Sanitation In Rural Areas Research Articles

Rural Sanitation and The Challenges For Universalization: Evaluation of The Municipalities of Brejo Grande And Ilha Das Flores in Baixo São Francisco Sergipano

Purpose: To evaluate basic sanitation in the cities of Brejo Grande/SE and Ilha das Flores/SE, located in the Lower São Francisco region of Sergipe, through a case study on already implemented public policies, highlighting water supply, sewage collection, and treatment. Theoretical Framework: Implementing basic sanitation in rural areas constitutes a significant political and social challenge. Analyzing and understanding the current dynamics of the rural world, with all its new peculiarities, is fundamentally important for defining public policies aimed at sustainable and healthy rural development. The pursuit of universalizing sanitation services is a commendable goal of the new regulatory framework, aligning with the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. Method: Hypothetical-deductive approach and case study focused on the structural conditions of sanitation in the municipalities of Brejo Grande/SE and Ilha das Flores/SE, and the effectiveness perspectives of federal legislation for the universalization of sanitation. Results and Discussion: In recent years, the municipalities of Brejo Grande/SE and Ilha das Flores/SE have witnessed significant governmental efforts to achieve the universalization of basic sanitation. These governmental actions have been crucial for improving the living and health conditions of the population, as well as for promoting sustainable development in these communities. Implications of the research: The research results indicate that the studied municipalities show deficiencies in the provision of basic sanitation, especially in rural areas. Originality/Value: The results suggest that effective management of basic sanitation, not only in Brejo Grande/SE and Ilha das Flores/SE but in general, requires careful planning to achieve universalization. It is essential for public managers to recognize basic sanitation as a fundamental human right, going beyond mere water supply and including its other dimensions.

Rural integrated sanitation assessment at community level in Chongqing, China—A cluster analysis

Equitable access to sanitation for all is a goal of sustainable development, notably in rural areas. However, studies including economic, socio-cultural, and other factors that have been conducted to comprehensively assess rural sanitation at the community level in developing countries are limited. This study aimed to investigate the current state of rural environmental sanitation on the community level and to evaluate the characteristics of the diverse sub-clusters. A multidimensional environmental sanitation survey was conducted on 400 communities in Chongqing, China in 2020, and the priority options for improving sub-clusters’ sanitation were explored using cluster analysis. Among all communities, more than 60 % had positive village appearance, 50.50 % had domestic sewage treatment, and the coverage rate of household sanitary toilets was 72.28 %. The average content for lead, cadmium (Cd), and chromium in soil was 26.01, 0.53, and 54.47 mg/kg, respectively. The communities were clustered into 3 groups (I, II, III) based on similar characteristics including basic information, village appearance, water, sanitation, hygiene management, bio-vector control, and soil pollution. The proportion of cluster I, II, and III was 39.25 % (157/400), 31.75 % (127/400), and 29.00 % (116/400), respectively. Each cluster had its sanitation characteristics, and significant differences among the sub-clusters were observed in Cd of soil (p = 0.001), domestic sewage disposal ratio (p < 0.001), and environmental health funding (p = 0.001). To sum up, the environmental sanitation in rural areas of Chongqing was better than that of the national average in China, but the Cd content of farmland soil was higher. Our study provides novel evidence for assessing the characteristics of rural sanitation at the community level, and communities with similar environmental health status were clustered into the same group, while the heterogeneity of different sub-cluster was thoroughly characterized. The hierarchical control strategy should be performed in communities based on different characteristics and deficiencies of the clusters to improve environmental sanitation.

Improving water security and sanitation in rural areas: comparative evaluation of TiO2 and photo-Fenton processes for rural wastewater treatment and reuse

Improving water security and sanitation in rural areas: comparative evaluation of TiO2 and photo-Fenton processes for rural wastewater treatment and reuse

Desain Prototype dan Implementasi Sistem Informasi Pencatatan Meter Air (SICAIR)

Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat (PAMSIMAS) aims to improve access to and quality of drinking water and sanitation in rural areas. However, the manual management of water meter readings and billing by Kelompok Pengelola Sarana Prasarana Air Minum Sanitasi (KPSPAMS) Tirto Wening, Samirono Village, has led to issues with accuracy and timeliness of water bills. Therefore, this research aims to design a water meter recording system. The system design scope includes recording water meters, calculating bills, processing payments, and generating water usage reports. The development method employs a prototype approach with the Bootstrap framework. The resulting system, named SICAIR, provides accurate billing and water usage reports that meet user needs. SICAIR offers a solution to PAMSIMAS management issues related to the accuracy of meter readings and the timeliness of water bill generation in Samirono Village.

