Santee River Research Articles

GC Insights: Lessons from participatory water quality research in the upper Santa River basin, Peru

GC Insights: Lessons from participatory water quality research in the upper Santa River basin, Peru

Late Holocene Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Facies Distribution of an Anthropogenically Modified Delta Plain (Santee River Delta, South Carolina, U.S.A.)

Late Holocene Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Facies Distribution of an Anthropogenically Modified Delta Plain (Santee River Delta, South Carolina, U.S.A.)

Unravelling and understanding local perceptions of water quality in the Santa basin, Peru

Water quality is an integral part of water security. Measuring the physico-chemical indicators for water quality can provide an objective picture of water health, but it does not provide information on lived experiences related to water quality, expectations of water resources, nor how the quality of water affects its usage. Perceptual information and traditional ecological knowledge on water quality can help to understand interactions between water and people, and thereby support locally appropriate sustainable water resource strategies. Accordingly, our project sought to collect and synthesise insights from local perspectives on water quality in the upper Santa River basin, Peru, a region where water quality directly relates to people’s livelihoods. Perceptual data was collected via the Nuestro Rio mobile app (N = 149) as well as walking interviews (n = 84) (July-August 2021) in two main study areas, Olleros and Catac. We find that water quality perspectives differ within, and between, study areas and communities, however four overarching themes were identified, and are explored here: i) environmental indicators for water quality; ii) water uses; and iii) perceived causes of water quality; iv) water quality perceptions behind emotions. Most rural participants felt the main cause of poor water quality was mineral pollution, likely linked to local geology, however we also found that local perceptions of water quality depend on water usage, directly linked to domestic water use and agricultural livelihoods. Qualitative data highlighted the complex relationships between water quality, perceptions and emotions. More inclusive citizen-based science that considers what people observe, think and feel about the quality of their rivers can help provide a much deeper contextual understanding of dynamic human-water systems, with further benefits for improving water management and policy implementation.

Following the Water Uphill? The Spread of Blueberry Cultivation to the Mountains of Áncash, Peru / ¿Siguiendo el agua cuesta arriba? La expansión del cultivo del arándano en la sierra de Áncash, Perú

