Satellite Towns Research Articles

L'expansion urbaine récente de Glasgow

The recent expansion of urban Glasgow. (Abstract.) — In 1945 the problems of urban Glasgow had a magnitude unknown in other important towns in Britain ; it had inherited very poor housing conditions (51.6 p. 100 of its dwellings were officially classified as unhealthy ; Industrial and residential areas were completely mixed together ; there was notorious lack of commercial, cultural and leisure facilities and green spaces were rare. The application of a vast renovating project in the most deprived areas (29 districts, affecting 118 000 dwellings and some 2 500 industrial establishments) necessitated the « expulsion » of 300 000 people. In the face of this pro-blem of overspill from Glasgow and the fact that building of huge suburban schemes had been stopped, two solutions were envisagea. Firstly : — A large number of agreements with Scottish towns which were anxious to expand. Secondly : — The more original idea of setting up satellite towns. The first results of this scheme were not satisfactory. This study emphasises the diversity of the problem, the conflicting interests and the difflculties encountered in this willing attempt to erase the errors accumulated over a century in the development of the city.

The Urban Pattern

The traditional city is in the process of trans formation into the metropolis. This new form of human settle ment has been made possible and necessary by increasing pro ductivity and increasing division of labor. It is the result of the interaction of two waves of migration, a long-distance movement from country to city and a more recent short-distance movement from center to periphery. The metropolis is sur rounded by a metropolitan region. The metropolis performs the traditional city function of central leadership plus the tradi tional countryside function of material production. Thus, the majority of the population in developed countries live in metropolitan areas, although each metropolitan populace is dis persed over a large territory containing both urban-developed land and open areas, with places of work and residence sepa rated. Residential areas are segregated according to class or income of their residents; the "good neighborhood" is a fiercely protected status symbol. Manufacturing is moving toward the satellite towns within metropolitan regions, and the me tropolis itself is becoming the center of service industry. These are the characteristics of the metropolis which produce a pattern of land use based on central business, industrial, residential, and open areas. In modifying the natural pattern of the metropolis to make it better, contradictory desiderata will have to be accommodated.

Satellite Cities and Towns of the USSR

AbstractThe author defines satellites primarily on the basis of their commuting links with the central city or cities. He discusses characteristics of satellite cities and towns and their functions, trends in the development and location of satellites, and recommendations for Soviet city planning. In the following translation, the Russian term gorod has been translated as city, and poselok gorodskogo tipa (urban-type settlement) as town.

Satellite Cities and Towns of Gor'kiy

The Gor'kiy urban agglomeration is marked by complex relations between the central city and its first- and second-order satellites. The observed tendency for the central city to grow slowly and the satellites to expand rapidly should be encouraged. Industrial construction should be limited within Gor'kiy proper and promoted in the satellites. Many “dormitory” satellites of Gor'kiy lack urban improvements and adequate commuting facilities and should be rebuilt into modern residential towns.

Satellite Cities and Towns of Moscow

The suburban area of Moscow consists of a green belt and an outer suburban zone, containing both satellites of Moscow and “independent” urban agglomerations without direct links to the capital. The problem of limiting the population growth of Moscow should be solved by promoting the expansion of existing satellite places and by limited construction of new satellite cities. Care should be taken not to urbanize the green belt, set aside for recreation, or to reduce the forest area in the outer suburban zone.

Three great Scots: William and John Hunter and Joseph Lister.

William and John Hunter were born in the Lowlands of Scotland in the beginning of the eighteenth century, in a time of political strife and poverty, when loyalties were sharply divided in relation to the exiled Royal House of Stewart not only between Scotland and England but between roughly equal factions in Scotland itself. The family had originated in the early part of the fourteenth century on the Ayrshire coast, and the name commemorates a royal appointment to preserve the hunting there and in the adjacent islands. The Hunters' father, a farmer, moved thirty miles or so to the east and, as a result of a favorable marriage to Agnes Paul, daughter of the City Treasurer of the City of Glasgow, became a small landowner and built the farm steading of Long Calderwood, until recently preserved unchanged as to structure and environment but now engulfed by the new satellite town

The Train Operation under an Unavailable Time

(1) P value of the Night-train can be an index which determines the character of trains and the mutual directional character among the areas. Especially. P1 the number of the passengers at the starting station : the whole passengers) P3 (passengers between the starting and the terminal stations : the number of the passengers at the starting station) and P5 (the number of the passengers between the starting and terminal stations : the whole passengers) ase the index which shows whether the triin is nocturnal or daytime. generally, P1 is shown hign in degree in a Night train. But other values except P1 are various. For example, in the case of the ‘Ise’, its P1=92, P3=6 and P5=1. In the case of the train , P1=92 P =97 and P5 1, and both trains are different in their nature as a Night-train.(2) In the time of the traffic of passengers between Tokyo and Osaka, 1, 271 persons make use of Night-trains while 212 persons take Daytime-trains, This shows the utilization of Night-trains surpass.(3) The Tokai district between Tokyo and Osaka, the Sanyo district between Osaka Kyushu, and the Tohoku district between Tokyo and Hokkaido, these districts are ‘unavailable time zones, ’ These unavailaqle time zones are ‘passage areas’. If these are compsared with the directional asea, they are less powerful as independent districts economically and socially.(4) The Sanyo and Kyushu districts can be reached from Tokyo, Kyoto or Osaka within 24 hours by a Night-train. But the people from Kyoto or Osaka have much available time of sojourn. Consequently, the number of passengers which inclines to there districts differs.(5) Generally speaking, when A and B form a seection and have no other region called C in their further front, even if the distance of the section is 200 km or so, it forms a directional region. But the region called C is important from the economical point of view, and B region becomes a passage area for the purpose of the passenger treffic.(6) The economical value of trains is considered greater in the case of an express and a Night-train. If a city is to have an independent economical power enough to have Night-trains, operating the distance between these cities must be 500km. From the contrary point of view, a populous city near a large city can be called, as it is, a satellite town.(7) The transition from a passage ares to a directional region comes to bring the desire to have Night-trains available, But, if it is limited because of the distance, the stop of a train from midnight to morning, can be considered.(8) The improvement of transportation increases the desire for it, and the increase of the desire promotes the productivity. In my opinion, tsansportation must go a step ahead of production.