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION TANK (TVAP)

The following work presents a proposal for rural, sustainable, economic development and aims to demonstrate the advantages of implementing an economically viable system to promote the treatment of domestic sewage in rural areas. This is an exploratory research, carried out from a literature review. The selected method consists of an evapotranspiration tank, which stands out from the others for its simplified feature for segregating black and gray water and for providing sewage treatment. Although it is still considered a rudimentary sewage collection system, the importance of developing proposals for these systems is highlighted, since rural effluents in most cases do not have a correct destination or reuse, generating a large environmental liability. Through reuse processes and the use of low-cost technologies, it is possible to make the effluents innovative products and even use them in the community itself, in order to enhance the organic cultivation of vegetables or forage plants to feed the ruminants of the property and with low production cost, as it is a simple and cheap solution for those farmers who do not have many resources on their property or around their water sources, something that, by the way, is very rare to find, especially in the northeastern semi-arid region. . With the lack of sanitation in rural areas, it is inevitable to obtain by-products and this work proved to be economically viable, with ease of implementation and maintenance accessible to the low-income population, in addition to being an ecologically correct alternative.

Safety index of individual basic sanitation systems in rural area

The safe access to water and sanitary sewer are human rights, and there is a lack of indexes which evidence if rural areas have safe access levels to these services and others which compose basic sanitation in Brazil. The goal of this work was to elaborate a safety index of rural sanitation at household level, and to apply it in three typologies of rural communities in the state of Goiás: rural settlements, quilombola and riparian communities. For such, the research was developed in five steps: 1) Choice of indicators and sub-indicators; 2) Definition of goals and hierarchical structure; 3) Attribution of due weight to the indicators and sub-indicators; 4) Formulation of the rural sanitation index (ISSRural); and 5) Evaluation of the safety level in 48 rural areas. The proposed ISSRural was composed of six indicators, of which four are associated to basic sanitation components, one is related to habitability conditions and one related to health issues. Four sanitation safe levels have been established, according to the ISSRural score level: Critical, unsafe, partially safe and safe, being that only the last one guarantees the existing sanitation services’ safety. Applying the index in 48 rural areas, none of the communities have reached the “safe” level for the ISSRural and only three areas have reached such level for at least one indicator, which was Rainwater Management. This work proposed an index which has evidenced the safety levels associated to basic sanitation in rural areas, from data at household level, and can be applied with the goal of prioritizing investments, plans and projects which may have greater impact in the population’s sanitation safety, as well as contributing to ensure the human right of access to water and sanitary sewer.

Study on household micro-mesh anerobic digester followed by vegetable garden fertilization for resources oriented sanitation of toilet and kitchen

The household three chamber anaerobic digester(3CAD)with its final products being used as fertilizers is the main way for harmless and resourceful treatment of traditional toilet liquids in rural China. When the residents changed their waterless toilets into water-flush toilets, the design volume of the existing 3CADs is far from meeting the requirements of the national mandatory standards regarding the hydraulic retention time (HRT). In this study, a multiple-step micro-mesh anaerobic digester (MMAD) was advanced, aiming to greatly shorten the HRT requirement of the anaerobic digestion. Based on health risk assessment and phytotoxicity assessment of the effluent, the feasibility of MMAD method was verified. According to the results of the comprehensive evaluations, the optimization of the setting parameters of the multi-step micro-meshes and the HRT of the digester were also obtained. Setting four-step micro-meshes with apertures of 150 μm,75 μm,50 μm and 5 μm along the water flow direction, the effluent quality obtained when the HRT is 10 days is as follows: the SS5 (>5 μm) was less than 0.5 mg L−1, representing that the effluent index of parasite eggs was qualified; the fecal coliform value of the effluent was greater than 10−4; the removal efficiency of SS and COD were 82.28% and 67.27%, which were much better than those of the 3CADs. After continuous operation for 236 days, the reactor showed no sign of clogging. The system with MMAD + vegetable garden fertilization can not only meet the needs of modern sanitation in rural areas at low cost, but also help to achieve the goal of carbon peak and neutrality, which are in line with the concept of sustainable development.

