Sandy Places Research Articles

Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Lycium schweinfurthii methanolic leaves extract (Solanaceae) in mice

Lycium schweinfurthii is found in stony and sandy places belonging to the Solanaceae family which is widely distributed in North Africa and Mediterranean area. The leaves and fruits of this plant have traditionally been used for gastrointestinal diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the neuropharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of Lycium schweinfurthii in experimental animals. The methanolic extract of the leaves was prepared by the fractionation technique. Male Albino mice of 22.2 ± 2.1 gm were used to evaluate the activity of the extract by Irwin primary screening test, diazepam and thiopental -induced sleep and open field apparatus for general locomotor activity as well as analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate. The phytochemical screening was performed by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Diazepam at 2 and 20 mg/kg, flumazenil at 2 mg/kg, thiopental at 40 mg/kg, diclofenac at 25 and 50 mg/kg and indomethacin at 20 mg/kg were all used as references. The selected dose of 400 mg/kg of the methanolic extract was selected after the Irwin screening test. Lycium schweinfurthii extract significantly prolonged the duration of diazepam-induced sleep without significant difference in the onset of sleep. Pretreatment with flumazenil completely blocked the hypnotic effects of the plant extract and diazepam. The plant extract with thiopental did not produce any significant change in the onset and duration time of sleep. In an open-field test, a combination of the plant extract with diazepam produced a significant reduction in both exploratory and general locomotor activity which was observed in four min and 30 min, respectively. The plant extract significantly induced a profound central and peripheral analgesic action. While, the phytochemical screening showed presences of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids and carbohydrates in the extract. The total flavonoids were the most content compounds in the extract. Thus, these findings indicate that Lycium schweinfurthii has depression, sedative and analgesic like activities.

A Lake with a Crossing in a Sandy Place

A Lake with a Crossing in a Sandy Place

Flexible And Recyclable PPy‐TiO2@WO3 Photocatalyst Supported By Cellulose Aerogel Beads

AbstractPolypyrrole (PPy)‐TiO2@WO3 catalyst supposed by cellulose aerogel beads was synthesized using inverse suspension crosslinking approach. The resulting particles were small and well‐crystallized according to scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The efficiency of the resulting photocatalysis was tested relative to degradation of tetraethylated rhodamine (RhB), which was judged by solution discoloration and also by RhB content decrease. Excellent photocatalytic activity of cellulose aerogel (CE)‐PPy‐TiO2@WO3 beads was attributed to the synergy between TiO2 and WO3, which widened material absorption bandedge and improved migration efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes. Presence of black PPy widened absorption band edge further promoting photogenerated electron and hole separation. More importantly, presence of macro‐porous CE increased optical absorption of this composite photocatalyst and helped photocatalyst to retain its structural integrity during repeated recycling. If needed, photocatalyst can be easily removed from the reaction solution to prevent secondary pollution. Our complex CE‐PPy‐TiO2@WO3 bead‐like photocatalyst also demonstrated good mechanical strength and excellent flexibility, which allowed it to be folded and bent. We proposed photocatalytic mechanisms responsible for processes involving CE‐PPy‐TiO2@WO3 beads, understanding of which will help to improve the photocatalytic performance of this material even further. Catalysts based on CE‐PPy‐TiO2@WO3 beads can be used in complex environments and small spaces because of their flexibility and recyclability. It might be especially useful for applications in difficult‐to‐reach places (for example sandy places or narrow openings), in which it is difficult to place or recover a catalyst.

