Sand Colour Research Articles

Positioning of New Beaches in Bali: The Perspective of Tourist

Beach in Bali are one of the main attractions of the island's tourism. The beauty of Bali's beaches, with their clean white sand, clear sea water, and ideal surfing waves, makes them famous. Each beach has unique characteristics that can be used as a competitive advantage to help tourists choose their destination in Bali. This study uses Multidimensional Scaling and Correspondence Analysis techniques to identify the advantages of each attribute for tourists. The results show that Diamond Beach's position as a tourist destination is similar to Green Bowl Beach. Based on the evaluation of fifteen items by respondents, it is evident that Diamond Beach has a diverse range of positive perceptions. Diamond Beach excels in attributes such as beach safety, sand color, and cleanliness.

ANALISIS DAYA TARIK OBJEK WISATA PANTAI PASER PUTIH DI DESA JIKUMERSA KECAMATAN LILIALY KABUPATEN BURU

This research aims to determine the attractiveness of the Paser Putih beach tourist attraction, to find out visitors' perceptions of the Paser Putih beach tourist attraction in Jiku Felt Village, Lilialy District, Buru Regency. This research uses observation and interview methods using questionnaires given to visitors accidentally (accidental sampling), documentation, and literature studies which are analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of this research show that the attractiveness of the Paser Putih beach tourist attraction includes 7 assessment criteria, namely beauty, beach safety/security, type and color of sand, environmental cleanliness, variety of activities, beach width and comfort. The purpose of this research is to get the value of the attractiveness of the Paser Putih beach tourist attraction because this beach has an attractive beauty such as white sand, bluish sea, beach views, you can see the mountains, the downstream of Lake Jikumerasa and the presence of a park further adds to the attraction. Paser Putih beach. The distance of the tourist attraction from the city center is 15 km and takes approximately 15 minutes. The Paser Putih beach area received a score of 83% worthy of being developed as a tourist attraction.

Digitaria species (Acha): panacea for malnutrition and food insecurity in Nigeria

Acha (Digitaria sp) is a powerhouse of nutrient, filling, versatile, light, and delicious, yet the most underutilized food security crop in Nigeria. The value of the nutritional content (amino acids, protein, starch, crude fibre and ash) present in acha grain is higher than that reported for other cereals such as rice, maize and sorghum and as such, a panacea for malnutrition’. The grain is tolerated by even those with frail digestive systems, including small children, the elderly, and those who are health-conscious. More so, it is a very fast-growing cereal grain and it is considerably cheaper than most staple food crops. Acha is said to be a good food security crop as it blends well with other recipes. It has a texture similar to grits or couscous with a sand colour and due to the primitive conventional processing methods, it contains a load of gritty sand particles. These gritty sand particles can be prevented by threshing over a clean, hard, non-sandy surface. The consumption of acha daily brings you back to the prehistoric era of longevity and wellness.

Sandy seeds: Armour or invisibility cloak? Mucilage‐bound sand physically protects seeds from rodents and invertebrates

Abstract Seeds represent a stage of a plant's life cycle that is extremely vulnerable to predation, which unlike most vegetative herbivory, is fatal to the individual. As such, understanding the distribution and abundance of plants may rely on understanding seed defences: characteristics that make seeds more difficult for granivores to locate, less beneficial for granivores to consume or both. Seeds that produce mucilage are widespread, found across many families and species. Although short‐term (single day) studies indicate that mucilage may be a fundamental seed defence found throughout the plant kingdom, it is not clear to what extent mucilage provides long‐term benefits to seeds by reducing granivory. Moreover, it is not clear whether this long‐term defence occurs because mucilage reduces seed apparency as substrate‐coated seeds are more difficult to detect, whether substrate‐coated seeds are less valuable or both. In the first field experiment, we factorially manipulated sand coatings, background sand colour and granivore community using feeding depots to test the mechanistic basis of mucilage‐bound sand as a seed defence against diverse granivores. We found that the sand coating significantly extended chances of seeds remaining over the 101‐day trial, during which rodents were the primary granivores, and our coloration manipulation suggests that the effect was almost entirely physical. We found that whether a seed's sand coating matched its background did not greatly affect chance of removal, leaving the crypsis mechanism unsupported. We conducted a follow‐up field experiment to test the background‐matching hypothesis in more detail, using 20 sand colours and two colours of flax seeds. We again found no support for crypsis, corroborating the finding that mucilage‐bound sand provides a primarily physical defensive benefit. Synthesis. The totality of the results from this and previous studies across granivore taxa and plant species suggests that seed mucilage is a widespread and highly effective physical defence employed by many plants against diverse granivores in many environments

