Sample Survey Research Articles

Clinical and lifestyle predictors of loneliness: a two-year longitudinal study

BackgroundWhile loneliness is a global public health problem, the literature lacks studies assessing loneliness predictors in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, we aimed to analyze clinical and lifestyle predictors of loneliness. MethodsWe conducted a 2-year longitudinal study in Brazil based on a snowball sample and online surveys (baseline: May 6 to June 6, 2020). We assessed clinical and lifestyle predictors of loneliness using multiple regression models. The analyses were adjusted for several sociodemographic variables and weighted for attrition and sampling procedures. ResultsThe study included a nationwide sample of 473 participants (18-75 years; 87.1% females). After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, we identified as risk factors: depressive symptoms (RR: 1.214; 95%CI: 1.08-1.36; p=0.001), anxiety symptoms (RR:1.191; 95%CI: 1.04- 1.35; p=0.007), alcohol abuse (RR: 1.579; 95%CI: 1.32- 1.88; p<0.001), and cannabis use (RR: 1.750; 95%CI: 1.25- 2.39; p<0.001). More than 150 min/week of physical activity (RR: 0.177; 95%CI: 0.07- 0.34; p<0.001) and good/excellent quality of family relationships (RR: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.60- 0.87; p<0.001) and sleep (RR: 0.483; 95%CI: 0.39- 0.59; p<0.001) were protective factors. ConclusionSeveral clinical factors (depression, anxiety, alcohol, and cannabis) have been identified as risk factors for loneliness, while lifestyle factors (physical activity, better quality of sleep, and family relationships) have been associated with a lower incidence of loneliness. Addressing clinical and lifestyle factors may therefore be essential to preventing loneliness.

Newborn pulse oximetry screening coverage in a nationwide complex survey sample: An assessment of a congenital heart disease early detection program at the regional level in Brazil

ObjectivesTo estimate the coverage of newborn pulse oximetry screening (POS) in Brazil, as well as identifies associated factors and the proportion of positive screening results. MethodsCoverage was estimated based on the most recent National Health Survey (2019). Adjusted marginal prevalence ratios were estimated via poisson regression model with robust variance. ResultsThe POS coverage was 66.3 % (95 %CI: 65.5–67.1; N = 3,140,023) and was higher in children born in privately funded hospitals (PFHs) than in the Unified Health System (SUS): 78.1 % (76.7–79.5) versus 61.1 % (60.2–62.1). In the North region, the POS coverage in PFHs (64.9 %, 59.7–70.1) was lower than that in the South (82.5 %, 79.4–85.6) and the Southeast (81.5 %, 79.3–83.6); it was even lower in SUS in the North (44.0 %; 42.4–45.6). After a federal ordinance providing financial resources to postscreening diagnostic, the screening coverage in SUS increased from 57.6 % (56.2–59.1) to 64.6 % (63.3–65.9). The proportion of positive screening tests was 9.2 % (8.9–9.5) in SUS and 7.8 % (7.3–8.3) in PFHs, of which 40.8 % (40.5–41.1) underwent complementary exams in SUS and 57.2 % (56.7–57.7) in PFHs. In the multivariate model, the main independent predictors of POS were the coverage of other newborn screening tests. ConclusionsInequalities were found between major regions and healthcare systems. Government financial incentives have reduced this inequality, although the percentage of postscreening complementary exams remains insufficient and unequal. The main independent predictors of screening prevalence were those related to the organization of health services.

Challenges affecting public participation in environmental impact assessment in Sri Lanka

Environmental impact assessment (EIA), as a policy procedure, proved capable of promoting sustainable development by reducing or eliminating the adverse effects of development projects. Encouraging public involvement in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process is crucial for promoting sustainable development, which is arguably the main purpose of the EIA. There are a number of challenges that prevent the public from participating meaningfully in the EIA process. The primary objective of this study is to identify the challenges when they come within the domain of public participation in Environmental Impact Assessment. The paper focuses on identifying the most severe challenges experienced in Sri Lanka. The study is conducted by employing a mixed-method approach. After in-depth interviews with selected key informants and a sample survey of 240 participants representing all 9 provinces of Sri Lanka. This sample is selected using a purposive sampling process. The study revealed a number of challenges, like limited access to information and language barriers, education level, cultural norms and gender roles, institutional support and transparency, lack of awareness and knowledge, and trust among community members in the community. Identified all 6 key challenges that have a significant impact and positive correlation towards public participation in Sri Lanka

