SAP Process Research Articles

Stainless Steel Construction for Palm Sap Filtration Using the Buchner Method

Palm sap, the primary raw material for palm sugar and other derivative products, often faces quality issues due to the presence of solid particles, dirt, and microorganisms that accelerate fermentation and spoilage. This study aimed to design and construct a stainless steel filtration device based on the Buchner method to enhance the cleanliness and quality of palm sap. The filtration system employs a vacuum mechanism to expedite the separation of solid impurities, improving efficiency over conventional gravity methods. Laboratory-scale testing evaluated filtration capacity, clarity, and process time efficiency. Results demonstrated that the device significantly increased sap clarity while reducing filtration time. Additionally, the stainless steel construction proved easy to clean and durable for repeated use. This innovation benefits traditional Minahasa farmers in North Sulawesi, enabling them to produce higher-quality palm sugar. The filtration process effectively reduced dust and water content while increasing sugar concentration to 21.3 Brix without requiring extensive cooking. The use of the Buchner method and SS304 stainless steel construction ensures consistent filtration quality, offering a practical solution to improve palm sap processing and enhance farmers' incomes.

Revolutionizing Finance: Insights on the Impact of Automation

Abstract This article delves into the transformative impact of integrating SAP and Robotic Process Automation (RPA) in the realm of Finance. As organizations strive for greater efficiency, accuracy, and agility in their financial operations, solutions such as SAP and RPA emerge as a powerful solution. The article provides an in-depth analysis of how these technologies complement each other, offering a set of different perspectives provided by 13 Subject Matter Experts during an interview. The study begins by outlining the importance of using Artificial Intelligence in Finance, with a focus on the demonstrated benefits and potential areas that are suitable for this technology. It is also highlighted what Financial areas could be considered candidates for automation of processes, with a focus on five main topics. Subsequently, the article investigates the role of Robotic Process Automation and the key features of SAP, in automating repetitive, rule-based tasks within financial processes. Furthermore, through real-world case studies and examples provided by people with work experience in this field, the article provides insights into the practical applications of SAP and RPA, witnessing the improvements in operational efficiency, data accuracy, and compliance. The discussion explores the evolving landscape of finance in the face of digital transformation, emphasizing the following topics: understanding the need of automation, prerequisites needed in Financial processes, tools required, data security, and future prospects.

TINJAUAN YURIDIS PERATURAN GUBERNUR ACEH NOMOR 15 TAHUN 2023 TENTANG PEDOMAN PENGOLAHAN DAN PENGELUARAN GETAH PINUS

Aceh Governor Regulation Number 15 of 2023 concerning Guidelines for Pine Sap Processing and Expenditure was issued and signed directly by the Acting Governor of Aceh on May 29, 2023. Since the issuance of this Pergub, the sale of raw pine sap outside the Aceh region has stopped, causing farmers or business actors to be unable to continue trade contracts that have been running with business actors outside Aceh. The results showed that the spirit and purpose of the issuance of this Pergub is so that pine sap which is one of Aceh's Natural Resources can be utilized, managed, have added value, and can increase Regional Original Income which in the end can be used for the prosperity of the people. From Article 7 of the Governor's Regulation it can be seen that the Government of Aceh stops the sale of pine sap outside the Aceh region temporarily until the needs of the Pine Sap processing industry in the Aceh region are met first. However, based on data published by DPMPTSP Aceh in 2021, conditions in the field currently Aceh only has 2 (two) pine sap processing plants, namely in Central Aceh and Gayo Lues, causing pine sap stocks in the region to be abundant, and causing pine sap prices in the Aceh region to be low, which ultimately has an impact on price stability and the economy of pine sap farmers themselves. Therefore, the Government of Aceh must pay attention to various aspects both from philosophical, sociological, and juridical aspects in the formation of Governor Regulation No. 15 of 2023 so as not to cause negative impacts on the economy of the community, especially farmers or pine sap business actors. The advice given is that the Government of Aceh needs to review Governor Regulation No. 15 of 2023, especially related to the economic impact caused, and harmony between other laws and regulations while still paying attention to aspects of the specificity of Aceh itself, so that the enactment of the Governor's Regulation does not actually hamper the productivity that has been carried out by farmers and / or pine sap business actors. Keywords: Gubernatorial Regulation, Processing and Expenditure, Pine Sap