Coastal aeolian sediment transport in an active bed surface layer: Tracer study and conceptual model

AbstractCoastal aeolian sediment transport is influenced by supply‐limiting factors caused by sediment sorting by grain size. Sorting processes can lead to coarsening of the bed surface and influence the formation of aeolian ripples. However, the influence sorting processes and bedforms might have on the magnitude of the transport is not fully understood. This study explores sorting processes and their influence on the magnitude and mode of aeolian transport by using sediment tracers. Sand was painted in different colors according to particle size and placed on a supratidal beach in Noordwijk, the Netherlands. Several experiments were conducted with varying wind speeds. Surface sampling and cameras tracked the sand color movement on the bed surface, and wind velocity was measured. The tracer experiments showed that ripples developed in moderate wind conditions. Once the ripples had formed, the supply of finer tracer grains in the downwind direction decreased over time, while the supply of coarser grains remained constant. A linear relationship between ripple migration speed and wind speed was found. For higher wind speeds, no ripples or differences in transport of grain size fractions were observed. Instead, alternating phases of erosion and deposition of the bed surface were observed, which could not be related to local variations in wind velocity. Based on these results and literature, a conceptual model was developed for an active bed surface layer with two transport regimes corresponding to moderate (I) and high (II) wind speeds. The conceptual model is intended to guide the selection of aeolian sediment transport models as a function of wind speed, bed characteristics, and upwind sediment supply. For Regime I, transport could be modeled using a linear relationship between sediment transport and wind speed and for Regime II using a third power relationship in combination with a process‐based model accounting for supply limitations.

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles of quail’s egg shells: Synthesis and characterizations

Abstract Avian eggshell is a natural biomaterial that has been used as an alternative natural source of CaCO3 and is accessible in big amounts from egg manufacturing. This study was planned to estimate CaCO3 in quail’s eggshell because it has a probable use in the progress of a novel choice of many applications. Physical properties: mineralogical documentation of the natural eggshell nanoparticles were approved using XRD and FTIR to explore the chemical bond or molecular structure of the materials. Micrographs were obtained using FESEM/EDX and TEM to identify the morphology and size of nanoparticles. The results showed that quail eggshell was soft, with white to light sand color, and a smooth texture which allows good deposition of different color spots, from black to brown spots. The resulted of eggshells signifies almost 8.4% w/w of the overall weight (12.2) gram of quail egg and 91.60% w/w of the micropowder to the full weight of (0.94) gram of quail eggshell. The results presented that calcium is the main element in an eggshell; frequently occurs in a formula of CaCO3 and the crystal construction was almost pure calcite. FTIR spectra for quail eggshell demonstrated the existence of the out of plane bending, the asymmetric stretching, and the plane bending styles of the carbonate groups, specific of normal dolomite, situated at 873 cm–1, 1405 cm–1, and 710 cm–1, respectively. The FESEM and TEM for nanoparticles were shown calcite CaCO3 nanoparticles with an ordinary size of ≤ 100 nm for FESEM and with a variety size of ≤ 50 nm for TEM. Unfortunately, eggshell is an egg product manufacturing deposit. These incomes will let fast developments in proportional studies of the organic elements of avian eggshell and their purposeful consequences by usages of eggshell in nourishment and medicine which can be applied for many resolutions that diminish their consequence on environmental contamination.