jlag Perspectives Landscape observers in Peru’s Áncash region have been concerned for over a decade about the impact of climate change on the shrinking glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca and the Santa River watershed (Bury et al., 2013). However, the Santa River valley, which is known locally as Callejón de Huaylas and is one of Peru’s most important Inter-Andean valleys, has been experiencing a second dramatic landscape change that has gone mostly unnoticed by outsiders. It has rapidly become covered by huge swathes of whiteplasticusedintheconstructionofhigh tunnels for blueberry production (Figure 1).1 Primarily for export, this production is transformingresourceuseaswellasvalleyaesthet ics ,withimpactsfordiversesectorsofsociety inÁncash.Furthermore,itsuggestspotential new trends in global agro-exports. CommercialblueberryproductioninPeru began in 2007 and has expanded rapidly throughanationalcampaignsince2012:from 50 hectares (ha) cultivated in 2012 to more than 18,000 ha in 2022 (Cordano, 2016; León Following the Water Uphill? The Spread of Blueberry Cultivation to the Mountains of Áncash, Peru¿Siguiendo el agua cuesta arriba? La expansión del cultivo del arándano en la sierra de Áncash, Perú Martha G. Bell Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Karl S. Zimmerer Pennsylvania State University and CEFE-University of Montpellier Odolin Saturnino Rodríguez Tinoco Institución Educativa 86648, Santo Domingo de Guazman - Yungay JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY 22(1), 1–11 Carrasco,2023).Blueberriesarecurrentlythe agro-export crop that generates the highest sales. In 2022, sales totaled US$ 1,435 million, approximately 14 percent of Peru’s total agro-export sales (Agraria.pe, 2023). Peru has also become the world’s leading exporter of the fruit (freshfruitportal.com, 2023), producing more than 276,000 metric tons in 2022 (Agraria.pe, 2023). This has corresponded to the larger expansion of “non-traditional agricultural exports” (NTAEs) across Latin America, which, beginning in the 1990s, saw production booms of grapes, avocados, mangos, asparagus, and other crops along Peru’s desert coast. This growth has depended on large-scale agribusiness and government investments in irrigation projects and “technified” agriculture as well as inexpensive labor and new trade and legal arrangements (Williams & Murray, 2019; Lombana, 2020; Crespi, 2022). Peru’s blueberry boom depends on distinctive varietal management and new geographic strategies for production. In 2023, the most prevalent blueberry varieties included Emerald and Biloxi, which are extra-large, firm, sweet, crunchy varieties that can survive cold storage and shipping (Ilyas, 2023). These are so-called zero or low chill varieties, which require reduced hours at cool temperatures (below 7 oC) compared to other varieties, and are thus suitable for Peru’s warmer temperatures (especially on the coast but also in the CalleFigure 1. Blueberries cultivated in high tunnels near Caraz, Áncash, Peru (Photograph by Marcia Castromonte, February 17, 2023). 2 Journal of Latin American Geography jón de Huaylas). In addition to these properties , which are common to agro-exports, blueberry expansion has required transforming new geographic spaces by subsuming previously “underutilized” lands into the agro-export model. While in previous agro-export growth these spaces have typicallybeenlocatedonPeru ’sdesertcoast,now itishigheraltitudezones,andspecificallythe inter-Andean valleys of Áncash, La Libertad, Cajamarca, and Piura—which are characterized by more abundant surface water, gentle rainfall, absence of frosts, and available land and labor—that are targeted for blueberry production (Cordano, 2016; Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria del Perú, 2019). We focusourdescriptiononalltheseproduction factors, with special attention to the role of water availability in the upslope spaces. The cultivation of blueberries in Inter-Andean valleys has mainly occurred near the city of Caraz, which is located in the relatively wide, flat-bottomed Santa River valley known as Callejón de Huaylas. The Santa River is fed by glacier meltwater flowing down from the Cordillera Blanca, which contains some of the most important tropical glaciers in the world. During the twentieth century, agriculturalists in the Caraz area, including indigenous peasant communities (Comunidades Campesinas) as well as smallholders and medium-size farms, used irrigation to grow products for national markets. These included purple-kernel maize (maíz morado) used for the chicha morada beverage , Andean amaranth (kiwicha), artichokes, green beans, snow peas, and flowers. The surge of blueberry producFigure 2. High tunnels for blueberry growing in the valley bottom of Callejón de Huaylas, Áncash...

Redescriptions of Spinitectus acipenseri and S. micracanthus (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae), with notes on the taxonomy of Spinitectus-like nematodes parasitising North American fishes.

Based on light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical (SEM) examinations, two North American species of Spinitectus Fourment, 1884, S. acipenseri Choudhury & Dick, 1992 and S. micracanthus Christian, 1972 (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae) are redescribed from museum voucher specimens (S. acipenseri) and those newly collected from centrarchid and some other fishes in the Upper San Marcos River in Texas and the Santee River in South Carolina, USA. The first use of SEM to study S. acipenseri, a parasite of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque (Acipenseridae) in Canada, made it possible to describe dorsal and ventral lips, amphids and sublabia, and the presence of a dorsal barb on the right spicule, which was confirmed to be the most characteristic feature of this species. The SEM study of S. micracanthus, a parasite mainly of centrarchids, enabled us to correctly determine the location of the excretory pore in relation to rings of cuticular spines in the male, and to describe the exact structure of the tip of the male tail, sublabia, phasmids and the presence of a median ventral protuberance on the male tail. Some taxonomic problems of North American species of Spinitectus are discussed. Filaria serrata Linton, 1901 is considered a junior synonym of S. oviflagellis Fourment, 1884. To date, there are 13 valid species of Spinitectus parasitising fishes in North America. Keys to species of Spinitectus-like nematodes from fishes in North American waters are provided.

