Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy Method Research Articles

Experimental and theoretical investigation on the SR method grown semi-organic Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate Monohydrate (PTZM) single crystal for optoelectronic applications

Efficient semi organic nonlinear optical (NLO) Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate monohydrate (PTZM) [C4H12N2][ZnCL4]·H2O single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method using water as solvent. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis reveals the unit cell parameters of the grown crystal. The morphology of the grown crystal was identified by the single crystal XRD analysis. The electrical properties, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and piezoelectric (d33) coefficient were determined. The etch pit density of PTZM crystal has been calculated by using the chemical etching analysis. The laser damage threshold (LDT) analysis was investigated by Nd: YAG laser and the wavelength of laser is 1064 nm. The mechanical stability of the grown PTZM crystal was studied using Vickers microhardness measurement. Utilizing quantum chemical calculations, the PTZM compound is analyzed for vibrational properties, HOMO and LUMO characteristics, NBO interactions, and the determination of first-order hyperpolarizability. The nonlinear susceptibility and first-order hyperpolarizability results provide compelling evidence and affirm the PTZM molecule’s potential as a strong candidate for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications.

Directional growth of 2-ethylimidazolium d-tartrate crystal along (001) and investigation of optical properties for optical limiting applications

A single crystal of 2-Ethylimidazolium d-Tartrate (2EIMDT) was grown along the preferred direction of (001) by the Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy method. The growth direction was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction analysis. The optical homogeneity and the defect analysis of the grown crystal were carried out using birefringence interferometry, Williamson-Hall plot, and chemical etching. They revealed that the grown crystal possesses good optical and crystalline quality. Using the optical transmission spectrum, the optical band gap and Urbach energy were estimated to be 5.1 eV and 140 meV, respectively. The temperature dependence of the refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient were measured using the prism coupling technique for different wavelengths. The thermo-optic coefficient was found to be negative with values ∼10−5/°C. The laser damage threshold was estimated to be 6.5 GW/cm2 for a 1064 nm laser. Vickers micro-hardness study revealed that the (001) plane of the crystal is characterized by Meyer's index of 1.93. From the Z-scan measurement, it was found that the grown crystal exhibits two-photon absorption characteristics and the obtained imaginary parts of the third-order nonlinear optical (TONLO) susceptibility is 1.95 × 10−14 esu. Additionally, the onset optical limiting threshold was estimated to be 3.89 × 1012 W/m2 which indicates the potential of 2EIMDT for optical limiting applications.

Comparative investigation on slow evaporation solution technique and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method semi-organic Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate Monohydrate (PTCZM) single crystal for optoelectronic applications

Comparative investigation on slow evaporation solution technique and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method semi-organic Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate Monohydrate (PTCZM) single crystal for optoelectronic applications

Study of the Crystalline Perfection, Homogeneity, Chemical Etching on the Surface, and Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of (1 1 0) Oriented Hydroxyethylammonium D‐Tartrate Monohydrate Single Crystal and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis

AbstractThe single crystal of hydroxyethylammonium D‐tartrate monohydrate (HEDT) is grown along the (1 1 0) plane using the Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy method. The powder X‐ray diffraction and the high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction analyses are used to corroborate the growth plane and perfection of the crystallinity, respectively. The birefringence experiment has proven crystalline homogeneity and estimated birefringence value (Δn) is 0.109. The surface morphology of the grown crystal is examined by chemical etching analysis and irregular hillock patterns are found. The transmittance for the (1 1 0) plane of the HEDT is inspected by a UV‐Vis analysis. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the HEDT crystal is 1.7 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). The third‐order nonlinear optical (TONLO) properties of the grown HEDT crystal are scrutinized by the Z‐scan experiment. The estimated TONLO susceptibility of HEDT crystal is 6.827 × 10−8 esu. The laser damage threshold value of HEDT is discovered to be 5.24 GW cm−2. The 3D Hirshfeld surface visualizes the interaction between HEDT molecules and analyzes the distance from the surface of the molecule to the farthest and the nearest atom. The important contributions of crystal packing are explored by 2D‐fingerprint plots.