Hatching Success Rather Than Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination as the Main Driver of Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Nesting Activity in the Pacific Coast of Central America.

Simple SummaryIn marine turtles, sex is determined during a precise period during incubation: males are produced at lower temperatures and females at higher temperatures, a phenomenon called temperature-dependent sex determination. Most predictions about the long-term persistence of sea turtle populations in the face of climate change have focused on the effect of incubation temperature on sex ratios. In Central America, the alternations in dark sand beaches (hotter sand) and light sand beaches (cooler sand) are observed. Due to the higher production of females at high temperatures and the natal homing phenomenon in marine turtles, the largest proportion of nests on dark sand beaches was expected. However, the inverse was observed. We hypothesize that high beach temperatures, being seen in darker sand, increased female-biased primary sex ratios but reduced the output of female hatchlings due to embryo thermal lethality at high temperature. Our study reveals that when we think about sea turtle population dynamics, we should consider a variety of factors and not only sex ratio.In marine turtles, sex is determined during a precise period during incubation: males are produced at lower temperatures and females at higher temperatures, a phenomenon called temperature-dependent sex determination. Nest temperature depends on many factors, including solar radiation. Albedo is the measure of the proportion of reflected solar radiation, and in terms of sand color, black sand absorbs the most energy, while white sand reflects more solar radiation. Based on this observation, darker sand beaches with higher temperatures should produce more females. As marine turtles show a high degree of philopatry, including natal homing, dark beaches should also produce more female hatchlings that return to nest when mature. When sand color is heterogeneous in a region, we hypothesize that darker beaches would have the most nests. Nevertheless, the high incubation temperature on beaches with a low albedo may result in low hatching success. Using Google Earth images and the SWOT database of nesting olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, we modeled sand color and nesting activity to test the hypothesis that darker beaches host larger concentrations of females because of feminization on darker beaches and female philopatry. We found the opposite result: the lower hatching success at beaches with a lower albedo could be the main driver of nesting activity heterogeneity for olive ridleys in Central America.

Correlation Analysis between Color and Grain Size of Sand Using a Colorimeter

Nam, J.; Hong, S.; Lee, Y., and Kim, I., 2021. Correlation analysis between color and grain size of sand using a colorimeter. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 201–205. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. To determine the cause of coastline changes, it is necessary to monitor various parameters such as wave data, changes in water depth, seabed topography and quality, as well as sea currents. This study aims to derive a correlation between grain size and color of sand on a coast undergoing erosion in Namae 3-ri∼Sodol beach. Therefore, for a period of six years (2013 to 2018), the depths of the foam zone, the breaking band, and other factors were divided for each cross-base line (DL(±) 0.00 m, DL(-) 3.00 m, DL(-) 6.00 m, and DL(-) 9.00 m). Seabed samples were collected from four vertices, and the median particle size and color characteristics of sand were recorded. Results showed that the average D50 particle sizes for DL(±) 0.00 m, DL(-) 3.00 m, DL(-) 6.00 m, and DL(-) 9.00 m were 0.615 mm, 0.432 mm, 0.416 mm, and 0.410 mm, respectively. In addition, the color of the sand that was passed through the colorimeter is represented by L* (white-black), a* (green-red), and b* (yellow-blue); these colors were expressed as a number to present a unique value. DL(±) 0.00 m = L* 61.12082, a* 5.757663, b* 17.93326; DL(-) 3.00 m = L* 61.81803, a* 5.03382, b* 16.79151; DL(-) 6.00 m = L* 61.74719, a* 4.886109, b* 16.54382; and DL(-) 9.00 m = L* 61.70353, a* 4.815222, and b* 16.42189. Furthermore, the sand color values a* and b* were coordinated, distributed on the beach, and then a color range converted to the value of the radius of the polar coordinate (r) was presented and compared with the particle size. To compare the a* and b* values with the sand particle size, r is expressed as a first-order function. The R-square of the first-order function was 0.9411, which was found to be highly reliable, and the exponential function was found to have a reliability of 0.5573. This result shows that the a* and b* values can be inferred according to the particle size of the sand.