1,100‐Year Reconstruction of Baseflow for the Santee River, South Carolina, USA Reveals Connection to the North Atlantic Subtropical High

AbstractSince 2013, extreme floods within the Santee River basin (North/South Carolina, USA) caused $1.5B in damage. The instrumental period, however, is too short to determine if recent extreme events are anomalous within a long‐term context. Here, we present reconstructions of storm‐, base‐, and total streamflow for the Santee River using a multi‐species tree‐ring network calibrated to flow data during the period 1923–2018. Tree‐ring data explained higher variance (r = 0.59; p < 0.01; 900–2018) of instrumental baseflow than total streamflow (r = 0.41; p < 0.01; 1500–2018) or stormflow (r = 0.26; p < 0.05; 1690–2018). Our reconstruction reveals a long‐term increase in baseflow over the past millennium. The North Atlantic subtropical high regulates baseflow in the Santee River (r = 0.45; p < 0.01). Recent high levels of baseflow may be connected to the position of the subtropical high, increasing the likelihood of flooding.

Peak water not to blame in the escalation of Peruvian socio-environmental conflicts

Over 1.5 billion people rely on more than 46,000 non-polar glaciers across the world for potable water, irrigation, industrial and hydropower usages. The melting of non-polar glaciers and its effects on socio-environmental conflicts are understudied in the rapidly expanding field of climate conflicts. Contrary to existing theoretical models, this article found that the Santa River Basin (SRB), having reached peak water, did not directly increase the number or length of the area’s socio-environmental conflicts. The article identified and examined 23 socio-environmental conflicts in the Peruvian Ombudsman’s monthly reports between 2004 and 2019. Instead of peak water, five other escalation variables were identified: violence, upstream–downstream dynamics, multiple stakeholder cooperation, decrease in the quality/quantity of water and the utilisation of roads for protests.

Payment for ecosystem services in Peru: Assessing the socio-ecological dimension of water services in the upper Santa River basin

Increasing pressures on ecosystems in the Latin American region, as well as the adoption of multilateral conservation commitments, have led to the implementation of instruments that are economic in nature but oriented towards the recovery, conservation, and functioning of ecosystems such as Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES). In the Peruvian Andes, hydro-climatic factors and land-use changes are affecting the capacity of the ecosystems of the glaciated Cordillera Blanca to provide water services, in terms of both quality and quantity, to the main users of the Santa River basin. Thus, this study analyses how the socio-ecological interactions affect, and are affected by, the planned introduction of water-related PES in the Quillcay sub-basin, the most populated sub-basins along the Santa River basin. We use a conceptual model based on the current evolution of the water metabolism approach to integrate into a common language of analysis the multiple dimensions of water: water as an ecological fund, as a service, and as a political asset. To explore the interface of these three domains of analysis we rely on a mixed-method data collection: primary data collection through a stakeholder survey and interviews and a review of information from secondary sources. The result of our case study shows that both the ecological dimension and the social dimension affect on the PES project and vice versa. These complex interactions could result in the design of a mechanism in which not all stakeholders benefit equally. This raises the need to recognise the multidimensional nature of water in the design and implementation of policies, and the importance of identifying processes and barriers which affect the success of these policies without making invisible the direct effect they also have on social-ecological systems.

Surface water quality and geogenic process in the quillcayhuanca and shallap streams, huaraz-Peru

This research developed because, given the evidence of previous studies, it is necessary to determine the chemical quality of the water in the Quillcayhuanca and Shallap streams, which surround the city of Huaraz on its way to the Santa River, on the western slope of the Cordillera Blanca in Peru. In this sense, the investigated area is located at altitudes between 3524 m.a.s.l. and 4174 m.a.s.l. Twenty-four surface water samples were collected and analyzed for anions, metal, and total cations at the INGEMMET laboratory, Geological, Mining, and Metallurgical Institute of Peru. Likewise, geological mapping was carried out to identify the mineralized and chemically altered areas, evidencing the significant presence of sulfides (pyrite). The waters of the streams have been characterized as magnesium calcium sulfate, with SO4= anion contents of up to 181.10 mg/L in the Quillcayhuanca stream and 78.8 mg/L in the Shallap stream. Likewise, for both streams, an oxidized acid environment has been determined. The oldest stratigraphic unit corresponds to shales and sandstones of the Upper Jurassic Chicama Formation. The igneous rocks are made up mostly of granodiorites and tonalites corresponding to the Batholith of the Cordillera Blanca from the Neogene-Miocene. The Quaternary is represented by glacial, glacial fluvial, morainic and fluvial deposits. Regarding the chemical quality of the water, some elements exceed the environmental quality standards (ECA) for "Surface water intended for the production of drinking water" such as Al, Fe, and Mn. These elements are due to geogenic factors, given the presence of sulfides in the exposed rocks in the upper parts of the ravine plus the alteration of aluminosilicates in the exposed rocks.

