Sarcostemma Viminale Research Articles

Ethnoveterinary Remedies Used in Avian Complementary Medicine in Selected Communal Areas in Zimbabwe.

Plant remedies used in avian ethnomedicine are potential candidates for the development of phytogenic feed additives. An ethnoveterinary survey was carried out in 3 districts in Zimbabwe to document plants used in poultry ethnomedicine and identify plants that have the potential to be used for the development of poultry phytogenic feed additives. The survey employed questionnaire-guided oral interviews with 146smallholder farmers. Key areas of investigation and discussion were poultry production and traditional knowledge in bird health care (ethnotreatments and poultry disease control). The survey documented a total of 36 plant species cited as being useful interventions for the treatment and management of various poultry ailments/health constraints. These medicinal plants belonged to 22 families, with the Fabaceae family the dominant family. The plant species were used to treat 11 disease/health constraint categories, with the highest number of species being used for coccidiosis. Trees (44.44%) were the main reservoir of medicinal plants followed by herbs (36.11%), shrubs (8.33%), climbers (8.33%), and flowers (2.78%). Based on the results of the survey, Bobgunnia madagascariensis, Aloe chabaudii, Adenia gummifera, Erythrina abyssinica, Agave sisalana, Capsicum frutescens, Strychnos cocculoides, Aloe greatheadii, Tridactyle bicaudata, Senna singueana, Sarcostemma viminale, Morus alba, and Moringa oleifera are potential candidates for the development of phytogenic feed additives.

Exploration of Plant Species Used by Bapedi Ethnic Group for Ethnoveterinary Purposes: A Case Study of Ga-Mphahlele Region in the Limpopo Province, South Africa

The use of plant resources by the Bapedi people in the Limpopo province in South Africa is regarded as part of their tradition and culture. This study was aimed at documenting ethnoveterinary uses of plants in Ga-Mphahlele region in the Limpopo province, South Africa. Information was gathered through semi-structured questionnaires supplemented by field observations from 30 randomly selected Pedi speaking people in Ga-Mphahlele region of the Limpopo province. A total of 52 plant species from 32 plant families were used for 18 ethnoveterinary purposes. The majority of the species (21.2%) were used as fodder, followed by ethnoveterinary medicinal applications against wounds (19.2%), diarrhoea (17.3%), ticks (13.5%) and worms (11.5%) in domestic animals such as cattle, chickens, dogs, donkeys, doves, goats and sheep. The species with frequency of citation (RFC) higher than 0.70 included Citrullus lanatus (fodder), Vachellia karroo (ethnoveterinary medicine and fodder), Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (fodder), Aloe ferox (ethnoveterinary medicine), Drimia sanguinea (ethnoveterinary medicine), Sarcostemma viminale subsp. viminale (ethnoveterinary medicine) and Sorghum bicolor (fodder). The traditional knowledge about forage and ethnoveterinary medicines demonstrated by the Bapedi people enable extension officers and policy makers to appreciate how local communities perceive and utilize plant resources around them.

English

The aim of this study is to evaluate the biological activities of some plant species used in the preparation of herbal mixtures and determine the combinational effects. The plant materials were collected from traders who use them to prepare herbal mixtures claimed to be blood purifiers, pain-relievers, anti-diarrheal and aphrodisiac medicines. An aqueous decoction of each plant species was prepared. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to establish the phytochemical profiles of the decoctions. Standard chemical tests were performed to screen for the presence of phyto-constituent groups. Total polyphenol content of the decoctions was also determined. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay and ferric reducing power were used to assess the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The micro-broth dilution assay was used to determine antimicrobial activity. Fractional inhibitory index was used to determine the consequence of mixing different decoctions together. The phytochemical fingerprints of the decoctions showed that water mainly extracted polar compounds from the plants. Terpernoids, tannins and steroids were detected in all the decoctions. The decoctions of Delonix elata, Veltheimia capensis, Sarcostemma viminale, and “Tshikwana” had the lowest antioxidant activity. The twigs of Kirkia wilmsii exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity (EC50 15.71 µg/mL) and further showed significant broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against diarrheagenic pathogens. The twigs of K. wilmsii had the greatest amount of total phenolics followed by Hypoxis hemerocallidea (corm) and Monsonia angustifolia. Majority of the aqueous extract combinations yielded indifferent and additive interactions. Although synergistic effects are sought after when mixing different plant extracts, this study demonstrated the complexities associated with combinations of aqueous extracts and the importance of appropriate knowledge on which species of plants should be mixed to enhance their therapeutic properties. Key words: Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, antimicrobial, combinational effects.