Chemical Fingerprinting of Cyperus species using HPLC analysis

Plants that yield food and fodder are well known from times immemorial and considerable amount of research work been carried on them. Herbal medicine is the oldest form of medicine known to humankind. It was the mainstay of many early civilizations and still the most widely practiced form of medicine in the world. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that perhaps 80% of the inhabitants of the world rely chiefly on traditional medicines, mostly plant‐based medicines, for their primary health care needs.The medicinal value of the plant extracts lies in the bioactive phytochemical constituents that produce definite physiological effects on human body. These natural compounds formed the basis of numerous modern drugs as we use today. For instance Asiatic acid found in Centella asiatica (Family Araliaceae) is commonly used for wound healing in many places (Hong et al., 2005; Shetty et al., 2006), memory improvement, treatment of mental fatigue, bronchitis, asthma, dysentery, kidney trouble, urethritis, allergy, leucorrhea and toxic fever (Kan, 1986) and it is also used as a constituent of brain tonics for the mentally retarded (Kartnig et al., 1988).Oxidative stress has been related to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other chronic diseases that account for a major portion of deaths today. It has been implicated in mechanisms leading to neuronal cell injury in various pathological states of the brain, including neurodegenerative disorders. Although the brain accounts for less than 2% of the body weight, it consumes about 20% of the oxygen available through respiration. Therefore, because of its high oxygen demand, the brain is the most susceptible organ to oxidative damage.Among these common weeds is the family Cyperaceae which are ubiquitous but may be difficult to recognize because of their closeness to the grass family except their triangular shaped stems that are characteristic. Lowe & Stanfield (1974) remarked that about four‐fifths of the species grow in damp or wet places (including a few submerged aquatics) while one‐fifth is found in drier situations such as savannah grasslands and sandy places including sand‐dunes.In order to evaluate the medicinal value of notorious sedge weeds, In our study 10 Species: Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus diffusus, Cyperus involucratus, Cyperus helferi, Cyperus prolixus, Cyperus papyrus, Cyperus surinamensis, Cyperus hortensis, Cyperus squarrosus were investigated for their phytochemicals constituents, explored their chemical profile using HPLC ( high performance liquid chromatography ) and antimicrobial properties. In addition we compared Fresh plant extracts with dried samples (historical specimens) to see if those phytochemicals were stable over time. In vitro antimicrobial activities were evaluated against four bacterial species Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcu aureus, Escherichia coli.Objectives Extract & Identify the presence of Phytochemicals in various species of Cyperus. Examine the stability of Phytochemicals in freshly Hravested samples vs Historical specimens Explore the Antimicrobial properties of Cyperus extracts on various bacterial species. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oil from Helichrysum faradifani endemic to Madagascar

Helichrysum faradifani (Asteraceae) is a perennial shrub growing in rocky and sandy places of Madagascar. The plant is used in the Malagasy traditional medicine as a wound-healing agent, disinfectant and for the treatment of syphilis, diarrhea, cough and headache. In the present work, we analysed the chemical composition of the essential oil distilled from the aerial parts of H. faradifani by GC-MS and evaluated its insecticidal activity against 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae of the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus by acute toxicity assays. The most sensitive were 2nd instar (LC50 = 85.7 μL L−1) larvae. For the 3rd and 4th instar larvae, the estimated LC50 were 156.8 and 134.1 μL L−1, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (51.6%) were the major fraction of the essential oil, with the bicyclic α-fenchene (35.6%) as the predominant component. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (34.0%) were the second major group characterising the oil, with γ-curcumene (17.7%) as the most abundant component.