Valley–Mountain Circulation Associated with the Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation in the Tropical Andes (Santa River Basin, Peru)

The Cordillera Blanca (central Andes of Peru) represents the largest concentration of tropical glaciers in the world. The atmospheric processes related to precipitations are still scarcely studied in this region. The main objective of this study is to understand the atmospheric processes of interaction between local and regional scales controlling the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Santa River basin located between the Cordillera Blanca and the Cordillera Negra. The rainy season (December–March) of 2012–2013 is chosen to perform simulations with the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model, with two domains at 6 km (WRF-6 km) and 2 km (WRF-2 km) horizontal resolutions, forced by ERA5. WRF-2 km precipitation shows a clear improvement over WRF-6 km in terms of the daily mean and diurnal cycle, compared to in situ observations. WRF-2 km shows that the moisture from the Pacific Ocean is a key process modulating the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Santa River basin in interaction with moisture fluxes from the Amazon basin. In particular, a channeling thermally orographic flow is described as controlling the afternoon precipitation along the Santa valley. In addition, in the highest parts of the Santa River basin (in both cordilleras) and the southern part, maximum precipitation occurs earlier than the lowest parts and the bottom of the valley in the central part of the basin, associated with the intensification of the channeling flow by upslope cross-valley winds during mid-afternoon and its decrease during late afternoon/early night.

Modelling Snowmelt Runoff from Tropical Andean Glaciers under Climate Change Scenarios in the Santa River Sub-Basin (Peru)

Effects of climate change have led to a reduction in precipitation and an increase in temperature across several areas of the world. This has resulted in a sharp decline of glaciers and an increase in surface runoff in watersheds due to snowmelt. This situation requires a better understanding to improve the management of water resources in settled areas downstream of glaciers. In this study, the snowmelt runoff model (SRM) was applied in combination with snow-covered area information (SCA), precipitation, and temperature climatic data to model snowmelt runoff in the Santa River sub-basin (Peru). The procedure consisted of calibrating and validating the SRM model for 2005–2009 using the SRTM digital elevation model (DEM), observed temperature, precipitation and SAC data. Then, the SRM was applied to project future runoff in the sub-basin under the climate change scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. SRM patterns show consistent results; runoff decreases in the summer months and increases the rest of the year. The runoff projection under climate change scenarios shows a substantial increase from January to May, reporting the highest increases in March and April, and the lowest records from June to August. The SRM demonstrated consistent projections for the simulation of historical flows in tropical Andean glaciers.

Effects of Climate Change on the Surface Waters of the Santa River, La Rinconada - Ancash – Peru

The effect of climate change on the surface waters of the Santa River, the town center la Rinconada, Ancash, Peru, was assessed. Climate change was modeled between 2006 - 2015, through temperature, precipitation, and historical evapotranspiration versus surface waters based on water availability, and the best regression equations were selected. A validated survey of users of the Rinconada Irrigation Commission (CRR) was also taken. The best equation was exponential type for surface water and average precipitation. In contrast, for surface water and climate change the most appropriate was multiple linear regression. In relation to the survey, 83.33% strongly agree that they are concerned about climate change, and 81.37% agree that they are fully prepared for climate change caused by high temperatures. 27.5 % strongly disagree that the amount of water available in the canals has decreased because of climate change. It is concluded that it is possible to predict water availability in the face of the presence of climate change by applying regression users equations, and that there is concern of CRR users, in the face of the presence of climate change.