No Evidence for a Metallicity-dependent Enhancement of Distant Giant Companions to Close-in Small Planets in the California Legacy Survey

Abstract Understanding the relationship between close-in small (CS) planets and distant giants (DGs) is central to understanding the formation of planetary systems like our own. Most studies of this connection have found evidence for a positive correlation, though significant statistical and systematic uncertainties remain due to differences in sample size, target selection bias, and even the definitions of CS and DG planets. Recently, M. L. Bryan &amp; E. J. Lee conducted a study of 184 stars hosting super-Earths ( M sin i = 1 − 20 M ⊕ or R = 1 − 4 R ⊕) to determine the effect of stellar metallicity on the prevalence of DG companions ( M sin i = 0.5 − 20 M J , a = 1−10 au). They found that such giants are twice as common in the presence of inner planets, but only in metal-rich systems: P(DG∣CS, [Fe/H] &gt; 0) = 28.0 − 4.6 + 4.9 % versus P(DG∣[Fe/H] &gt; 0) = 14.3 − 1.8 + 2.0 % . Further, they found that this correlation disappears for metal-poor stars: P(DG∣CS, [Fe/H] ≤ 0) = 4.5 − 1.9 + 2.6 % versus P(DG∣[Fe/H] ≤ 0) = 5.0 − 1.3 + 1.6 % . We conducted an analogous study to test whether this effect was present in the California Legacy Survey sample. Using the same planet definitions, we did not find evidence for an enhancement in metal-rich systems: P(DG∣CS, [Fe/H] &gt; 0) = 14 − 8 + 11 % versus P(DG∣[Fe/H] &gt; 0) = 17.9 − 2.4 + 2.5 % . We also found a 2σ tension between our conditional rate and a 2x enhancement. We brought our results into closer agreement with M. L. Bryan &amp; E. J. Lee by repeating our analysis with different planet definitions. For example, considering only CS planets with 1 ≤ M sin i ≤ 10 M ⊕ and DG planets with 0.5 ≤ M sin i ≤ 20 M J gives P(DG∣CS, [Fe/H] &gt; 0) = 48 − 17 + 17 % and P(DG∣[Fe/H] &gt; 0) = 21.8 − 2.7 + 2.9 % , consistent with a 2x enhancement. However, we find that this 2x enhancement is also present when we apply the same planet definitions to the overall sample, challenging the idea that metallicity is responsible. Our sample, though only ∼1/6 the size of M. L. Bryan &amp; E. J. Lee, was assembled and analyzed self-consistently. The discrepancy between our findings and theirs may arise from a variety of sources, underscoring the need for large exoplanet surveys to overcome both small number statistics and sample inhomogeneities.

A decomposition study on the factors influencing China's total fertility rate changes between 1990 and 2020.

Low fertility is not conducive to healthy population development. The total fertility rate (TFR) is influenced by the education expansion (measured by the proportion of non-student women, NSP), marriage delay (measured by the proportion of married women, MP), and marital fertility rate (MFR). This study decomposes the TFR change into the changes in NSP, MP, and MFR using China's census and 1% population sample survey data. During 1990-2020, the changes in NSP, MP, and MFR contributed - 22%, - 90%, and 12%, respectively, to the changes in TFR. The continuous decline in NSP reduced the TFR, and the intensity continued to increase over time. As the primary negative driving force, the rapid decline in MP also consistently reduced the TFR. The marital fertility rate had a downward effect on the TFR before 2000 and an upward effect after 2000. The effects of NSP, MP, and MFR on the TFR varied with the birth order, age and region (among cities, towns, and villages). In summary, China's TFR has considerably changed in combination with changes in NSP, MP, and MFR. Without effective measures, China's TFR may further decline into the lowest-low fertility trap.