Papatea

No. Nothing. Nothing on a really tall chair; a chair with very long legs; up to the sky, which was empty. And down fell fragrance; fragrance of flowers , although there were no flowers; before there were flowers there was just this fragrance , which fell, falling. Into dust; like dusty books; but there were no books, not even the sound or whisper of words; just a fine grit on which fell this fragrance of future flowers. And dimly, in the foreground, far from Papatea in the distance, in the nearness, out of focus, coming into focus, something, not quite someone. Something one could almost grasp, hold in one’s arms, share warmth with, almost. Standing on the earth, not the white earth of Papatea in the distance, but here in the center of things, as it were, in the center of the blue-black sea, on this black sandy place, standing suddenly, like standing rocks, a red jet of fire standing. And falling into small stones like the coral of my great-grandmother’s floor, like river stones arranged around her feet by a child, like scattered black boulders along the strand waiting, waiting always. Then the mountains, long-lived family of islands. Older than us, older than our lines, of which we are a part, those mountains on which we wash, and are washed away from, clinging. We open our eyes to, and close our eyes on. As we, or they, those two, I mean, those two ones met in a green field, a clearing in the forest, a clearing that moves from place to place. A girl walks from the trees into the field and picks up some dust. And through the sugarcane a boy comes to her with a sugarcane flower on his ear. Those were her parents before her parents, the first parents; and before the people from Papatea came from Papatea in the distance. We might have been like those two, those times before time began; a fragrance, dust, a red jet of fire standing, a field wandering. Who knows? But for Papatea in the distance; so far away no one knew it was there; although we’d heard it was there. Heard it from our most distant relations. The ones we only meet at sea after many days, the Papatea by Dan Taulapapa McMullin Then the mountains, long-lived family of islands. Older than us, older than our lines, of which we are a part, those mountains on which we wash, and are washed away from, clinging. We open our eyes to, and close our eyes on. cover feature new native writing 44 WLT MAY–AUGUST 2017 WORLDLIT.ORG 45 photo : george moga ones who only meet us at sea after many days, they told us, because someone further off told them at sea. And that was another fragrance. A strange fragrance; the fragrance of Papatea, although we didn’t know its name then. So we called it Papatea, the white land, as distant as the sky. Nameless or named, it fell like a dust among us. Her brothers who would be taken by it didn’t know it then, they only knew its fragrance. Her name was Fasiefu (which means piece of dust). Her parents named her after the first instance of the dust of Papatea coming to us in whispers and sickness. She had a brother; his name was Maluapapatea, the Shade of Papatea, because during his life the shadow of Papatea began to fall on us. Malu was his nickname. Fasi was her nickname. When Fasi was a girl, Malu was a small boy, a toddler she watched over while her mother was on the mountainside and her father was at sea. When Malu was a small boy he saw his reflection in a pool of water filled with cockles in the black sloping rock that went into the green sea near their home. The water was still. Looking at it, Malu saw his golden face, his wide black eyes, his long hair glowing red in the sun, but he did not know who he was looking at, and ran back up the sloping rock to their home in the trees. Fasi...

Conservation status and utilization of Caralluma edulis: an important threatened medicinal plant species of the Thar Desert, India

Caralluma edulis locally known as “Pimpa”, is an important food-cum-medicinal plant of the extreme arid regions of the Thar Desert. It is a drought resistant stem succulent occurring in dry sandy places in hot arid areas preferably within the large tussocks of Murath grass (Panicum turgidum). Traditionally, its succulent stems are consumed raw as greens, vegetable and is also used as medicinal plant of the Thar Desert of India. Degradation of rangelands due to high grazing pressure and changes in land use pattern has threatened its existence. This study was therefore, taken up to identify the sites for in-situ conservation of C. edulis through field survey in Jaisalmer district and also to characterise/evaluate the collected germplasm ex-situ for its sustainable utilization in future. The issues related to both in and ex situ conservation were also investigated. Field surveys conducted in Jaisalmer in arid part of the Thar Desert in India during August to October for two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) revealed its occurrence in patches in villages such as Khuyiyala, Bahramsar dham, Deva-II and Chandan. Germplasm of C. edulis by means of rooted-stems collected from above sites was planted in nursery at Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Jaisalmer. Data were recorded on its growth, reproductive behaviour and germination. Initial and final germination of seeds of C. edulis (collected from plants raised by rooted-stems of Chandan area) recorded in nursery as 32.1 and 87.5 % on 4th and 6th days after sowing, respectively. The statistical analysis of characters under study revealed the presence of high co-efficient of variation (CV in %) in number of branches per plant (51.71) followed by number of pod (in pair) per plant (49.41) and least in collar diameter (10.05). The range and mean values of some important characters are as follows: plant height (38.0–62.0 and 50.7 cm), number of branches per plant (1.0–10.0 and 3.9), number of flowers per plant (2.0–7.0 and 4.8), number of seeds per pod (15.0–30.0 and 20.8) and seed length (4.9–8.7 and 7.0 mm), respectively. As it flowered and set seeds at nursery in our study, it has opened avenues for large scale multiplication and future cultivation of the species. These findings along with its economic importance are detailed in this paper.