Topographic zonation and polycyclic pedogenesis in the northern atolls of the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean

We conducted soil surveys on two islands in the Peros Banhos and Salomon atolls of the northern Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean. We found muted but consistent topographic and soil zonation from the ocean shores to the lagoons. The main elements of the zonation are: berms of coral boulders and rubble along the heads of the ocean-side beaches; rubble-strewn soils inland of the berm; and pale sands with shallower topsoils and few coral clasts on slight rises and declivities over the rest of the islands. The ocean-side rubbly soils have interstitial coarse sand and are the most fertile on the islands, with dense tangled stands of unmanaged coconuts, profuse litter, and deep humic topsoils. Topsoils are shallower and less humic in the pale sands inland. Sand size decreases from ocean to lagoon, but increases with depth in most profiles. Water tables are often <2 m deep, and many soils have faint pale brownish mottling in the lower subsoils. There is a low tabular outcrop of bare Holocene coral sandstone on one of the islands. It is incised by shallow grikes that are partly infilled with silty muck, as are some small depressions in the central parts of both islands. The pedogenic environment appears to be dynamic, with storm surges depositing fresh sand, eroding coastlines, and infilling inter-island channels. Some soils have buried humic topsoils, stone layers, sand size inversions, and slight changes in sand colour, which are attributed to polycyclic pedogenesis. Some topsoils have elevated levels of total Zn, which is thought to be derived from long distance volcanic ash. Our data indicate that the soils are of low nutrient fertility. Total N and available P do not attain the strikingly eutric levels found in some atoll soils. The low fertility is attributed to the predation of seabirds by inadvertently introduced black rats. This precludes soil enrichment with marine-derived nutrients by guano deposition.

Evolutionary fine-tuning of background-matching camouflage among geographical populations in the sandy beach tiger beetle.

Background-matching camouflage is a widespread adaptation in animals; however, few studies have thoroughly examined its evolutionary process and consequences. The tiger beetle Chaetodera laetescripta exhibits pronounced variation in elytral colour pattern among sandy habitats of different colour in the Japanese Archipelago. In this study, we performed digital image analysis with avian vision modelling to demonstrate that elytral luminance, which is attributed to proportions of elytral colour components, is fine-tuned to match local backgrounds. Field predation experiments with model beetles showed that better luminance matching resulted in a lower attack rate and corresponding lower mortality. Using restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequence data, we analysed the dispersal and evolution of colour pattern across geographical locations. We found that sand colour matching occurred irrespective of genetic and geographical distances between populations, suggesting that locally adapted colour patterns evolved after the colonization of these habitats. Given that beetle elytral colour patterns presumably have a quantitative genetic basis, our findings demonstrate that fine-tuning of background-matching camouflage to local habitat conditions can be attained through selection by visual predators, as predicted by the earliest proponent of natural selection.

Production of male hatchlings at a remote South Pacific green sea turtle rookery: conservation implications in a female-dominated world

Sea turtles have temperature-dependent sex determination, with males being produced at low incubation temperatures and females at high temperatures within the thermal range for embryonic development. In the context of climate change, there are concerns that warming temperatures will lead to an increase in female production. If primary sex ratios are extremely skewed, low male production (and subsequent male availability) may threaten long-term population viability. Heightening these concerns is the fact that female-biased sex ratios are already reported at the majority of sea turtle nesting sites across the world. Here, we describe for the first time primary sex ratios at a remote green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) nesting site in the South Pacific. Nesting surveys were conducted on Tetiaroa, French Polynesia, between the 2007/2008 and 2018/2019 nesting seasons and revealed a trend of increasing annual nest numbers with large inter-annual fluctuations. We deployed temperature loggers to record incubation conditions and estimated hatchling sex ratios. We recorded low incubation temperatures (mean = 28.5 °C, standard deviation = 0.7 °C) and estimated that currently 54% of all hatchlings produced are male. Low incubation temperatures may be linked to light sand color, shading from vegetation behind beaches and heavy rainfall. Since this site will likely continue to produce males in the future, there is reason for cautious optimism for this population of green sea turtles.