The Building of Satellite Towns.

Journal Article The Building of Satellite Towns Get access The Building of Satellite Towns. By C. B. Purdom. (London : J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. Pp. 532 + xx. 42s.) J. E. Allen J. E. Allen Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 60, Issue 239, 1 September 1950, Pages 592–594, https://doi.org/10.2307/2226813 Published: 01 September 1950

PLANNING NEW TOWNS FOR BRITAIN

THE publication of a new edition of Ebenezer Howard's boole “Garden Cities of To-morrow”*, should be welcomed by all those who are attempting to take an impartial view of the debate on new towns in Britain, on which the choice of Mobberley as the nucleus for Manchester's first satellite town has sharply focused public attention and which has since been extended by the appearance of the two interim reports of the New Towns Committee and the subsequent introduction of the New Towns Bill. To the new edition, moreover, have been restored some of the quotations which were discarded from the revised edition of 1902 but which have fresh interest to-day. The preface by Mr. F. J. Osborn, and Mr. Lewis Mumford's introductory essay on “The Garden City Idea and Modern Planning”, add to its value in the formation of a sound and independent opinion on the present issues, as well as assist the reader to an appreciation of the magnitude of Howard's contribution to the modern town-planning movement.

LOCATION OF INDUSTRY IN BRITAIN

THE controversies that arise from time to time regarding particular proposals relating to the location of industry in Great Britain leave little doubt as to the soundness of the recommendation of the Barlow Commission and of the earlier report from Political and Economic Planning for an independent central planning authority. Whether we look at the Tummel-Gary scheme under the Hydroelectric Development (Scotland) Act, the proposal to raise the level of Ennerdale Water to provide water for the Sellafield factory of Courtaulds, or the discussions about the expansion of Manchester and proposed satellite towns at Knutsford or elsewhere, the need for some authority able to take a wide view, competent to reconcile regional or sectional and the national interests, and to see that no short-sighted local action does irreparable damage to the long-term national interest, is unmistakable. It is the absence of such an authority and the manner in which such schemes have been handled that has been responsible both for some of the opposition and also for the misgivings with which they are regarded.

The Library World Volume 47 Issue 11

FIGHTING has indeed ceased in Europe and our gratitude, especially in London and its adjacencies, is profound. It is shared by all, of course. War is by no means over and that and the drearier contentions of politics for a month or two, or it may be for years, are likely to act as a brake on many schemes. It is true a substantial Education Act has been achieved during the war but such peace as we have achieved finds none of the great social schemes, other than this, anywhere but in the realm of talk. Older men may well be cynical and more may be sceptical; so, it becomes those who believe a better world is possible to be aware. Hardly a town or county is without a scheme of development of sorts, ranging from entirely new, and always enlarged, central libraries to extended branch schemes. The cold fact is that only in a few cases, if in any, will any building of libraries be permitted yet. That does not mean that scheming is a vain occupation. Librarians realize as other men do that housing needs will overwhelm building resources for a few years and that schools, which are disastrously inadequate to permit the full implementing of the Act of 1944, and hospitals, will be preferred to us. Librarians, however, must be opportunists, too ; they will lose nothing by readiness to seize chances. Let us take what we can get; if, in the many newly‐planned residential centres, satellite towns, or other communities, no elaborate library accommodation is possible, let us reflect that what really matters are a book service and a centre of information, which do not require elaborate buildings, only good librarianship. Then, when the needs of the area are known, an appropriate building may be provided. And, as Mr. Berwick Sayers has suggested, much more temporary buildings than have been erected in late years should be used ; we have too many “good buildings” which are obsolescent—to say the least. It can be assumed now that readers do not need so much inducement to use public libraries as they did formerly, although some do and it is well to insist that temporary buildings are not necessarily unattractive inside or outside.

Distribution of Britain's Industrial Population

ATHOUGH the Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population, under the chairmanship of Sir Montague Barlow, completed its report in August 1938, the report was not signed and printed, owing to the international situation, until December 1939. The appointment of the Commission arose out of recommendations in a report of the Commissioner for the Special Areas, afterwards debated in the House of Commons, and its terms of reference covered the causes of the present distribution of the industrial population and the probable direction of any change in that distribution in the future; the social, economic or strategical disadvantages of concentration: and the remedial measures, if any, to be taken in the national interest. The minutes ofbeen published independently, but the report includes among the appendixes a memorandum on the location of industry by Prof. J. H. Jones, analysing factors in location as well as post-War trends; some notes on garden cities, satellite towns and trading estates; and a memorandum on planning in some other countries by Mr. G. L. Pepler.

Town Planning and Decentralization

THE relationship of man to his work and his environment was explored from various aspects at a conference held by the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, at the Housing Centre, 13 Suffolk Street, S.W.I, on February 27. Dr. Norman MacFayden, former medical officer of health for Letchworth, showed statistically that the satellite town has proved its great value from the health point of view; his comparative figures for tuberculosis and pneumonia were particularly convincing.

WYTHENSHAWE. A Modern Satellite Town: Illustrated

WYTHENSHAWE. A Modern Satellite Town: Illustrated

The Building of Satellite Towns.

The Building of Satellite Towns.