Quantifying the Landscape’s Ecological Benefits—An Analysis of the Effect of Land Cover Change on Ecosystem Services

The increasing pressure from land cover change exacerbates the negative effect on ecosystems and ecosystem services (ES). One approach to inform holistic and sustainable management is to quantify the ES provided by the landscape. Using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model, this study quantified the sediment retention capacity and water yield potential of different land cover in the Santee River Basin Network in South Carolina, USA. Results showed that vegetated areas provided the highest sediment retention capacity and lowest water yield potential. Also, the simulations demonstrated that keeping the offseason crop areas vegetated by planting cover crops improves the monthly ES provision of the landscape. Retaining the soil within the land area prevents possible contamination and siltation of rivers and streams. On the other hand, low water yield potential translates to low occurrence of surface runoff, which indicates better soil erosion control, regulated soil nutrient absorption and gradual infiltration. The results of this study can be used for landscape sustainability management to assess the possible tradeoffs between ecological conservation and economic development. Furthermore, the generated map of ES can be used to pinpoint the areas where ES are best provided within the landscape.

Adsorption of lead and iron present in the waters of the Santa River using titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) [Adsorción de plomo y hierro presentes en aguas del río Santa utilizando nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio (TiO2)

The objective of the investigation was to determine adsorption of lead and iron in waters coming from the Santa River, Recuay jurisdiction, Ancash. Then the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) was carried out by means of ultrasound, and finally the adsorption of the metal ions present in these waters by means of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The results indicate that the iron was adsorbed by 92.69% (from 31.86 mg/L to 2.33 mg/L) and the lead was adsorbed by 79.58% (from 2.361 mg/L to 0.482 mg/L) using 600mg of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) and a treatment time of 60 minutes of treatment.

Characterisation of avocado and asparagus farms in the Chavimochic irrigation project in La Libertad, Peru

The Chavimochic irrigation project is one of the leading projects in Peru. In this project, irrigation water is derived from the Santa river to irrigate the valleys of Chao, Viru, and Moche, including desert zones between valleys. In this study, we aimed to characterise the Hass avocado and asparagus farms in desert areas of the Chavimochic irrigation project. Social, economic and environmental information was collected through structured surveys of 12 asparagus and 17 avocado farms. Four groups of asparagus farms and three groups of avocado farms were identified based on principal component and cluster analyses. Profitability of the avocado crop was higher than that of the asparagus crop, and irrigation caused more significant variability in the crop yield of avocado than that of asparagus. From the social perspective, the income of farm personnel was related to the level of education, and female personnel showed more participation in the Chavimochic irrigation project than in other agroecosystems of Peru.

Modelamiento del riesgo de inundación por la ocurrencia de descargas máximas del rio Santa, sector Challhua, Huaraz-Ancash

El objetivo es identificar las zonas expuestas a riesgo por inundación asociada a las ocurrencias de descargas máximas del río Santa en el sector Challhua, Huaraz.Mediante el método probabilístico de Gumbel, se determinó el caudal base y los caudales máximos en la zona de estudio para diferentes períodos de retorno (5, 10, 50, 100 y 200 años). Además, se determinaron los niveles de agua y las áreas de inundación a través de los programas HecRAS y HecGeoRAS, cuyos resultados oscilaron entre 371,49m2 para el caudal base y 1927,08m2 para un periodo de retorno de 200 años. Además, se determinaron que 91 viviendas y 18 módulos de mercado presentan vulnerabilidad muy alta, 91 viviendas y 20 módulos de mercado vulnerabilidad alta, 94 viviendas vulnerabilidad media y 91 viviendas vulnerabilidad baja. La superposición de las áreas de inundación y el mapa de vulnerabilidad determinó el riesgo, encontrándose que el 8,2 % de viviendas y el 47,4 % de módulos de mercado están en riesgo muy alto, el 41,4 % de viviendas, el 52,6 % de módulos de mercado y el 100 % de infraestructura deportiva están en riesgo alto, mientras que el 25,6 % de viviendas se encuentran en riesgo medio y el 24,8 % de viviendas en riesgo bajo

Two Charlestonians at War: The Civil War Odysseys of a Lowcountry Aristocrat and a Black Abolitionist by Barbara L. Bellows