Anatomical studies on medicinal and endangered CAM plants of Milkweed family from Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India.

The present investigation was carried out to screen anatomical features of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br., Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. var. bulbosa and var. lushii (Grah.), belonging to family Asclepiadaceae. Plant specimens were collected from semi-arid region of Thar Desert in Rajasthan. These plants are medicinally important and endangered, have been traditionally used as an antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancerous and antioxidant. Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. is used to cure diarrhoea, oedema and tuberculosis. Ceropegia species is used to cure deafness. Tubers are used in the treatment of kidney stone, urinary tracts diseases and eaten by ladies to enhance fertility and viability. The microscopical illustrations revealed interesting features i.e. presence of stone cells, rosette crystals, oil globules, phloem fibers, intraxylary phloem, pericycle patches, large medullary rays, annular vessels, more amount of palisade, mesophyll and multi-cellular trichomes etc. These features supported the habitat condition of Thar Desert and its Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) nature. This study provides referential pharmaco-botanical information for identification, authentication, standardization and detection of adaptation strategies and to develop a protocol to conserve them for further use.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT, SARCOSTEMMA VIMINALE (L.) R.BR. FROM THAR DESERT, RAJASTHAN (INDIA)

Objective: Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. is one of the important endangered medicinal plants belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the possible bioactive phytochemicals from stem of S. viminale (L.) R. Br. using methanol, chloroform, and hexane as solvents.Methods: Plant material was collected from typical conditions of Indian Thar Desert in the month of July-September, 2016. This plant always grows in association with the congeneric plant, Euphorbia caducifolia. The phytochemical compounds were investigated using Perkin-Elmer gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library.Results: Maximum % area is found for Lup-20-(29)-en-3-yl acetate is present maximum amount (40.85%) with reaction time (RT)=43.787 minutes, followed by 4, 4, 6A, 6B, 8A, 11, 11, 14B-octamethyl-1, 4, 4A, 5, 6, 6A, 6B, 7, 8, 8A, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12A, 14, 14A, 14B-octadecahydro-2H-picen-3- one$$olean-12-en-3-one# (13.74%) with RT=44.420 minutes in the methanolic extract; acetic acid 4, 4, 6A, 8A, 11, 12, 14B-octamethyl-1, 2, 3, 4, 4A, 5, 6, 6A, 6B, 7, 8, 8A, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12A, 14, 14A, 14B-eicosahydro-picen-3-yl ester $$ urs-12-en-3-yl acetate is present maximum amount (44.98%) with RT=48.265 minutes, followed by. beta.-amyrin (18.51%) with RT=40.580 minutes in the chloroform extract; acetic acid 4, 4, 6A, 8A, 11, 12, 14B-octamethyl-1, 2, 3, 4, 4A, 5, 6, 6A, 6B, 7, 8, 8A, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12A, 14, 14A, 14B-eicosahydro-picen-3-yl ester $$ urs-12-en-3-yl acetate is present maximum amount (45.47%) with RT=48.514 minutes, followed by. beta.-amyrin (19.21%) with RT=40.555 minutes in the hexane extract of stem of S. viminale (L.) R. Br.Conclusion: Medicinal plants contain one or more substances that can be used for therapeutic purpose; they are used by the world population for their basic health needs. The importance of the study is to investigate the pinpoint biological activity of some of these compounds so that they can be used by pharma or some other drug designing industry to find a novel drug.