The Palynomorphological Characteristics of Galatella Albanica Degen (Aster Albanicus Degen ) (Asteraceae)

Galatella albanica Degen the synonym Aster albanicus Degen takes part in the tribe Astereae, subfamily Asteroideae (Asteraceae). It is an endemic specie of our country, Albania,but we can find them even in Kosove and in the south of Serbia. In Albania we find Galatella albanica Degen in dry and rocky places and a few in sandy places which have humidity (Durres - Karavasta). This plant is studied even by the previous authors with the material taken from the rocky areas of Librazhdi and Shkopeti. The material for this study is taken fresh from the sandy places in the wood of Divjaka because of the aim of this study is to see if the ecologic factor affects on the pollen grains of this plant. According to the results of this study, the pollen grains of Galatella albanica Degen are tricolporate. In ecuatorial view the shape of pollen grains is elliptic to circular, while in polar view the shape is circular to triangular. The exine has an echinate sculpture and it has two- layer. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2s2p196

Evaluation of Zonation between Tourism and Fishery Activities in Boom Beach

Tourism and fishery activities basically has different uses of space, there will be some challenges to find out how does these two activities be in side by side on a tourism development area. In this case, it is interesting to reveal the practical interaction and evaluate about both activities in supporting each other. According to the tourism masterplan of Banyuwangi City, East Java, Indonesia, there is a referral for tourism and fishery activities in order to support each other in one area, Boom Beach. The referral for interaction of supporting each other between tourism and fishery activities which mentioned in tourism masterplan of Banyuwangi City did not followed with step to realized it effectively yet. Moreover, development of tourism area in Boom Beach can not be optimally done. Concerning to the above situation, this research tries to evaluate how does the interaction of zonation of tourism and fishery activities in Boom Beach, is there something which makes tourism and fishery activities seperated in a different places. Analysis which done to answer the research question is evaluative analysis by employing activities map which got from questioaire and community mapping by users of the space. Tourism and fishery activities will be identified about where does both activities spread in Boom Beach and how does the movement of each activities. It results spread point of where tourism and fishery activities done also the route of movements map, those maps will be overlayed to evaluate zonation of tourism and fishery activities in Boom Beach. Based upon the result of this study, zonation of tourism and fishery activities in Boom Beach separated in two different places because both activities has a different needed of place, tourism activities in Boom Beach need a sandy place to support it's activities either fishery activities need a place near to the dock in order the local fisherman has a easier access to loading-unloading fish, selling fish and take the fish to the market. Moreover there is one activity which be able to help tourism and fishery activities has a supporting each other interaction, it is trading activities.

Phyto, Physicochemical Standardization of Medicinal Plant Enicostemma Littorale, Blume

Enicostemma littorale, Blume (Gentianaceae) is a glabrous perennial herb and it is found in open, sandy places among sparse grass close the beach throughout the dry zone in Sri Lanka. It is traditionally used to treat inflammatory and painful conditions like arthritis, back pain; diabetes mellitus and to regulate bowel functions. Phyto, physicochemical standardization of dried, matured whole plants of E. littorale has been carried out in the present study. The study includes organoleptic characters along with estimation of its physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying, pH, ash values, extractability in water and ethanol and preliminary phytochemical screening. The generated information of the present study will provide data which is helpful in the correct identification and authentication of this medicinal plant and may help in preventing its adulteration.

A new species of Dorotheanthus (Aizoaceae, Ruschioideae) from limestone areas of the south-western Cape, South Africa

Summary: A new species of Dorotheanthus Schwantes, D. ulularis Brusse is described from sandy places on limestone, near Gans Bay in the south-western Cape, South Africa. The relationships of this new species is discussed.

Patrones de distribución ficoflorística en el sistema lagunar de Nichupté, Quintana Roo, México

Se hizo un estudio sobre las algas y su distribución en el Sistema Lagunar de Nichupté (SLN). El SLN es una laguna costera, ubicada en el estado de Quintana Roo, en las costas del Mar Caribe. Tiene aguas prácticamente marinas, sedimentos arenosos cubiertos por manchones de pastos y las orillas presentan crecimientos de manglares. Se encontraron 77 especies distribuidas en las siguientes divisiones: 33 en Chlorophyta, 37 en Rhodophyta, 3 en Phaeophyta y 4 en Cyanophyta. Se observó una diferencia florística significativa entre las muestras de algas recolectadas en los bajos arenosos y las de raíces de manglares. Las diferencias principales en la composición ficoflorística se encuentran asociadas al substrato, profundidad y salinidad.