A comparative study of 4-chloro 3-nitro benzophenone crystals grown by slow evaporation solution and Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy methods

A comparative study of 4-chloro 3-nitro benzophenone crystals grown by slow evaporation solution and Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy methods

Growth of large size Triphenylphosphine Oxide 4-Nitrophenol (TP4N) single crystal by Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method for third order nonlinear optical applications

The bulk size organic Triphenylphosphine Oxide 4-Nitrophenol (TP4N) single crystal was grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method. Transparent, yellow color 〈011〉 oriented bulk size single crystal with 170 mm length and 15 mm diameter was grown by SR method. The various (hkl) planes of the SR-grown TP4N crystal were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The crystalline perfection of the SR grown TP4N single crystal was analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurement. The optical quality of SR-grown TP4N single crystal was analyzed by UV–Vis NIR. The dislocation density of SR grown TP4N crystal has been investigated by etching studies. The laser damage threshold (LDT) of the SR grown TP4N crystal was analyzed by Q-switched Nd: YAG laser of wavelength 532 nm. The optical homogeneity of TP4N was determined by the birefringence interferometry technique. The refractive index value of SR grown TP4N crystal was calculated by Brewster's angle measurement. The nonlinear refractive index (n2), absorption coefficient (β) and third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) were studied using Z-scan technique.

Investigation on the bulk crystal growth, crystalline perfection, refractive index and piezoelectric properties of borate single crystals for piezoelectric and electro-optic applications

Low solubility potassium pentaborate tetrahydrate (KB5), ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate (AB5) and mixed (KAB5) single crystals have been grown by the Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method. The crystal structures and space groups have been confirmed by powder XRD analysis. The direction of the grown crystal was confirmed by the back reflection X-ray Laue pattern. The crystalline perfection (CP) of the crystals have been evaluated using HRXRD studies. The transmittance spectra of the grown crystals were recorded by UV–Vis-NIR transmission studies showing that all the crystals have 90% transmittance in the entire visible region and found that the crystals' cut off wavelengths were below 200 nm. The optical studies such as refractive index (RI) and birefringence interferometry (BI) were reported. The RI for five different wavelengths of KB5, AB5 and KAB5 crystals were analyzed using the prism coupling method (PCM). Electromechanical behavior of the grown crystals was observed using piezoelectric coefficient (d33) measurement. Vickers Microhardness (VMH) measurement carried out at 30 °C shows increased hardness as the load increases.

FTIR spectral analysis of glycine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate crystals doped with Glycine (GADP) has been grown by slow evaporation method, Rotation method and Sankaranarayanan - Ramasamy (SR) methods with different molar concentration. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies have been investigated on the as grown GADP crystals. The FTIR spectrum shows the interaction between ADP and the dopant by the additional peaks which corresponds to the functional groups of Glycine. The standard spectrum statistics of FTIR confirms the presence of all the functional groups. The spectrum for ADP crystals doped with Glycine grown by Rotation and SR methods have similar peaks with slight variation as that of conventional slow evaporation method grown Glycine doped ADP crystals.

Determination of SHG deff by Maker fringes studies on unidirectional grown guanidinium chlorochromate single crystal for NLO device applications

Optically good-quality, organometallic bulk single crystal of guanidinium chlorochromate (GCC) was fruitfully grown by Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method. Translucent (− 1 − 1 2) aligned unidirectional bulk single crystals of diameter 20 mm and length maximum up to 48 mm were grown over the growth period of 23 days with growth rate of 1 mm/day by the SR method. Optical studies reveal very high transmission of the crystal along the growth axis. Microhardness measurement along the growth axis enounces high mechanical stability of the crystal. Laser damage threshold value of 1.11 GW/cm2 has been determined using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser radiation for GCC single crystal and reported for the first time. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of GCC crystal was investigated by the SHG Maker fringes technique. The refractive index and birefringence value of GCC crystal were found.

Investigation on the growth rate, crystalline perfection, refractive index, Z-scan and electrical characteristics of Z- cut imidazolium l-tartrate single crystal

Abstract Single crystal of imidazolium l -tartrate (IMLT) was grown by the Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy method. The IMLT crystal system and space group were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. X-ray Laue back reflection has been used to find out the orientations of the grown crystals. HRXRD studies revealed that the grown crystal shows good crystalline perfection with full-width-at-half-maximum ~23 arc-s. The UV–Vis–NIR studies show that the grown crystal has good transmission in the entire visible region. The refractive index (RI) and relative birefringence were measured for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Refractive index measurement was done by the prism coupling method. The observed variation of RI and birefringence (Δn) along principal directions depict IMLT belongs to a biaxial crystal system. Birefringence interferometry shows that the grown crystal has good refractive index homogeneity. The temperature dependent pyroelectric coefficients of IMLT have been determined. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the IMLT crystal such as absorption coefficient (β), refractive index (n2) and the third order NLO susceptibility (χ(3)) have been analyzed by Z-scan measurement at 632.8 nm wavelength. Laser damage threshold (LDT) value of the SR method grown crystal has been determined at 532 nm by using a nanosecond second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser. Dislocation density of the SR method grown IMLT crystal was calculated by chemical etching studies. The IMLT crystal grown from the SR method has been found to have high laser damage stability, high piezoelectric coefficient and low dislocation density.