Spring erosional processes and small sapping valleys in southwestern lower Michigan, USA

AbstractTributary valleys along the Pigeon River in southwestern Michigan USA possess many previously defined criteria for sapping valleys. Direct observations of seasonal variations in groundwater levels, hydraulic gradients and water temperatures confirm that perennial springs and their streams are present in these small valleys. Estimated spring‐fed stream discharges are low and variable, but continuous. Direct observations, grain‐size distributions and bedload transport estimates indicate that significant transport of fine to medium sand occurs in all seasons.We present a process‐form model for small‐scale sapping processes. Stream terraces and paleo‐meander scarps are being modified by sapping, and elongated valleys are likely being lengthened headward by groundwater sapping. Sapping processes have been occurring for at least the past ~4,500 years after Pigeon River adjusted to a fall in base level from the Nipissing high stand to the modern level of Lake Michigan. Sapping processes are currently producing a variety of small‐scale landforms dependent on four main factors: 1) hydraulic gradients and spring discharges, 2) available grain size of material being eroded, 3) transport rate of sand bedload by spring‐fed streams and finally 4) time available for groundwater sapping process to occur.

Application of the heat treatment in the welding process of ferritic stainless steels – causes and effects

This paper aims to analyse the application, importance and impact of heat treatment operations used in ferritic stainless steel welding processes on the properties of the welds obtained. In addition, the article aimed to formulate the main problems that occur during the welding process of ferritic stainless steels, including, in particular, the phenomenon of ferrite grain growth due to thermal processes.The analysis of the available literature covered issues related to heat treatment processes used in the welding of ferritic stainless steels, taking into account the issue of the growth of the ferrite grain under the influence of heat supplied during welding and the possibility of heat treatment of the obtained welds. The analysis also included determining the possibility of inhibiting the growth of ferrite grains by using elements such as titanium, niobium, and molybdenum, thus improving the strength properties of welds.Organisation of knowledge in the field of the impact on the mechanical properties of ferritic stainless-steel welds and heat treatment processes used before, during, and after welding.Properly selected parameters of the welding process of ferritic stainless steels, especially the amount of heat input, together with appropriate heat treatment parameters, should improve the mechanical properties of ferritic stainless steels.The analysis of the possibility of a wider application of ferritic stainless steels allowed to draw one of the main conclusions stating that the limited possibilities of using ferritic stainless steels in heavy industry are related to their high susceptibility to ferrite grain growth under the influence of high temperature during welding and, consequently, decreases in strength properties of welding joints made of ferritic stainless steels. Additional heat treatment operations are introduced before, during, or after the sapping process to improve their mechanical properties.

Pendampingan Pembuatan Gula Merah Berbahan Nira Batang Kelapa Sawit di Desa Sei Musam, Kecamatan Sei Batang Serangan

Community service is carried out as part of the implementation of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education which aims to assist the community in increasing knowledge and skills in the field of making brown sugar that utilizes the sap of palm oil stems. Oil palm stem sap can be processed into brown sugar which is an alternative for processing palm oil waste in Sei Musam Village, Sei Batang Serangan District, Langkat Regency. The method of implementing this community service activity is in the form of assistance to brown sugar producers in the form of technology transfer, management, and equipment support. Assistance activities carried out for 2 (two) days. The result of the mentoring activities is an increase in palm sap processing skills, and an increased understanding of business management, especially in financial governance with simple bookkeeping. Assistance to brown sugar artisans needs to be done considering the quality of brown sugar produced so far is still low and the shape of the brown sugar produced is not uniform. The assistance team provided equipment in the form of a brown sugar molding tool to produce a uniform brown sugar mold so that when it is packaged it looks neat for marketing. From the community service activities that have been carried out, it shows that the craftsmen are able and successful in making brown sugar uniform shapes and are able to calculate the cost of producing brown sugar from palm oil stem sap.