Ragweeds (AmbrosiaL.) in Britain

Abstract The occurrence and ecology of three species of Ragweed (Ambrosia L.) in Britain is described. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is the commonest species and is most often introduced with bird seed, but does not persist probably due to climate limitation of seed production and germination. A. psilostachya DC. is rarely established in sandy places. A. trifida L. is an uncommon introduction which also does not persist. Ragweed pollen was regularly recorded in Britain in 1992. Under conditions of global warming, it is likely that A. artemisiifolia will become established in Britain and could cause widespread hay fever.

Change Where You Might Least Expect It: Accounting Education

E ^^^^L-mmm^^^^M ^^^^L-mmm^^^^M very one knows what classes in the first accounting course are like: endless replications of number crunches based on rules that have little to do with any reality other than the course grade. The class is highly subscribed because accounting graduates get good jobs, because it is a prerequisite for other courses, or because parents think it is a good idea. It is rarely described by students as interesting or fun. Right? Not for the students in Dick Dietrich's Accountancy 201 class at the University of Illinois. Instead of getting a syllabus with strings of exercise numbers, they are introduced to Sandy, a recent graduate who has a sudden opportunity to promote a rock concert (see box). Working in groups, the participants take Sandy's place planning the concert. They grapple with selecting performers, negotiating contracts, and reporting on their progress to Sandy's very generous grandparents. From the other side of the instructional divide, Professor Dietrich and his colleagues Anita Feller and Larry Tomassini portray the agents for the bands, arena management, and ticket sellers in simulated negotiations with the student groups.

Seed Wings in Relation to Seed Size in the Genus Spergularia

The presence or absence of seed wings in the genus Spergularia is interpreted evolutionarily by a comparative investigation of 48 species. The investigation of the variation in seed size, and the distribution of winged, unwinged and heteromorphic species according to life history, habitat type, water availability, salinity and geographical distribution of the species, showed that seed type is the strongest predictor of seed size. Winged seeds (exclusive of the wing) were on average larger than unwinged seeds. We suggest that the variation in seed wing occurrence may reflect selection on seed size instead of selection for seed dispersal per se, as previously hypothesized. Eleven of the investigated species produce heteromorphic seeds, and in contrast to the remaining species, which normally inhabit sandy or rocky places, these species occur most frequently in marshes. We thus conclude that the heteromorphism may have evolved as a means for differential dispersal by species living under conditions where secondary dispersal by water is important.

RESEARCHES ON THE COAST OF SOMALIA. THE SHORE AND THE DUNE OF SAR UANLE

SUMMARY A large number of an unidentified species of Encyrtoscelio Dodd was collected on coastal sandy dunes in Somalia, mainly in the retrodunal zone. This genus includes only a few species of which very little is known from a bionomic point of view. The daily rhythm has two peak periods of activity, the highest at sunset and the other, smaller, at dawn. Females and wingless specimens are more predominant than males and winged ones. It is suggested that the host of this Encyrtoscelio sp. could be the Heteroptera Cydnidae Aethus perithrix (Mc.) and it is concluded that the habitat of this genus is provided by sandy places.

A meteorological consideration on the breeding places and migration of Diomedea albatrus

