Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Handling Research Articles

In cardiomyocytes, [Ca] within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) determines, in part, the amplitude of SR Ca release which, in turn, governs myocardial contraction. Therefore, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate [Ca]SR handling. Until recently, the best tool available to directly measure [Ca]SR was a low affinity Ca indicator (Fluo-5N). However this dye presents several difficulties, including species-limitation (it does not work in small rodents), dye extrusion, and non-specific cellular localization. Recently a new genetically encoded family of Ca indicators has been generated, named calcium-measuring organelle-entrapped protein indicators (CEPIA). Here we tested the red emitting fluorescence Ca indicator targeted to the SR, R-CEPIA1er, as a tool to directly measure [Ca]SR dynamics in ventricular myocytes. Infection of rabbit and rat myocytes with an adenovirus expressing the R-CEPIA1er gene, displayed prominent localization of the indicator in the SR and nuclear envelope. Calibration of R-CEPIA1er in rabbit myocytes resulted in a Kd of 617 microM, suggesting that this sensor is sensitive in the whole physiological range of [Ca]SR. [Ca]SR dynamics measured with R-CEPIA1er were tested in rabbit myocytes and compared to Fluo5-N signal. We found that the time course of the [Ca]SR depletion and fractional [Ca]SR release (FR) induced by an action potential was similar between R-CEPIA1er and Fluo-5N. R-CEPIA1er fluorescence did not decline during experiments, indicating lack of dye extrusion or photobleaching. Furthermore, this Ca sensor allowed us to reliably measure [Ca]SR dynamics in rat myocytes. Measurements of [Ca]SR with R-CEPIA1er can be combined with [Ca]cyt indicators (e.g. Fluo-4) to obtain detailed information regarding Ca homeostasis in cardiac myocytes. Moreover, R-CEPIA1er is an optimal tool that can be used to study [Ca]SR handling in commonly used transgenic animals (such as mice and rats).