Sarcostemma viminale activates macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype

Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br, also known as caustic or milk bush, is a semi-succulent plant commonly found in the North West of Australia. Local Aboriginal populations have long used the milky white sap from this plant to treat skin cancers. An ethanol extract from S. viminale was tested by exposing the RAW264.7 cell line as an in vitro murine macrophage model, to the extract. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to determine if S. viminale skewed macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype using a number of cell surface markers. Cell culture supernatants were also analysed by cytometric bead array to determine if S. viminale exposed macrophages produced pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. After exposure to S. viminale, a significantly greater number of macrophages expressed pro-inflammatory major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and significantly greater expression levels of the dendritic cell marker CD11c. Cytometric bead array analysis found that S. viminale induced significant amounts of the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) from macrophages. The markers CD40 and ICAM-1 were expressed but were not significantly different from the controls. Also, significantly higher expression of CX3CR1 indicated that macrophages were preparing to migrate. No anti-inflammatory cytokines were produced. No significant production of NO2 −, IL-6, IFN-γ or IL-12 was found. These results demonstrate that S. viminale drives resting macrophages into a pro-inflammatory phenotype, reminiscent of activated immature dendritic cells. If this activation could be achieved in the peri-tumour environment, then S. viminale could be useful as an adjunct therapy for skin cancer.

Erratum to: Chromatographic and chemical analysis of Sarcostemma viminale R. Br.

Erratum to: Chromatographic and chemical analysis of Sarcostemma viminale R. Br.

Chromatographic and chemical analysis of Sarcostemma viminale R. Br.

Sarcostemma viminale R. Br. (family-asclepiadaceae) is known as the “soma” plant in India. It is rich in fatty acids and hydrocarbons and used traditionally with different medicinal use. In the present study first time systemic phytochemical profile of fatty acid was established for S. Viminale. The major fatty acids isolated and identified were1-Hexadecene (C16H32), Hexadecanoic acid (C16H32O2), Octadecanoic acid (C18H36O2), 9-Octadecenoic acid (C18H34O2), 1- Docosene (C22H44). Also eight major compounds were isolated and identified as Eicosane, Docosane, 1-Octadecene, Nonacosane, α- amyrin, β- amyrin, β-Sitosterol and Gallic acid. The structure elucidation was carried out using combination of Gas Chromatographic- Mass Spectroscophy (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Carbon Nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) data. This investigation is also supported with standardized phytochemical studies and moderate anti-bacterial activity of the plant.

Sarcostemma viminale: a potential anticancer therapy

There is a need for cancer treatments to be selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells so as to reduce adverse side effects. In this study, a cancer cell line (HeLa cells) and a non-cancer cell line (HF-32) were exposed to an extract from the plant Sarcostemma viminale. Cytopathic effects and apoptosis were measured by morphological changes, annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining assays. Also, a novel mixed culture flow cytometry assay was performed exploiting the overexpression of p16INK4a in HeLa cells to demonstrate the change in numbers of HeLa and HF-32 cells post-exposure to the extract. At 1 % (v/v) after 48 h of exposure, HeLa cells showed >75 % cytopathic effect, 77 % were in apoptosis or dead by the annexinV/PI assay, and 100 % had nuclear changes by DAPI staining; there was a reduction of 76 % in the number of cells by mixed culture assay. In contrast, for the HF-32 cells, only 5 % showed any cytopathic effect, there were no more cells in apoptosis or dead (34 %) than in the control by the annexinV/PI assay, <1 % of cells had nuclear changes by DAPI staining, and there was a slight increase in cell numbers by the mixed culture assay. Results from these assays clearly demonstrate that the extract from S. viminale destroyed the cancer HeLa cells quickly and at a low concentration, whilst the non-cancer HF-32 cells survive. This study indicates that extracts from S. viminale may be a specific anticancer agent.

Medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in northern Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

Aim of the study To document the ethnobotanical knowledge on antidiarrhoeal plant use by lay people in a rural community in northern Maputaland. Materials and methods Interviews were conducted amongst homestead inhabitants, using structured questionnaires. The focus was on the medicinal plants which are growing in and around the immediate vicinity of the homesteads. Results Twenty-three plant species are used in the study area to treat diarrhoea. Four plants ( Acacia burkei, Brachylaena transvaalensis, Cissampelos hirta and Sarcostemma viminale) are recorded for the first time globally as an antidiarrhoel. The three antidiarrhoeal plants most frequently used in the study area are Psidium guajava, Catharanthus roseus and Melia azedarach (all three are exotic to South Africa), followed by Sclerocarya birrea and Strychnos madagascariensis which are indigenous. Seven of the 23 plant species are used in five different plant combinations for increased antidiarrhoeal efficacy. Conclusion The wide variety of plants that are used to treat diarrhoea in this area supports the traditional value that medicinal plants have in the primary health care system of the rural people in northern Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal.