The Origin of Sand and Its Colour on the South-Eastern Coast of Spain: Implications for Erosion Management

Sand colour can give important information about mineral composition and, consequently, sediment source areas and input systems. Beach appearance, which is mostly linked to sand colour, has a relevant economic function in tourist areas. In this paper, the colour of 66 sand samples, collected along both natural and nourished beaches in the western Mediterranean coast of Spain, were assessed in CIEL*a*b* 1976 colour space. The obtained results showed relevant differences between natural and artificially nourished beaches. The colour of many nourished beaches generally differs from the native one because the origin of the injected sand is different. The native sand colour coordinates’ range is: L* (40.16–63.71); a* (−1.47–6.40); b* (7.48–18.06). On the contrary, for nourished beaches’ the colour range is: L* (47.66–70.75); a*(0.72‒5.16); b* (5.82–18.82). Impacts of beach nourishment on the native sand colour were studied at San Juan beach, the most popular one along the study area. Nourishment works were performed after severe erosion, usually linked to anthropic activities/structures and storm events, but also to increase beach width and hence benefit tourism.

Identification of Climate and Psammotherapy Results at Tavan Els Kidney Sanatorium in the Western Mongolia

In this study, we have presented the climate and psamotherapy results at the Tavan Els Kidney Sanatorium of Mongolia. Patient variety for 10 years, since 2001-2011 there admitted 2000 patients in their remission of chronic kidney illness. Contents of renal diseases diagnoses are as following: glomerulonephritis 52%, phylonephritis 35%, hydronephrosis 3%, obstructive renal disease 2%, chronic renal failure 7% and debatic nephropathy 1%. Sand sauna therapy is lain into heated sand baths for adults 8 to 20 mins and for child 7 to 15 mins long, and it is performed twice a day (morning and afternoon) for 2 or 3 weeks once a year. Particularly, the sanatorium offers a type of physiotherapy through the application of thermally warmed sand and a combination of healthy micro-bioclimate, purity of the natural environment, and the presence of fresh and healthy local foods to treat a wide range of medical conditions. The sand sauna treatment most likely affects the body by means of the sand’s high temperature and the presence of chemical elements those are biologically important. Its specific climate and geographical condition of sanatorium is unique by length of sunshine, wind and content, color of sand.

Thermal performance of buildings with light colored exterior materials

A large amount of heat gets transferred to the indoor air of a building from outside in summers. Thermal comfort is measured using the indoor air temperature as main parameter. In northern India the indoor air temperature is very high and uncomfortable to the occupants. The air conditioners used for space cooling consumes a large amount of electric energy mainly produced from fossil fuels which gives rise to a lot of pollution. The heat gain by a building can be reduced by using light colors on the building exterior materials. In the present study the thermal comfort in buildings with different light colors has been evaluated and compared. The solar air temperature increased during the day time for all the light colors. The highest solar air temperature was for sand color and lowest for white color and for other colors it was in between these two. The net heat gain was witnessed during the day and in the evening and net heat loss was witnessed in the night and morning for all colors. The net heat gain was greatest for sand color and smallest for white and yellow color. The indoor air temperature increased during the day & in the evening and decreased in the night & in the morning for all colors. The indoor air temperature was maximum for sand color and minimum for white and yellow color. The maximum difference of indoor air temperature for sand & white color and that for sand & yellow color was around 0.9 °C and 0.7 °C respectively. Energy savings and carbon dioxide emission reduction is also achievable for light colors especially white and yellow colors. Therefore the white and yellow colored buildings are more comfortable for the occupants to some extent, the cooling load is lesser and these are friendlier to the environment.