Reviewed by: Two Charlestonians at War: The Civil War Odysseys of a Lowcountry Aristocrat and a Black Abolitionist by Barbara L. Bellows Edwin C. Breeden Two Charlestonians at War: The Civil War Odysseys of a Lowcountry Aristocrat and a Black Abolitionist. By Barbara L. Bellows. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2018. Pp. xiv, 330. $38.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-6909-4.) Barbara L. Bellows's biography of two nineteenth-century Charlestonians stems from a single conversation her subjects shared in circumstances rich with historical irony: a free man of color, born in Charleston, South Carolina, and [End Page 458] now a Union soldier, guarding a member of one of the Lowcountry's leading white families, now a Confederate prisoner of war on Morris Island. Using that chance encounter as a starting point, Bellows crafts a personalized story of how two natives of the cradle of secession navigated different yet intersecting paths through disunion, Civil War, and Reconstruction. Born a free person of color in 1823, Joseph Barquet worked as a mason in Charleston until the late 1840s, when he left for New York after serving in South Carolina's Palmetto Regiment during the U.S.-Mexican War. Barquet eventually settled in Illinois and became an outspoken advocate for abolition and equality for all black Americans. When the United States government allowed African Americans to volunteer for military service in 1863, Barquet joined the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, returning to fight in his native Charleston, including in the famed 1863 assault on Morris Island's Battery Wagner. After the war, Barquet was active in Illinois Republican politics but became frustrated and disillusioned as the party increasingly embraced the politics of white supremacy. Barquet had returned to Morris Island to serve as prison guard in 1864, when he encountered Bellows's second subject, Thomas Pinckney. Born into one of South Carolina's most influential Revolutionary-era families in 1828, Pinckney studied as a physician but was more eager to manage the family's plantations along the Santee River than to pursue medicine. When war came, Pinckney, a skeptic of secession, captained an independent home guard unit that was later consolidated into the Fourth South Carolina Cavalry. After participating in the failed Confederate challenge to the Combahee River raid, Pinckney's regiment was ordered to Virginia, where he was taken prisoner and eventually transferred to the Union prison on Morris Island. Unlike Barquet, Pinckney remained generally aloof from Reconstruction politics and instead focused on establishing a new work order for the family's Santee plantations, bargaining with freedpeople and working with other planters to ensure continued white control of the post-emancipation world. By her own admission, Bellows uses "old-fashioned storytelling" that prioritizes narrative over systematic analysis (p. 9). Frequently, she humanizes her subjects by ascribing thoughts or emotions that, however plausible, also go beyond the documentary record. Most such instances are well crafted and reasonable, while others test readers' patience, such as an unsourced description of Barquet being "mesmerized" (p. 31). Perhaps most frustrating is that only Pinckney's account of the two men's Morris Island encounter remains, a limitation that Bellows acknowledges. No single thesis fuels the book, though Bellows does argue that her subjects' lives illustrate the inherent contingency of history, as well as the more specific complexities of Civil War history. However true, more incisive insights probably would have resulted from an analytical approach that maximized the comparative potential of the book's dual biography format. Regardless, that is not the book Bellows aimed to write, and what she has written is a fine example of southern biography that deftly weaves together military, social, and political history. Barquet's struggle for personal and communal security—before and after the war, and in and out of the South—provides a deeply personal glimpse of white supremacy's lasting and sprawling impact, the poignancy of which is amplified by Barquet's service in [End Page 459] perhaps the most famed African American military unit. Pinckney was committed to preserving that racist order, yet his story still possesses its own sympathetic threads. One of the book's most engaging themes is Pinckney's recurring failure to live...

Nature's Return: An Environmental History of Congaree National Park by Mark Kinzer