The Ganga River Water Pollution Status in India characterize with river Gomti

This article puts forward to provide the state of pollution of the Ganga River in India along with its tributaryriver Gomti. A lot of research works for monitoring and assessment ofGanga river water have been doneby many investigators in the past. With its pietism, Ganga River water is considered a great prominentriver in India so that people use the water to perform last rites to their loved ones. It is deteriorated due todischarge of untreated wastes, chemicals, heavy metals and sewage from Industries and Cities. This paperreveals governmental efforts toward river water preservation, not executed properly because of the apatheticapproach of people in our country. In India lack of sanitation in rural areas is also a major contributor ofriver water pollution. In the urban mega cities which are fast-growing- hotspots, pollution levels worsenalong the Ganga River including its tributary rivers. Some studies by CPCB reveal high BOD levels atdownstream, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels were high towards downstream at Haridwar,Kannauj, Kanpur and on peak at Varanasi but alarming is that, almost at all the stretches of Ganga riverand its tributaries, level of pollution is getting escalated. Alone Uttar Pradesh contributes 90% of Gangapollution so that it is chosen for further research including Gomti River a significant tributary of Ganga.Although there are many contributions of researchers in cleaning Ganga but structured and stringentmeasures for the environment are to be taken.

The National Rural Water and Sanitation Project (1985-1989) in Brazil: limits and potentials

In this article, the principles of the National Rural Water and Sanitation Project (PNSR), elaborated during the 1980s, are analyzed, discussing the advances and the limits reached in the development of rural water supply and sanitation in Brazil. The methodology used was an analysis of the content of documents and interviews with key actors. The results have demonstrated that the formulation of the PNSR promoted a new contribution of knowledge to the water and sanitation sector in Brazil, bringing innovations concerning the approach to water and basic sanitation in rural areas, especially relating to its integration with health, the processes of education and social participation, the decentralization of services, the use of appropriate technologies and community involvement in the management of services. Although it did not result in a government program, the legacy left by the PNSR has provided a great contribution in the form of studies, which are still relevant today.

Human Excreta and Food Waste of a Typical Rural Area in China: Characteristics and Co-Fermentation.

Human excreta (HE) and food waste (FW) are the primary contaminants in rural regions. Prior to treating these contaminants, mastering their properties is required. In this study, the characteristics of the HE leaving the body and FW leaving the kitchen to the subsequent respective fermentation were studied. Moreover, two kinds of co-fermentation processes for HE and FW were also investigated on the basis of mastering the properties. The results showed that, for a healthy adult, fresh feces, urine, and FW produced were about 163 g/cap/d (57.3 gCOD/cap/d), 1.6 L/cap/d (6.7 gN/cap/d), and 250 g/cap/d (35.0 gCOD/cap/d), respectively. In HE, about 75% of nitrogen and phosphorus were contained in urine. It takes at least three days for crushed FW discharged via water flushing to settle completely, and the COD removal efficiency after precipitation was around 75%. Mixing HE with FW after discharge, i.e., the initial unit of the process was 20% more efficient in fermentation than mixing after the respective pre-fermentation. This paper presents the characteristics of HE and FW and provides the optimized co-fermentation process, which provides technical support for the realization of environmental sanitation in rural areas.

Investigation on Drinking Water Quality and Environmental Sanitation in Rural Areas

Investigation on Drinking Water Quality and Environmental Sanitation in Rural Areas

The role of health surveillance in the management of water quality in rural properties in seven municipalities of the Region of Paraná

Sanitation in rural areas in Brazil is still very precarious, with deficits greater than in urban areas. In this sense, the central objective of this research is to evaluate the role of the Municipal Surveillance in the management of water quality in rural properties in the Midwestern region of Paraná, covering the beginning of the monitoring of water quality, the relationship of the Consolidation Ordinance No. 5 of 2017 of the Ministry of Health regarding the choices of parameters on potability indices in relation to the parameters analyzed in the Surveillance, the presence of outbreaks due to diseases arising from the consumption of contaminated water, the demand by residents and the partners who contribute to the realization of these activities. The data were obtained through the application of a semi-structured questionnaire, through the 11th Health Regional Office of Campo Mourão. It was presented that the municipalities have acted in the monitoring of water quality in an uneven way at the beginning of the activities, following the parameters of the Ordinance. The municipalities had demands and demands from residents and counted on the 11th Health Regional Office as the main partner in the monitoring support. Only Iretama presented an outbreak due to the consumption of contaminated water.