Estimation of Sand Distribution in Coral Reef Environment using Colour Segmentation and Colour Thresholding Methods

At present, marine scientists employ manual method to estimate the components in coral reef environment, where Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe) software is used to determine the coral reef components and substrate coverage. This manual process is laborious and time consuming, and needs experts to conduct the survey. In this paper, a prototype for estimating the distribution of sand cover in coral reef environment from still images by using colour extraction methods was introduced. The colour segmentation called delta E was used to calculate the colour difference between two colour samples. Another method used was colour threshold by setting the range of sand colour pixels. The system was developed by using a MATLAB software with image processing toolbox. The developed system was semi-automatic computer-based system that can be used by researchers even with little knowledge and experience to estimate the percentage of sand coverage in coral reef still images.

Self‐adaptive Algorithm for Simulating Sand Painting in Real‐Time

Sand painting is a form of combination of arts and modern aesthetic, which relies on profound cultural heritage and cultural connotation. To provide the public and artists with an opportunity to better understand sand painting and make art creations surprisingly, this paper proposes a self-adaptive algorithm to simulate sand painting in a real-time way. Our simulation system exploits the height field to simulate sand flow to achieve a fast even real-time target. Seven frequently-used styles of painting techniques are elaborately defined and successfully simulated in our system, including pouring, seeping, dotting, stroking, sweeping, multi-stroking, and pinching. The procedure of sand flow is mainly consist of two key parts: sand accumulation and collapse. The direction field is introduced into the system to control a similar appearance of a normal distribution, which will be of benefit to sand accumulation algorithm. A selfadaptive approach is taken advantage of into sand collapse algorithm to present certain appearances with various details. A color factor is also considered for realistic simulation in this paper in two ways: one is the background color of sand table/canvas and the other is the natural color of sand particles themselves. User feedbacks and experimental results reveal that the algorithm of sand painting simulation in this paper can realize kinds of sand painting arts of creations easily, realistically, effectively and interactively.

Marine debris visual identification assessment

Estimates of marine debris are often based on beach surveys. Few studies have documented the veracity of these observations and the factors that may affect accuracy. Our laboratory-scale experiment identified potential sources of error associated with visual identification of marine debris (1–2 cm long) during shoreline surveys of sand beaches. Characteristics of the survey site (beach characteristics), observer (personal characteristics), and debris (color and size) may be important factors to consider when analyzing data from shoreline surveys. The results of this study show that the ability of individuals to accurately identify plastic fragments depends on the plastic and sand color, and density of shell fragments. Most suggestively, the high accuracy of blue plastic counts (95%) and the under-counting of white (50%) and clear plastic counts (55%) confirmed the hypothesis that a significant amount of clear and white plastic fragments may be missed during shoreline surveys. These results highlight the need for further research and possible modifications of visual shoreline survey methodologies in order to optimize this cost-effective method of marine debris monitoring.