The reported breeding places of Diomedea albatrus have been: 1. Torishima, Izu Is., 2. Some islands of the Bonin Is., 3. Kobisho, Senkaku Is., 4. Agincourt I. and 5. Pescadores I. The environmental conditions common to these breeding islands are: a) Safety especially from man, being non-inhabited islands or nearly so and very hard to access. They have however not abandoned Torishima after a long lasted slaughter. b) Coasts are steep cliffs of more than 5 meters. c) Highest altitudes are less than 200m (but 400m at Torishima) and the islands are alway flat type, with the area of less than 5 square km. d) No, or few tall trees at the most and without forest on any of the islands. e) Often with dense grass less than two meters high and rather extensive sandy slope existing among them. f) The breeding islands are scatterd in subtropical belt within 119°-145° E, 24°-30° N. g) These islands are within or adjacent to the warm currents and they feed on fishes of these currents.The meteorologically, these islands are in a temperature zone with average more than 12°C and less than 28°C, humidity more than 70% (though this preference is doubtful), rainfall less than 180mm which is relatively less than in other subtropical islands, while fine-cloudy ratio is considered of little significance.The above islands are in the zone of seasonal winds, with the velocity frequently more than 10m/sec., blowing from the Asian continent with prevailing NE local winds, rather than NW. These winds may also influence the movements and distributions of food fishes, as well as aiding the leaving and arriving of the albatrosses of the islands.Special descriptions of the environments of Torishima where D. albatrus and D. nigripes are segregated by habitat (the former in grassy and the latter on sandy places) are given.They arrive Torishima in October-November and leave in April-May. In the autumn, the NE winds become prevailed from E. Asiatic High and breeding islands are included in the temperature belt of average 23°-26°C (Fig. 3, a). In the spring, North Pacific High becomes prevailed causing the SW winds and the breeding islands are in the belt of 23°-25°C (Fig. 3, b). Their pelagic movements and migrations should also be correlated with such oceanic winds and temperatures.

Aphoebantus and Its Relatives Epacmus and Eucessia (Diptera: Bombyliidae)1

The subfamily Lomatiinae of the Bombyliidae includes some predominantly desert living forms, represented in the Western United States by three genera, Aphoebantus, Epacmus and Eucessia . Specimens are encountered singly, mostly as they alight on sandy places in the bright sun, but now and then some may be taken from flowers. Like most Bombyliidae the flies are wary and not easy to capture. Specimens must be transferred from net to killing bottle with careful handling and kept isolated until pinned because the body covering of tomentum and pile rubs off too easily and denuded specimens are almost worthless for identification. When dried, the tomentum may become discolored in spots by an exudation of grease and then lightcolored scales may appear black and confuse the identification. In such cases it is well to look for a symmetrical pattern for scales are not likely to be greased the same on both sides of the body. Another aggravation is the facility with which heads snap off on handling, necessitating the cementing of the head back on the projecting neck.

On the Sea-Grasses in Japan (I)

1. Among Zostera and Phyllospadix there are found in Japan 7 species satisfactorily identified, of which 4 are endemic, viz: Zostera asiatica, Zostera cacspitosa, Phyllospadix japonicus and Phyllospadix iwatensis.2. Following 3 species and 1 variety may be reduced to synonym or form of another one:Zostera japonica is a brackish form of Zostera nana ROTH. Zosetra pacifica is a synonym of Zostera asiatica MIKI, Zostera marina var. stenophylla is a form of Zostera marina L. Phylloepadix Scouleri of Japan is a synonym of P. iwatensis MAKINO.3. There are two types of rhizome, viz. sympodial and monopodial, and their flowering shoot may be divided into three types. Each terminal spadix is formed originally as a pseudoterminal one.4. The seedling of Zostera nana has a primary root and its terminal creeps on the soil.5. The seedling of Zostera marina is provided with a flowering shoot on its terminal in the same year and passes the winter by the lateral shoot.6. Rhizome of Zostera marina branches only in the winter season. The growth of each node takes neary half a month.7. Zostera and Phyllospadix in Japan may be divided into three groups according to their geographical distribution, viz, that of wide range, cold current and temperate sea.8. Zostera are found on muddy or sandy places of the bay, while Phyllospadix upon the rocks washed by open sea water.9. Zostera asiatica and Z. caulescens are found in deeper places than the other.

The Life-History of a Bee–Fly (Spogostylum Anale Say) Parasite of the Larva of a Tiger Beetle (Cicindela Scutellaris Say Var. Lecontei Hald.)

The life histories of the American Bombyliidæ are imperfectly known and this lack of knowledge is due largely to the difficulty of studying parasitic forms. The species in question is never abundant and consequently much time bas been consumed in getting together the data for the account here presented. Near Chicago it occurs on dry sandy places where there is much vegetation and where the sand is slightly blackened with humus. The data presented were collected mainly in connection with work upon the host which involved collecting and rearing to maturity about a thousand host larvæ.