Poor awareness and attitudes to sanitation servicing can impede China's Rural Toilet Revolution: Evidence from Western China

The ongoing Toilet Revolution in China offers an opportunity to improve sanitation in rural areas by introducing new approaches, such as urine source separation, that can contribute to achieving SDG6. However, few studies have systematically assessed the social acceptability of managing human excreta collected in new sanitation systems. Therefore, in this study we performed face-to-face interviews with 414 local residents from 13 villages across three provinces in western China, to analyze the current situation and attitudes to possible changes in the rural sanitation service chain. We found that the sanitation chain was predominantly pit latrine-based, with 86.2% of households surveyed collecting their excreta in a simple pit, 82% manually emptying their pits, and 80.2% reusing excreta in agriculture without adequate pre-treatment. A majority (72%) of the households had a generally positive attitude to production of human excreta-derived fertilizer, but only 24% agreed that urine and feces should be collected separately. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that three factors (level of education, number of permanent household residents, perceived social acceptability) significantly influenced respondents' attitudes to reuse of excreta, although only perceived social acceptability had a high strength of association. Overall, our survey revealed that rural households often misuse toilet systems, fail to comply with government-specified sanitation guidelines, have low awareness of alternative solutions, and are over-reliant on the government to fix problems in the service chain. Thus while new sanitation technologies should be developed and implemented, information campaigns that encourage rural households to manage their excreta safely are also important.

Sanitation ladder and undernutrition among under-five children in Pakistan.

While the state of sanitation in Pakistan has improved in the last decade, a significant proportion of its population is still using inadequate sanitation or no toilet facility at all. Open defecation has decreased over the years; however, it has been replaced by poor quality sanitation in rural areas that might still cause diarrhoea and undernutrition. The research regarding inadequate sanitation in Pakistan, especially in terms of the sanitation ladder, remains limited. The present research thus fills this research gap by assessing the impact of different types of sanitation on the prevalence of stunting and underweight (moderate as well as severe) among under-five children in Pakistan using the nationally representative micro survey, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18). The sanitation ladder comprises of piped to sewer (highest level, base) followed by flush to septic tank, flush to pit latrine, other improved, unimproved sanitation, and open defecation. In order to estimate the adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios of the determinants, this research uses logistic regressions are used to estimate adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios of the determinants. We show that toilets connected to piped sewerage network are rare in the rural areas of Pakistan and a large segment of the rural population is still practicing open defecation. The logistic regressions show that piped sewerage network and flush to septic tanks are associated with lowest odds (both adjusted and unadjusted) of stunting and underweight among under-five children. In multivariate regressions, pit latrines are associated with even higher adjusted odds of severe and moderate and severe stunting as well as underweight among under-five children, showing that poor quality pit latrines may bring the source of faecal contamination to the doorstep of the households. Therefore, interventions targeting reduction in open defecation should promote good quality toilets for sustainable long-term improvements in child health.

DO BETTER INSTITUTIONS BROADEN ACCESS TO SANITATION IN SUB‐SAHARA AFRICA?

Inadequate access to sanitation remains a persistent issue in sub‐Saharan African countries, affecting children, women, and workers. We employ dynamic panel estimation to uncover the empirical relationship between institutions and access to sanitation in sub‐Sahara Africa. We find that control of corruption, regulatory quality, and voice and accountability increase access to sanitation. Moreover, a dichotomy exists between rural and urban areas in that efficient corruption control, rule of law, and government effectiveness facilitate access to sanitation in rural areas. However, only voice and accountability matter in urban areas. These findings generate important policy implications in achieving universal access to sanitation. (JEL D72, O55, O180, P16)

Determinants Sustainability Elimination of Open Defecation in Rural Areas: Case of Bouaflé Department (West Central of Côte d’Ivoire)

The department of Bouaflé is increasingly faced with health problems related to inadequate family sanitation. This situation creates high risks of high mortality and morbidity. In order to help significantly reduce these risks, EAA has initiated a project to promote family sanitation, ecological sanitation latrines (EcoSan) and the reuse of its by-products in agriculture in several villages in this department. The objective of this study is to assess the sustainability of ecological sanitation in rural areas in the said department. In order to achieve this objective, in addition to the literature review, this study was part of a mixed approach mobilizing related techniques and tools. The results obtained revealed that full latrine coverage and hand hygiene are not effective in all households.The factors contributing to the maintenance of the status of end of defecation in the open air in rural areas, especially the use of by-products in agriculture, are problematic. However, some of the households using the hygienized human excreta (HHE) show that crops fertilized by HHEs grow faster, the leaves of the plants are greener, have larger grains and fruits with a good taste when ripe. In addition, they control several pathogens, particularly Swollen Shoot in cocoa plantations.

IMPLICATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON RURAL WOMEN’S WELFARE: CASE OF UZBEKISTAN

Background. Lack of water supply and sanitation infrastructure in rural areas affects people’s health, welfare and living conditions, negatively impacts the rural environment, and can stall rural development and prosperity. Improving equitable and sustainable access to safe and improved water supply and sanitation in rural areas is therefore an important national development objective. This article presents to what extend the welfare level of the rural women in Uzbekistan correlates with socio-economic factors such as access to water supply and sanitation services in Uzbekistan. Methods. This article is based on comparative analysis of the gender aspects of welfare of rural women in Bukhara region. The gender aspects assessment of the water supply and sanitation sector identifies that rural women experience the unequal access to infrastructure in comparison with urban population and urban women. The utilizing of the concept of analysis based on identification of inequalities by going “beyond income, beyond averages and beyond today” demonstrates that there is no direct impact of the socio-economic factors on poverty rate of the family [1;6].

KOMUNIKASI PEMBANGUNAN, PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DAN MEDIA ONLINE PADA PROGRAM BERBAGI AIR DI DESA PASAREAN KABUPATEN BOGOR

This study discusses the problem of access related to clean water and sanitation in rural settlements that do not have clean water and sanitation facilities to meet their daily needs in Pasarean Village, Pamijahan District, Bogor Regency. Citizens' efforts in dealing with problems are also described in this study. The background and problems of this research are the lack of access to clean water and sanitation in rural areas due to geographical factors, such as the position of being in the hills, into clean water, and the distance to access to get distant water. So the clean water sharing program in the form of well drilling was carried out to solve the problem, which was assisted by PKPU donors from humanitarian agencies. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of participatory development communication in water sharing programs. This research method is a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques, namely participatory observation. The results of this study indicate that development communication runs in a participatory manner, whereby the community participates actively in every process of building clean water facilities starting from planning to utilizing development programs. The level of community participatory development communication can be seen at the level of community participation, where community participation is at the level of acting together, which means that in achieving the goal of meeting the needs of clean water facilities the community does not merely participate in making decisions, but also engages and establish partnerships in the implementation of the program.

Assessing Competency of Community Healthcare Workers

Background: Community healthcare workers (CHW) play an important role in preventive healthcare system in India. CHW link the community to the health system of the country. As the population in India covers majorly in village, community healthcare workers are the face of the healthcare. These CHW competencies are yet to be ascertained. Objectives: To determine standardized framework for competency of the Community healthcare workers in India. Methods: By using structured questionnaire with 5 point Likert scale is implemented to evaluate the competency of CHW. Respondents are 35 participants including Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA), Medical social worker and diabetes educator in and around Chennai. Findings: Suggested that community health workers are highly competent. More clarity in role of community healthcare workers is required. Government should initiate program to nurture the service quality of primary centers, equipment, manpower facility in health centers, etc Training regarding the maternity care and communication skills are core competency required for a CHW to perform his/her role properly. Conclusions: The results of the study show that CHW of India is also competent. Community healthcare workers are contributing more in maternal care and preventive care. They put more effort in health education and sanitation in rural areas.

Are community health workers cost-effective for childhood vaccination in India?

IntroductionAccredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) are female community health workers whose primary role is to promote utilization of primary healthcare services and improve sanitation in rural areas and are financially incentivized for services provided. Prior studies evaluating ASHAs have been largely qualitative, and assess their knowledge, skills, and practice. Globally, there have been very few studies that have quantitatively assessed community health workers. We analyzed the cost effectiveness of ASHAs in facilitating measles vaccination among children under 5 years during 2012–2013. MethodsWe utilized Markov modeling simulating a cohort of children in villages with and without ASHAs. We extrapolated the health states to a lifetime of 68 years to estimate the effects of ASHA intervention. Measles vaccination rates were obtained from 2013 District Level Household and Facilities Survey 4. Other parameter estimates were obtained from a review of relevant literature. ResultsASHA intervention was highly cost effective at $162 per DALY averted compared to no ASHA and remained cost effective with the ASHA incentive increased from $2 to $15, across the range of probabilities and cost parameters. Analyses were sensitive to probability of death due to childhood pneumonia, susceptibility to measles after one dose measles vaccine, and probability of pneumonia after measles infection. ConclusionASHAs were cost-effective under a wide range of scenarios even when a single health outcome such as measles vaccination was considered. The Government of India and individual state governments of India should consider increasing the incentives provided to ASHAs.