects on compassion fatigue. Compassion fatigue had significantly negative direct effects on job‐related affective well‐being. Work‐related stress exerted negative indirect effects on job‐related affective well‐being through compassion fatigue, which partially mediated the relationship.ConclusionThe findings supported the model and added to our understanding regarding the impact of work‐related stress on nurses.Implications for Nursing ManagementStress reduction is an important element in improving staff outcomes as well as job‐related affective well‐being.

Improving Management of Non-communicable Chronic Diseases in Primary Healthcare Centres in The Saudi Health Care System

Evaluation of patient perceptions of quality and adequacy of care is a critical component of continuous improvement in chronic disease care. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) assess their routine care in primary care centres in Saudi Arabia and to identify areas for improvement. This cross-sectional study used the PACIC questionnaire to assess the quality of care received by these patients in primary care centres in Saudi Arabia. Data collection took place between May 2019 and July 2019. The questionnaire was self-completed anonymously by 315 patients with NCD attending primary health care centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The results showed that the average overall PACIC score was 2.97 (SD = 0.65), the mean scores for the subscales ranged from 2.76 (SD = 0.78) for the subscale of goal settings/tailoring to 3.17 (SD = 0.78) for delivery system design/decision support. PACIC scores varied significantly with age, occupation, monthly income, type and duration of chronic illness and educational attainment. In conclusion, patients with NCDs prioritised improvements in organised care that; is comprehensive, focussed on their needs, helps them identify clear goals for their treatments and become more involved in their condition(s) management.

Reflection of Corporation Social Responsibility in Supporting of Saudi Health Care Sector through Covid 19 Pandemic

Current study aimed at highlighting reflections of CSR and its role in supporting healthcare system in KSA during COVID 19 pandemic. Quantitative approach was employed through utilizing an online questionnaire distributed on total of (97) individuals within KSA hospitals which included managers of public relations, external relations or marketing in Saudi governmental or private hospitals within Saudi hospitals. Results of study indicated that the main hypothesis was accepted, and it was seen that CSR has the ability to positively influence and support the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia during COVID 19. Among the chosen dimensions of CSR (Reputation, Ethics, Social Orientation and Profitability), it appeared that ethics was the most influential aspect that has a main role in supporting and backing up the healthcare system in KSA during the pandemic, and this concept helped in supporting the Saudi healthcare system during the breakout of the pandemic from collapsing. Study recommended increasing the awareness of social responsibility among organizations in order to increase the relationship between stakeholders (organizations) and the community.