Effect of xylenol orange on the crystalline perfection, optical, piezoelectric and NLO behavior of unidirectionally grown imidazolium L-Tartrate single crystal

Pure and 0.1 mol% Xylenol orange (XO) doped Imidazolium L-tartrate (IMLT) nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystals were grown using Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method of uniaxial solution crystallization technique. The pure IMLT crystal is 100 mm in length and 15 mm in diameter. The doped IMLT crystal is 25 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter. UV–Vis-NIR spectrum shows that the pure and XO doped IMLT crystals' cut off wavelength is 235 nm. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurement and birefringence interferometry confirm that the SR method grown crystal has good crystalline perfection and optical homogeneity. The wavelength dependent refractive index and piezoelectric d33 coefficient were measured. The difference refractive index (Δn) of (100) plane in parallel and perpendicular directions shows a strong dependence on wavelength. The dielectric constant, hardness and SHG conversion efficiency were also increased as a result of XO dye doping in IMLT crystal.

A Study on Spectral and Morphological Analysis on Unidirectional Neodymium Doped KDP Single Crystal

A nonlinear optical unidirectional <101> Single crystal of Neodymium doped Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP) was grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method. The <101> oriented seed crystals were mounted at the bottom of the glass ampoule and the crystal of 16mm diameter; 120mm length were grown by SR method. The laser damage threshold was measured using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) and was found to be 5.456 Gwcm-2 respectively.The presence of functional groups was examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The surface morphology and dislocations along <101> plane was observed using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Unidirectional seeded growth of l-Glutamic acid hydrobromide single crystal and its characterization

ABSTRACTl-Glutamic acid hydrobromide single crystals were grown by Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method for the first time. Seed crystals were prepared from the solvent evaporation technique. Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the crystal system and the cell parameters were determined. The TG/DTA analysis shows that the crystal is stable up to 200°C and further increase of temperature decomposition was observed. The crystal has a sharp cutoff around 230 nm and is transparent in the UV region. High-resolution XRD curve of 22 arc s FWHM shows the excellent crystallinity nature. Further, the Vicker's hardness test proved that the hardness of the crystal grown using SR method is found to be higher than the crystal grown with the conventional solution grown technique. Etching studies were performed to find the growth pattern and the results are presented and discussed in detail.

Evaluation of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of D−π–A Type 2-Amino-5-Nitropyridinium Dihydrogen Phosphate (2A5NPDP) Single Crystal Grown by the Modified Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) Method for Terahertz Generation

We report the growth process and linear and nonlinear optical characterization of high quality improvised semiorganic 2A5NPDP single crystal using the modified SR method for the first time. The maj...

Investigation on the impact of xylenol orange dye on the growth and properties of unidirectional grown KDP crystals for photonic applications

Unidirectional (1 0 1) bulk size xylenol orange dye-doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals were grown by Vacuum Assisted Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy method so as to improve the properties of the crystal. The objective is to study the impact of organic dyes on properties of the crystal and understand how it could be used for relevant applications. Optical transmission decreases and thermal properties remain the same for the dye-doped crystals whereas the addition of dye improves mechanical, dielectric and photoconduction properties. On comparison, a stronger absorption is identified at 480 nm for the dye-doped crystal. Laser damage threshold confirms that 0.01 M dye-doped crystal has the value 12.40 GW/cm2 as compared to 8.59 GW/cm2 for pure crystal, whilst, second harmonic efficiency as observed by Kurtz test decreases on increasing dye concentration such that crystals of pure, 0.001 M and 0.01 M dye-doped have the respective values of 26.4 mV, 18.1 mV and 17.6 mV.