Climate change and maple syrup: Producer observations, perceptions, knowledge, and adaptation strategies

IntroductionClimate change is impacting forest-based agricultural systems with implications for producer decision-making and livelihoods. This article presents a case study on the observations, perceptions, knowledge, and adaptation strategies of maple syrup producers in the United States to climate change.MethodsWe carried out two semi-structured surveys with maple producers on: (1) climate change and its impacts on the maple system (n = 106 participants); and (2) responses to climate adaptation scenarios (n = 98 participants). Additionally, we carried out two focus groups and key informant interviews (n = 70+) to understand barriers and opportunities for climate adaptation. One of these focus groups and follow up key informant interviews was with tribally affiliated community members with the intention to acknowledge Indigenous Peoples’ voices, history, and relationships to the land.ResultsFindings highlight that most of the surveyed producers (89%) have experienced the negative impacts of climate on maple syrup production. While 40% of participants feel concerned regarding the future of the maple system, 39% feel hopeful, with significant differences based on the age of the surveyed producers. The majority of producers have adapted their harvesting practices to climate effects. Producers shared knowledge of multiple adaptation strategies in response to climate scenarios comprised of: (1) stand management practices such as diversification of sap species tapped; (2) harvesting practices such as changing the type and number of taps; (3) sap processing practices focused on the integration of technology such as the use of an evaporator and reverse osmosis; and (4) marketing practices such as innovation of products and marketing different maple syrup characteristics. Responses shared by tribally affiliated producers highlight knowledge of multiple adaptation strategies that focus on long-term ecological management of forests rather than technological solutions.DiscussionOverall, findings emphasize the importance of cooperation and diversification at every level and dimension of the maple system for its long-term resilience.

Development Information System for Rubber Sap Processing in East Borneo

Development Information System for Rubber Sap Processing in East Borneo

The Analysis Added Value of Liquid Palm Sugar in Maabhodo Village Kontunaga District Muna Regency (Case Study of Ino Palma Aren Sejahtera Group)

This study aims to determine the process of processing palm sap into liquid palm sugar and analyze the value-added in the business of processing palm sap into liquid palm sugar. The research area was determined purposively, considering that a group succeeded in processing palm sap into liquid palm sugar at that location. This research starts from the time the research title is accepted until it is completed, namely in December 2021 to January 2022. The data collection time is one month, from October to November 2021. The sampling method uses the saturated sample method with a sample of 20 people. The data analysis method used is the added value of the Hayami method and descriptive analysis. The results showed that processing palm sap into liquid palm sugar started by providing raw materials, filtering/filtration, cooking juice, and packaging. The added value obtained from processing palm sap into liquid palm sugar is IDR98.11/ml or IDR98.110/liter. The amount of added value is obtained from the difference between the value of the product and the price of raw materials, and the contribution of other inputs used in processing palm sap. The product value is IDR125/ml or IDR125.000/liter with raw material prices of IDR8.34/ml or IDR8.340/liter with a conversion factor of 0.625. This condition impacts the added value ratio of palm sap processing into liquid palm sugar of 78.48 (a high percentage). The results also show that the employee benefits are IDR25/ml or IDR25.000/liter with the share of labor 25.48% with a profit of IDR73

Financial Ratio Analysis of Pine Sap Commodity: Case Study on Community Forest Area in Indonesia

Community Forest is a scheme that aims to empower local communities and provide access to manage protected or production forest areas. The pine sap commodity is one of the sources of livelihood for the community by utilizing existing access. Financial ratio analysis is very important to determine the value added of marketing margins and profit margins from the pine sap commodities that have been turned into a product. Respondents were selected based on people who worked as pine sap collectors, from farmers to the pine sap processing industry who bought and processed the pine sap products. The results showed that the pine sap processed by the pine sap processing industry was in the form of gondorukem and turpentine which were then marketed to international markets, namely India, Vietnam, and China with different financial ratios for each business actor.