Sarcostemma R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) in East Africa and Arabia

The circumscription of the two Arabian species Sarcostemma forskaolianum Schult. and S. vanlessenii Lavranos is clarified. S. vanlessenii is identified as a widespread species, occurring in East Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Within the Sarcostemma viminale complex, three new subspecies are delimitated. Subspecies odonlolepis (Balf.f.) Meve & Liede, comb, et stat. nov. is established for glabrous, strongly twinning plants close to those of subspecies brunonianum (Wight & Am.) P.I. Forst., but distinguished by flower-bearing laterals and an outer corona half as high as the gynostegium. Ecologically, this taxon is confined to coastal habitats in East Africa. Subspecies stipilaceum (Forssk.) Meve & Liede, comb, ct stat. nov. covers stout, non-twining representatives of East Africa and Arabia, also with short flower-bearing laterals. Subspecies suberosum Meve & Liede, subsp. nov. is newly described to accommodate the most frequent East African form of S. viminale, often mistaken for the typical subspecies. All taxa are described in detail, chromosome numbers are given and distribution maps are provided for S. forskaolianum, S. vanlessenii and S. viminale subsp. odontolepis. A synopsis of all taxa occurring in East Africa and Arabia and additional chromosome numbers are provided.

Toxic constituents of the asclepiadaceae. Structure elucidation of sarcovimiside A-C, pregnane glycosides of Sarcostemma viminale

Download options Please wait... Article information DOI https://doi.org/10.1039/P19930000483 Article type Paper Download Citation J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1993, 483-487 BibTex EndNote MEDLINE ProCite ReferenceManager RefWorks RIS Permissions Request permissions Toxic constituents of the asclepiadaceae. Structure elucidation of sarcovimiside A-C, pregnane glycosides of Sarcostemma viminale R. Vleggaar, F. R. van Heerden, L. A. P. Anderson and G. L. Erasmus, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1993, 483 DOI: 10.1039/P19930000483 To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. Search articles by author Robert Vleggaar Fanie R. van Heerden Lourens A. P. Anderson Gerdinand L. Erasmus

A New Species of Sarcostemma (Asclepiadaceae) from Malawi

A new species of Old World Sarcos- temma, Sarcostemma mulanjense from Malawi, is described. Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. and its allies are widespread throughout the arid areas of the Old World. Because dried specimens rarely show such key characters as habit, morphology of the stem base, and floral color, the group is taxonomically difficult and still lacks a clear-cut concept applicable over its entire range. However, field-based studies in more limited areas have resulted in the distinction of several closely related species and subspecies (Adams & Holland, 1978a, b, for East Africa; For- ster, 1988, for Australia). Recent fieldwork in Ma- lawi has resulted in the discovery of a new, clearly delimited species endemic to the southern Malawi mountains.

Studies in the pollination biology of Sarcostemma viminale R. BR. sensu lato

Aspects of pollination are studied in Sarcostemma viminale (Asclepiadaceae) in Namaqualand and Bushmanland (Cape Province, South Africa). Pollinaria removal rates and pollinia insertion rates as well as visiting insects are examined. The reproductive strategy of S. viminale is described and interpreted with reference to its adaptation to unpredictable weather conditions in arid areas.

Cynanchum gerrardii ‐ a new combination for a well‐known African species (Asclepiadaceae)

SummaryLiede, S.: Cynanchum gerrardii ‐‐ a new combination for a well‐known African species (Asclepiadaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 113–117. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Examination of the lectotype (MO), designated here, of Cynanchum tetrapterum (Turcz.) Bullock, revealed that it is a synonym of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. A new combination, Cynanchum gerrardii (Harvey) Liede, is required for the single leafless, stem‐succulent African Cynanchum species to which the name C. tetrapterum had been misapplied. In addition, Asclepias aphylla Thunb. is lectotypified and also placed in synonymy under S. viminale.