Growth of high-quality organic single crystal of 2-aminopyridinium 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol (2AP4N) by a novel Rotational Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (RSR) method

The good quality 2-aminopyridinium 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol (2AP4N) single crystals have been grown by (i) Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method and (ii) Rotational Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (RSR) method. The effect of rotation on unidirectional crystal growth method (RSR) has been reported for the first time. The apparatus was specially designed and developed for the growth of high-quality crystals by slow cooling under rotational conditions. The high-quality crystals have been achieved under forced convection and the quality of the crystal is compared to the crystals grown under free convection conditions. The crystal structure was analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) measurement. The grown crystal was subjected to the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis to confirm the growth direction along (0 0 1) plane. The optical quality of the grown crystals has been analyzed by UV–Vis NIR spectrophotometer. It confirms that the grown crystal is highly transparent in the visible and near IR region. The photoluminescence behaviour was recorded in the wavelength region between 450 and 700 nm. It confirms that the grown crystal has emission at 500 nm. The electro-optical properties of the grown crystal were analyzed by photoconductivity measurement and it has positive photoconductivity nature. The grown crystal has less dislocation densities as confirmed by chemical etching analysis. The mechanical strength was investigated by Vickers microhardness tester. The frequency dependent dielectric properties of the crystals were investigated. The laser damage threshold (LDT) was measured for both SR and RSR method grown crystals. The full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) curves indicate that the grown crystal has high crystalline perfection. The results obtained from the SR and RSR method grown 2AP4N crystals were compared. The RSR method grown crystal has higher optical transparency, higher photoluminescence, higher photoconductivity, higher mechanical strength, higher laser damage threshold, higher crystalline perfection, less dislocation density, low dielectric loss and low full with at half maximum (FWHM). The second harmonic generation (SHG) of 2AP4N was analyzed by Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The SHG efficiency was found to be 4.5 times that of reference KDP material. The above studies reveal that the RSR method grown crystals are more useful for device applications.

Some structural, linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of single KDP crystals influenced by EDTA additive

Single Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphates (KDP) crystals were successfully grown in pure and 1 mol% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) added KDP solutions by Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy method. Their growth was oriented in type I phase-matching direction which is one of two conditions of maximum second harmonic generation efficiency. The elemental compositions of the crystals were determined by EDX analysis. The UV–Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, X-Ray diffraction, and second harmonic generation studies have been carried out in order to assess the influence of EDTA additive on quality of KDP crystal. EDTA can improve the structural perfection and optical characteristics of the crystal. Especially, this additive helps increase second harmonic generation efficiency of KDP crystal, which is very useful for frequency doublers.

Vacuum‐Assisted Technique to Modify the SR Method for Unidirectional Crystal Growth

AbstractThe design and fabrication of a vacuum‐assisted Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method is reported by making modifications in the original SR setup for the growth of bulk single crystals with selective orientation at room temperature using volatile solvents. Utilizing this technique, the growth of bulk‐sized and technologically important single crystals, such as KDP, TGS, ADP, and benzophenone, is demonstrated. The powder XRD patterns of the grown crystals are obtained so as to confirm the growth plane of each crystal. UV–visible spectra show good transparency in the entire visible region for the grown crystals. The crystalline perfection of the grown crystals is analyzed using HRXRD. This handy and cost‐effective technique will pave the way for the growth of single crystals satisfying the requirements of the photonic industry.

Bulk Growth, Structural and Optical Properties of Pure and Doped 1, 3, 5-Triphenylbenzene Crystal by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy method for Scintillator Applications

Bulk Growth, Structural and Optical Properties of Pure and Doped 1, 3, 5-Triphenylbenzene Crystal by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy method for Scintillator Applications

Investigation of Some Properties of KDP Single Crystals Grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) Method

Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphates (KDP) crystal has been studied since the early 1930s. It has many important applications, such as the electro-optic modulator, Q-switches, the ultrasonic transducer, the shutter for high-speed photography, frequency doubling and high power laser frequency conversion for fusion research. In response to these applications, the high-quality KDP single crystals are required. The common method of KDP crystal growth is the lowering of the temperature of saturated KDP solution which is held in a cylindrical tank. The disadvantage of this method is the spontaneous appearance of crystalline clusters at the bottom of the tank which retard the growth of the main crystal. Since the 2010s, Sankaranarayanan and Ramasamy have proposed a new method of growing crystal by designing the Y-shaped solution tank. In this study, the KDP single crystals were grown by the Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method. These crystals have better quality, fewer defects, higher hardness and density, and especially material saving compared to ones from the conventional method.