Determining optimal production plant location and vehicle route in upstream supply chain network for date sap processing industry

Bangladesh is blessed with various agro-based natural resources like Date sap, extracted from date trees. As this date sap is found in rural areas in large quantities annually but a very small fraction is converted into some value-added delicious foods at a domestic level while a large portion is left underutilized due to negligence, improper collection, and preservation system from the industry level. The processed delicious foods have conspicuous demand in the national market due to their nutritious value and the growth of the national economy. Despite its economic importance, very little researches have been conducted in this field for its industrial processing. So, this research implies to improve this straggled sector providing much attention for collecting raw sap from source and processing into value-added products from industrial level cost-effectively. The key objectives of this paper are to determine optimal facility location for processing date sap and set vehicle routes that can pick up date sap from source to processing plant simultaneously curtailing operational transportation costs. Initially, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is introduced to determine optimal facility location. Besides, the Large Neighborhood Search (LNS) algorithm has been used to find the optimal set of vehicle routes. This paper outlines a summary of final results that Jessore (A south-western city in Bangladesh) is an optimal plant location and 10 vehicles are necessary for covering 15 areas which ultimately optimize the total supply time, respecting constraints concerning routing, timing, capacity, and supply as well transportation costs.

Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from palm sugar from West Sumatra, Indonesia and their potential as a probiotic

Abstract. Ramadhanti N, Melia S, Hellyward J, Purwati E. 2021. Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from palm sugar from West Sumatra, Indonesia and their potential as a probiotic. Biodiversitas 22: 2610-2616. Palm sugar is one of the sugar products from palm sap processing. It is made by reducing the water content in the sap to certain water content and is used as a natural sweetener. This study used palm sugar from 3 producers, i.e. Marapalam Gula Semut (MGS), Tetesan Gula Semut (TGS) and Sungayang Gula Semut (SGS) in Sungayang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. This study aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from palm sugar, potentially as a probiotic, using the 16S rRNA method. The probiotic potential of bacteria was selected based on morphology, biochemical properties, resistance to acidic pH 3 and 0.3% bile salts, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that lactic acid bacteria isolated from palm sugar are Gram-positive rod-shaped (Bassil), negative catalase, and homofermentative. The total colonies of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 50 x 107 cfu/g - 117 x 107 cfu/g. The MGS lactic acid bacteria had 74.71% viability resistance in acidic pH 3, 65.52% viability against bile salts (0.3% ox gall). The diameter of inhibition against Escherichia coli O157 was 18.20 mm, Propionibacterium acnes (18.00 mm), Acinetobacter baumannii (14.19 mm), and Listeria monocytogenes (16.35 mm). The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA showed that the MGS isolate has a similarity of 99.92% to Lactobacillus fermentum strain 1743. It can be concluded that Lactobacillus fermentum strain 1743 isolated from palm sugar has potential as a probiotic.

Analysis of Weakening Law and Stability of Sliding Zone Soil in Thrust-Load-Induced Accumulation Landslides Triggered by Rainfall Infiltration

This study investigated the weakening model, law of mechanics parameters, and stability of the sliding zone soil associated with thrust-load-induced accumulation landslides triggered by rainfall infiltration. The spatial and morphological characteristics and rule of the sapping process were analyzed, considering the constitutive equation of the sliding zone soil, in order to establish a state curve equation for the weakening coefficient of sliding zone soil based on the “S”-shaped curve. Moreover, a formula for calculating slope stability with this failure mode was derived and applied to calculate the stability of a deformation body in Danbo reservoir, China. The results show that the sliding zone in this type of landslide exhibits steep upward and slow downward trends, and affected by rainfall infiltration, its failure develops gradually from the trailing edge to the front edge. In the constitutive equation, the weakening of soil mechanical parameters is manifested as the weakening of shear stiffness, while the “S”-shaped curve of the weakening coefficient reflects the spatial characteristics of the weakening process. The main factors affecting the accuracy of the slope stability calculation are the values of model parameters and assessment of the development characteristics and weakening stage of the sliding zone.