An Excerpt from Crazy House

An Excerpt from Crazy House Annie Frazier (bio) I'll have that little man. That's what Mama said to me the first time she caught sight of Bill, standing there in a grubby Food Lion in North Raleigh, overripe fruit smells wafting all around. I hefted a jug of laundry detergent into the cart and turned to look and there Bill was. Price-checking dish soap, getting up real close to the tags to see the difference per ounce. He went with the store brand, nodded, lifted his chin and saw us. [End Page 69] First glance, Bill looked raggedy-ass to me. Not the greatest head of hair but not bald either—close-cropped, fuzzy, color of damp sand where it wasn't gray. Looked like his styling technique involved rubbing both palms hard against his scalp. Pleated chinos two sizes too big, Hawaiian-print polo shirt apparently tucked in after he'd cinched his belt down tight, aviator-style glasses magnifying his eyes. Bright green eyes, though. Green like moss after rain. Rough as Bill looked to me, I guess Mama saw potential. A project, maybe. She saw a compact man, jaw square and sharp as a table edge. She saw that he might look almost refined if you coaxed him out of the pleats and the palm frond patterns and the glasses like chem-lab safety goggles, if you found him some clothes that fit. She cleared her throat, sucked her flat belly concave and pushed her tits out. All to Bill's apparent delight. Hello ladies, he said. Dipped his head an inch, like tipping a top hat. Mama shifted weight onto her left hip. To make it jut, make her waist bend. Well hello there, she said. Where did you find that festive shirt? Bill said, Oh I got this one visiting family down in Florida. He stared down the front of it as if he needed to double check that he'd referenced the right one. They introduced themselves and Mama made her voice go whispery to say he looked mighty handsome in that shirt. Said it even though it did him no favors. He blushed, staring right into her cleavage squeezed up nearly to her chin. Mama always made a habit of flinging out breathy compliments much too soon, which I'm sure had everything to do with the caliber of boyfriend she'd brought home all those years. Did it like a nervous tic, like if she didn't start the flow of compliments immediately there'd be none flowing back to her. [End Page 70] Bill stuttered out something about her perfume smelling like cookies and Mama sidled closer, brushed her fingers against his arm and said, Well aren't you sweet. Vanilla's my favorite scent. I may as well have been a hundred miles away. Rest of the world a blur to them, it seemed. Standing on the outside, I sensed the electricity. Not the dangerous kind that'll sting you, though. The dreamy kind makes even grown folks stare and grin and giggle. Bill did finally notice I was there. Looked over at my sixteen-year-old self and asked if Mama and I were sisters. She squealed and I rolled my eyes way up in my head, unable to abide that tired old line again. We are not, I said. Mama stepped back and elbowed me and whispered, You better quit that. So I quit it and smiled real sweet at yet another strange man about to attempt the troubling calculus required to figure Mama and me out. I knew what to expect. It'd been the same routine for years. Dude sizing Mama up, the angles and curves of her. Levi's 512s like a vice grip, same ones she'd worn for twenty years. Hair bleached near-white, teased up and set crunchy, face all symmetry and openness and light and spider-heavy mascara. Dude looking over at me in my tank top and man-sized flannel shirt and black jeans and green Doc Martens with the laces frayed, looking at my dark hair hanging long, my molars clenched down hard and fierce, eyes...

Civil War Chicago: Eyewitness to History by Theodore J. Karamanski and Eileen M. McMahon