Reviewed by: Nature's Return: An Environmental History of Congaree National Park by Mark Kinzer T. Robert Hart Nature's Return: An Environmental History of Congaree National Park. By Mark Kinzer. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2017. Pp. xvi, 308. $39.99 ISBN 978-1-61117-766-4) Located southeast of Columbia, South Carolina, Congaree National Park has never attracted the visitor numbers associated with larger, more recognizable parks such as Yellowstone or Yosemite. Likewise, historians have overlooked the park, despite its role in preserving the largest remaining stand of old-growth floodplain forest on the East Coast. The first monograph on Congaree National Park, Nature's Return: An Environmental History of Congaree National Park, provides a welcome addition to the historiography of national parks and American environmental history. Moving chronologically, author Mark Kinzer traces the history of human impact on the area now known as Congaree National Park. The Native American presence was light and seasonal, Kinzer notes, with the most intensive activity coming during the Mississippian era and in the form of firing the forests to remove underbrush and drive game. Colonial Americans raised livestock and cut cordwood during the eighteenth century; they also grew indigo, corn, cotton, and rice. As Kinzer argues, however, plantation agriculture was never intensive because of the precarious nature of planting crops in a floodplain. Relying heavily on estate sales, deeds, plats, and ledger books, Kinzer demonstrates that Congaree plantations served primarily as auxiliary enterprises for Lowcountry elites interested in supplying their more lucrative lands near the coast. Two planters, James Adams Sr. and William Weston III, attempted to reclaim the swamp but failed, leaving only some old dikes as a legacy. Kinzer devotes the last two of his eight chapters to the impact of industrial logging on the park. Though some South Carolinians (most notably James A. Peterkin) conducted small-scale timber operations along the Congaree River during the late nineteenth century, heavy logging came with Francis Beidler's arrival in the 1890s. A wealthy lumber magnate from Chicago, Beidler formed the Santee River Cypress Company with partner B. F. Ferguson to harvest old-growth bald cypress on the Santee and Congaree Rivers. Having halted its operation after World War I, the Beidler family began logging its Congaree lands again in the late 1960s. This move sparked a grassroots movement to save the Congaree forest. Surprisingly, Kinzer devotes minimal attention to this movement, which led to the creation of Congaree Swamp National Monument in 1976, redesignated Congaree National Park in 2003. Kinzer's failure to include the post-1960s history of the park is perhaps the one weakness of this otherwise well-researched and detailed study of Congaree National Park's human and environmental past. General readers may find the meticulous attention to land use and property transactions tedious, but Kinzer makes clear that this material is not simply academic. The National Park Service Organic Act tasked the National Park Service (NPS) with preserving nature "unimpaired," but how can this goal be best accomplished in a park that has a [End Page 137] history of human impact? Moreover, how can the NPS determine whether historic disturbances were the result of human or natural forces? These are the questions that inform Nature 's Return. And for this reason, Kinzer balances archival research with tree-ring and soil studies, forestry reports, and personal observations to provide answers. The evidence is not always clear, Kinzer admits, but he argues that natural disturbance has contributed more to the Congaree's forest composition than has human disturbance, and visitors looking for a "window onto the past" are likely to find one, even if "it is one with a number of wavy and clouded panes" (p. 192). T. Robert Hart University of North Carolina Wilmington Copyright © 2019 The Southern Historical Association

Two Charlestonians at War: The Civil War Odysseys of a Lowcountry Aristocrat and a Black Abolitionist by Barbara L. Bellows