Microwave Treatment of Coconut Inflorescence Sap (Kalparasa®): A Panacea to Preserve Quality Attributes

Coconut inflorescence sap, traditionally called as neera, is a natural and healthy drink obtained by tapping the unopened immature spadix of coconut. The sap tapped by using the device coco-sap chiller, developed by ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, is called Kalparasa®. The shelf life of the sap after extraction is 2–3 h in atmospheric condition. Farmer producer companies and palm sap processing industries require suitable preservation techniques to maintain the physico-chemical properties of the coconut sap. Hence, the effect of microwave power level (600 and 900 W) and exposure time (30, 60, 90, and 120 s) on the physico-chemical properties of Kalparasa stored under refrigerated conditions was investigated. The physico-chemical properties of microwave-treated Kalparasa including pH, TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugar, reducing sugar, and polyphenols were analysed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 16 days after storage. The results reveal that the microwave treatment and storage period had a significant effect (P < 0.001) on the physico-chemical properties of Kalparasa. Furthermore, it was deduced that a combination of high power (900 W) and exposure time (120 s) maintains the physico-chemical quality of Kalparasa up to 16 days of storage under refrigerated conditions.

Physical characteristics of instanised Cocoa drink sweetened with Palm Sap Sugar: A preliminary study

Palm sap sugar is a natural sweetener made from sap collected from the flowers of several species of palm tree. This sugar is highly produce in South-East and South Asian regions, such as Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and India. Its use improves the taste, colour and aroma of drink and food products. This work investigated the impact of palm sap sugar and processing method on the solubility and appearance of instanised cocoa powder. In this study, three cocoa powder blends with different palm sap sugar proportion, namely 15%, 30%, and 45% were used as a sweetener. The results showed that the solubility of cocoa drink increased as the proportion of palm sap sugar was increased. With regard to the appearance, the lightness of the cocoa drink decreased as the proportion of palm sap sugar was increased. This study revealed that the lightness of the cocoa drink decreased and the solubility increased as the number of agglomeration process repetition was increased.

О возможности переработки сосновой живицы на местах ее заготовки

О возможности переработки сосновой живицы на местах ее заготовки

Maple Syrup Producers of the Lake States, USA: Attitudes Towards and Adaptation to Social, Ecological, and Climate Conditions.

Maple syrup is an important non-timber forest product derived from the sap of the sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall). However, maple syrup producers are facing a diversity of challenges, including: potential range shifts in the maple resource; increasing variability in the timing, duration and yield of sap flow and syrup operations; invasive species, pests and diseases; and intergenerational land and business transfer challenges. Members of Maple Syrup Producer Associations in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan were surveyed to learn about their operations, adaptation strategies, concerns, and information needs. While many respondents indicated they have undertaken or plan to undertake adaptation activities, only 11% had done so out of specific concern over changing climate conditions. Climate-motivated activities included: being prepared to tap earlier and utilizing newer technology such as vacuum tubing or reverse osmosis to enhance sap collection and processing efficiency. Respondents were generally unlikely to consider planting climate-resilient maple cultivars or tapping trees other than sugar maple. They expressed the greatest concerns over tree health and forest pests, as well as their physical ability and family member interest to continue their operations. Boil season variability and weather issues were viewed with less concern. Respondents were generally optimistic that they can adapt to future conditions, likely in large measure through the adoption of new technologies, and they expect their syrup production levels to slightly increase in the future. If future climate scenarios play out, however, additional planning and adaptation strategies may be called for, particularly as they relate to forest health and productivity issues.