Reviewed by: Civil War Chicago: Eyewitness to History by Theodore J. Karamanski and Eileen M. McMahon Christopher R. Reed Theodore J. Karamanski and Eileen M. McMahon, Civil War Chicago: Eyewitness to History. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014. 334 pp. $23.96 (paper). I have taught Civil War history with emphases on both the national and local scenes for years with a wish to see an anthology of the type that Karamanski and McMahon's Civil War Chicago: Eyewitness to History sets forth. In offering a reflection of Chicagoans' thinking and emotions, as expressed through their "fears, aspirations, and [perceived] challenges," the editors have done a masterful job of showing the city and its people as they met one gargantuan challenge and embarked on those to be presented in their future. Chicago as entrepot, production center, and transportation hub contributed mightily to the war effort and represented in microcosm the enormity of the conflict that resulted in making America whole and truly indivisible. Achieving national unity proved especially difficult, as the example of Chicagoans' mixed reactions to the Emancipation Proclamation illustrates. [End Page 154] One Illinois regiment, the 8th, could despise the document with its racially charged transformation of the white over black arrangement, while another, the 82nd, composed of Germans along with some Scandinavians and Poles, could support the liberal cause of abolitionism, oblivious to ethnic nationalism. The deplorable conditions at the Confederate Andersonville prisoner of war camp found their counterpart at Chicago's Camp Douglas, located along the south shore of Lake Michigan. This volume explores both Union and Confederate recollections with emphases on the hopelessness that existed, whether it was Northerners waiting for exchange when the pardon system was in effect, or Southerners becoming lost in an indefinite incarceration far from home. As the diet was once described, "the bacon was alive with maggots, the bread hard, sour, and black, and the sugar the color of Sand." Chicago buried thousands of Southerners on its lakeshore. Neither the divided sections, nor the nation was prepared for war. The war, in turn, stimulated Chicago in matters that almost forecast its rise to becoming the nation's second largest metropolis by the end of the nineteenth century. In its economic growth, political strength, and civic nationalism, Chicago rose above internal factionalism to unite at war's end in both triumph and sorrow. Although Karamanski and McMahon include much in their collection about such growth and development, they also include the matters concerning race around which so much tension and turmoil revolved. The city's small, almost miniscule, stable African American population contributed to the 29th Infantry Regiment, United States Colored Troops, which fought in the eastern theater of war in 1864 and was present at Lee's surrender. The unit's leader, John A. Bross, died at the Battle of the Crater at Petersburg. Likewise, the successful ending of the nefarious Illinois Black Code rested heavily on the shoulders of African American merchant-tailor John Jones, Chicago's "Old German." However, marginalization of the black population as a whole awaited its members after the war's end. The editors apply useful methodology, examining numerous issues of contemporary newspapers, from the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Times to the Rushville [Indiana] American, to tell their story. The addition of a central Indiana publication from the time of the horrendous Great Chicago Fire of 1871 illustrates deep post-war related feelings. That publication scolded Chicago and the North for their previous fits of exuberance over the [End Page 155] burning of Atlanta and destruction of the Shenandoah Valley. Likewise, the editors scoured countless manuscript collections and government records to build this valuable supplemental collection. In its comprehensiveness and in its effort to keep Civil War history alive to a twenty-first century generation, Eyewitness even includes in Chapter 9, "A Guide to Civil War Sites." Standing statuary and structures remind today's Americans of a conflict that brought a nation into political wholeness. Eyewitness provides both teachers and readers with an excellent supplement to James B. McPherson's general study, Battle Cry of Freedom, Victor Hicken's state study, Illinois in the Civil War, and Christopher Robert Reed's chapter on the Civil...

A multi‐scale approach interpreting sediment processes and distribution from desert sand colour in central Saudi Arabia

AbstractIn central Saudi Arabia the redness of sands observed on satellite imagery, often related to iron oxide amount, was used to better interpret geomorphic processes operating in the area. To compare variations between dune and interdune morphology, linear and dome dunes, and an ephemeral river partly buried under a sand sea, Nafud Al‐Thuwayrat, a multi‐scale approach was used to identify the spatial variation in causes of iron oxide amounts and colour. Macro‐scale mapping of Image Spectral Redness identified that the extent and intensity of colour grading across the orientation of well‐defined linear and dome dune types, interdunes and the Wadi Al‐Rimah, indicated sediment mixing of different provenance. Meso‐scale chemical, physical and colour analysis of surface samples indicated that iron oxide coated grains were present within all the samples and was not the sole control on Image Spectral Redness. The reddest sediments were the best sorted medium‐to fine‐quartz sands with iron oxide bearing chemistry and the paler sediments contained coarser sands with additional feldspars, calcite and gypsum. Micro‐scale analysis of grain characteristics found dune–interdune contrasts and that the reddest sands with iron coatings were of aeolian origin and the paler sands contained larger fluvial material mixed with reworked aeolian deposits. Dust in the area consists of high amounts of iron oxide and appears to be a major contributor to redness in the sand dunes. These controls on colour show the sand seas are paler westwards because a major river and local drainage systems deliver fluvial sediments from the carbonate and sandstone bedrock into the quartz‐rich aeolian material from the linear dunes. Evaporite deposits dominate in the paler interdunes, and south of the Wadi the dome dunes are the reddest as they are not migrating but building up. This multi‐scale approach has provided a modern analogy of processes for palaeoenvironmental studies. © 2018 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.