Reviewed by: Two Charlestonians at War: The Civil War Odysseys of a Lowcountry Aristocrat and a Black Abolitionist by Barbara L. Bellows Jeff Strickland (bio) Two Charlestonians at War: The Civil War Odysseys of a Lowcountry Aristocrat and a Black Abolitionist. By Barbara L. Bellows. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2018. Pp. 344. Cloth, $38.00.) Barbara L. Bellows has written an innovative dual biography that tells the story of two native Charlestonians, a free black abolitionist and a white planter aristocrat, who fought on opposite sides during the Civil War. Sergeant Joseph Humphries Barquet fought with the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Infantry, and Captain Thomas Pinckney served in the Fourth South Carolina Calvary. Barquet had left Charleston in 1848 and did not meet Pinckney until Barquet was stationed as a guard on Morris Island in 1864, when Pinckney was imprisoned on the island. The book is exceptionally well written, and Bellows clearly has a broad audience in mind. Bellows tells their stories in alternating chapters, beginning with Joseph Barquet. In 1823, Barquet was born to a French-speaking free black father, John Pierre Barquet, from St. Domingo and a mixed-race mother, Barbara Barquet, the daughter of a slave, Peggy, and Adam Tunno, a white Charleston merchant. The young Barquet trained as a brick mason, a familiar trade for free blacks in Charleston. In his youth, he identified as French, thereby taking advantage of Charleston’s moderate racial fluidity. In 1846, Barquet volunteered for service in the war with Mexico. In 1848, the Palmetto regiment disbanded and Barquet returned to Charleston, but he soon left for New York. In 1850, Barquet inherited money and moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and he found work as a bricklayer that summer. By fall, he had relocated to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. During the 1850s, Barquet increasingly identified as black and began working as an abolitionist. In Wisconsin he gave a well-received antislavery speech that condemned the Fugitive Slave Act. In 1852, Barquet moved yet again, this time to Chicago, where he continued his antislavery activism. In 1855, Barquet moved his wife, Maria, and their first child to Galesburg, Illinois. In April 1863, he enlisted in the army and joined Company H of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Infantry. In July, Barquet saw action in the South Carolina Sea Islands, including the assault on Battery Wagner. Bellows [End Page 481] offers a fantastic account of the battle. Next, Barquet participated in the Battle of Olustee, another Union defeat. On February 27, 1865, Barquet and the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts received a hero’s welcome from black Charlestonians upon liberating their city from Confederate control—and slavery. Following the war, Barquet struggled with financial difficulties, some stemming from alcoholism exacerbated by his wartime experiences. All the while, he remained politically active on behalf of African Americans and the Republican Party. In 1877, Barquet moved to Davenport, Iowa, and he died of alcoholism in 1880. Thomas Pinckney was born in 1828 to C. Cotesworth Pinckney and Caroline Elliott Pinckney, both children of wealthy planter aristocrats. In 1832, Cotesworth Pinckney assumed the management of Eldorado Plantation when his half-brother Edward Rutledge died that year. The rice plantation sat on the South Santee River, forty miles north of Charleston. Thomas Pinckney enrolled in the University of Virginia in 1846. Two years later, he enrolled in the Medical College of South Carolina in Charleston, and he graduated by 1850. He then continued his training at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. Pinckney soon returned to Eldorado Plantation, where he learned plantation management from his father. Undoubtedly, slaves there were brutalized for any number of offenses, including low productivity, but Bellows ignores slave punishment. In January 1861, Pinckney began raising a company to protect his plantation district. Eventually, his company joined Major Edward Manigault’s regiment stationed at McClellanville. In late 1862, Pinckney’s Saint James Mounted Riflemen became Company D of the Fourth South Carolina Calvary commanded by Colonel Benjamin Huger Rutledge. Initially, Fourth South Carolina was stationed at Pocotaligo, near Port Royal. In March 1864, the regiment formed part of a new brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia. In May, Pinckney had made it to...

Satellite SAR interferometry for the improved assessment of the state of activity of landslides: A case study from the Cordilleras of Peru

In Peru landslides have been causing damages and casualties annually due to the high mountain relief and distinct seasonal precipitation distribution. Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry represents one possibility for mapping surface deformation at fine spatial resolution over large areas in order to characterize aspects of terrain motion and potentially hazardous processes. We present land surface motion maps derived from satellite SAR interferometry (InSAR) for a part of the Santa River Basin between the Cordilleras Blanca and Negra around the city of Carhuaz in Peru. Using both Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and differential SAR Interferograms (DInSAR) from ALOS-1 PALSAR-1, ENVISAT ASAR, ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 and Sentinel-1 we mapped 42 landslides extending over 17,190,141 m2 within three classes of activity (i.e. 0–2 cm/a, 2–10 cm/a and >10 cm/a). A geomorphological inventory of landslides was prepared from optical satellite imagery and field experience and compared to the InSAR-based slope-instability inventory. The two approaches provide slightly different information about landslide spatial and temporal activity patterns, but altogether they can be combined for the assessment of the state of activity of landslides and possibly the development of hazard maps, which are not systematically available in this region. We conclude that ALOS PALSAR (1 and 2) and Sentinel-1 data have a high potential to derive high-quality surface deformation information of landslides in many mountainous regions worldwide due to their global and frequent acquisition strategies.