KARAKTERISTIK DAN POTENSI BIOETANOL DARI NIRA NIPAH (Nypa fruticans) UNTUK PENERAPAN SKALA TEKNOLOGI TEPAT GUNA

Implemetasi underdeveloped research for large-scale production of energy selfsufficient villages and confined in a laboratory scale. The presence of mangrove forests along the palm beach peissir Indonesia is a potential independent village granaries Energy (DME) to produce local non-fossil energy resources, namely bioethanol as an energy mix through the substitution of fossil fuels in order to add and save energy nationwide. Exploration of green energy production process Tempatan with scale appropriate technology is essential to know the characteristics and potential of bioethanol and fuel substitution products will be produced. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of bioethanol from palm sap processing to scale the application of appropriate technology and the potential value of bioethanol FGE levels that would result in a 1 ha of mangrove forests nypa. Research using experimental and observational methodologies. Palm sap is used as the subject of this study is the result of tapping mangrove palm bunches done processing fermentation, distillation and dehydration. Data collected includes data 1). Characteristic, among others: fermentation, Kadar Alcohol Distillation and Dehydration results TTG Tools, Redemen Bioethanol, Nipah Bioethanol Quality Testing Specifications for Substitute Grade Fuel, Bioethanol Blending Testing FGE The substitution process to Fossil Fuels and Counting Bioethanol substitution needs to Biopremium octane FGE 92-95. And data 2). The potential value of Bioethanol and Biopremium Nipah. Furthermore, the data obtained and analyzed, if there is a significant difference followed by Duncan test at 5% significance level. The results showed the characteristics of bioethanol from palm sap processing to scale the ISSN 1978-5283

Maple sap predominant microbial contaminants are correlated with the physicochemical and sensorial properties of maple syrup

Maple sap processing and microbial contamination are significant aspects that affect maple syrup quality. In this study, two sample sets from 2005 and 2008 were used to assess the maple syrup quality variation and its relationship to microbial populations, with respect to processing, production site and harvesting period. The abundance of maple sap predominant bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens group and two subgroups, Rahnella spp., Janthinobacterium spp., Leuconostoc mesenteroides) and yeast (Mrakia spp., Mrakiella spp.,Guehomyces pullulans) was assessed by quantitative PCR. Maple syrup properties were analyzed by physicochemical and sensorial methods. Results indicate that P. fluorescens, Mrakia spp., Mrakiella spp. G. pullulans and Rahnella spp. are stable contaminants of maple sap, as they were found for every production site throughout the flow period. Multiple factor analysis reports a link between the relative abundance of P. fluorescens group and Mrakia spp. in maple sap with maple and vanilla odor as well as flavor of maple syrup. This evidence supports the contribution of these microorganisms or a consortium of predominant microbial contaminants to the characteristic properties of maple syrup.

The stratigraphy of the Amenthes region, Mars: Time limits for the formation of fluvial, volcanic and tectonic landforms

We present results of our morphologic and stratigraphic investigations in the Amenthes region for which our observations suggest a complex spatial and temporal interrelation between volcanic and possibly water-related processes. We have produced a series of self-consistent geological maps and a stratigraphic correlation chart that show the spatial and temporal distribution of volcanic, fluvial and tectonic processes. The Amenthes region consists of a broad trough-like topographic depression that has served as a path for the supply of materials from Hesperia Planum to Isidis Planitia. It is most likely that Hesperia Planum and, in particular the area north of Hesperia Planum, including Tinto Vallis, Palos crater and the surrounding dissected highlands have acted as a source region for materials that were transported into the Amenthes trough and farther into the Isidis basin. The Amenthes trough, as well as the graben of Amenthes Fossae were formed after the Isidis impact in the Noachian and represent likely the oldest features in the Amenthes region. Dendritic valley networks, that bear evidence for surface runoff, have dissected the highlands adjacent to Amenthes Planum and within the Tinto Vallis and Palos crater region before ∼3.7 Ga. The ridged volcanic plains located near the Palos crater and Tinto Vallis region, within Amenthes Planum as well as within the Isidis transitional plains were formed between ∼3.5 and 3.2 Ga and represent the volcanic activity which resulted in the flooding of the Amenthes trough. The sinuous channel of Tinto Vallis was formed in the Hesperian (≲3.5 Ga) and shows characteristics, which are consistent with both ground water sapping and igneous processes. The Palos crater outflow channel was formed nearly at the same time as Tinto Vallis, between ∼3.5 Ga and ∼3.2 Ga and postdates the volcanic flooding of the Amenthes trough in the Hesperian. Small valleys (∼3.4–2.8 Ga) incised into the ridged plains of Amenthes Planum appear also within the transitional plains located between the Amenthes plains and the Isidis interior plains. Our model ages show that Tinto Vallis, the Palos crater outflow channel as well as the small valleys are unlikely formed at the same time and by the same processes as the dendritic valley networks and represent an episode that clearly postdates the volcanic activity.