Sustainable growth, financial flexibility and working capital management in family firms: An empirical study in Indonesia

Family firms play an important role in the economies of developing countries such as Indonesia. Proper working capital management is necessary to support the sustainable growth of family firms. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of sustainable growth and working capital management of family firms. The study analyzes family firms by comparing them with non-family firms listed in the LQ45 index of the Indonesian capital market. Using quantitative methods, logistic regression is used to test the hypotheses. The survey sample covers 280 companies from 2015 to 2022. The results of the study show that the elements of sustainable growth of family firms differ from non-family firms only in the leverage element. Family firms tend to have lower leverage than non-family firms. Family firms tend to have more conservative working capital management policies for investment and financing than non-family firms. Family firms also have longer days of accounts payable outstanding than non-family firms, while days of inventory outstanding and days of sales outstanding are not significantly different. This study suggests that family firms should implement a moderate working capital policy to strengthen sustainable growth rates. AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the Head of Research and Community Service at AKI University who has supported funding for this research. Thank you also to fellow Faculty of Economics and Business lecturers, AKI University who have helped provide the facilities needed for this research.

Association between community violence exposure and teen parental firearm ownership: data from a nationally representative study.

Firearm injuries are the leading cause of death for U.S. adolescents. Given the prevalence of firearm ownership in the U.S., particularly among parental figures in homes with children and teens, and the relationship between firearm access and injury outcomes, it is vital to shed light on potential parental motivations for keeping firearms in their homes. The purpose of this analysis was to examine whether exposure to community violence is associated with parental firearm ownership. Data from the Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium's National Survey (6/24/2020-7/24/2020) was examined. The survey sample comprised parents/caregivers of high-school-age teens (age 14-18). The survey examined various measures, including firearm ownership, storage, community violence exposure, and sociodemographic characteristics. Stepwise logistic regression was used to examine the association between community violence exposure and parental firearm ownership. The study included 2,924 participants, with 45.1% identifying as male, 12.9% identifying as Hispanic, and 25.3% identifying as non-White. Among these participants, 43.1% reported firearm ownership, and 49.9% reported exposure to community violence. Regression models demonstrate that community violence exposure is associated with an increased likelihood of firearm ownership among parents/caregivers of high-school age teens (OR = 1.08, p < 0.05). Other significant predictors of firearm ownership among parents/caregivers included parent/caregiver age (OR = 0.99, p < 0.01), marital status (OR = 1.29, p < 0.05), and educational attainment (OR = 0.60, p < 0.001). The findings supported the hypothesis that community violence exposure was associated with an increased likelihood of parental firearm ownership, even after adjusting for potential confounders. These findings contribute to the existing literature by shedding light on the possible contributing factors for firearm ownership among parents/caregivers of teens. Public health interventions focused on raising awareness about the risks of firearm access in households with youths, providing counseling on locked storage practices, and offering resources for accessing secure firearm storage options, such as rapid access storage, may contribute to reducing firearm access among youth. Additionally, community-based initiatives focused on violence prevention and addressing the root causes of community violence can help create safer environments, thereby reducing the perceived need for accessible firearms in the home by parents and caregivers.

Mental and physical health characteristics of older and younger adults receiving medication for opioid use disorder

BackgroundMethadone is an effective and widely used medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Within in the United States (US), older adults represent an increasing proportion of those receiving MOUD, yet little is known about characteristics of older individuals in these programs.ObjectivesTo evaluate mental and physical health characteristics of younger and older adults receiving MOUD and test whether age moderates the relation between physical and mental health variables.MethodsData for this secondary analysis are drawn from a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of individuals seeking methadone dosing as part of MOUD at four opioid treatment programs in two regions of the US. Descriptive statistics and correlational and moderation analyses examined outcomes of pain severity, pain interference, self-rated health, physical activity, depression, and anxiety across younger (18-49) and older (50+ years) participants.ResultsAnalyses included 469 participants (mean [range] age, 41.01 [20–70] years). Older participants reported higher pain severity and interference, less physical activity, and worse self-rated health than those in the younger age group (ps &amp;lt; 0.05). Associations between mental and physical health variables were generally weak-to-moderate in the older age group (r = 0.26 to r = 0.44, p &amp;lt; 0.01), and weak in the younger age group, although age did not moderate associations.ConclusionClinically significant mental and physical health variables are associated among individuals receiving methadone for MOUD, with older adults facing unique challenges.Clinical implicationsOpioid use treatment should include not only pain management but also assessment and treatment of depression and anxiety and optimization of other health behaviors (e.g., physical activity) across age groups. Pain management and health promotion are particularly relevant targets for aging individuals receiving MOUD.

Changes in weight distribution and trends in obesity among children and adolescents in East Asia: Insights from NCD-RisC data.

Pediatric obesity is a serious global health challenge. In East Asia, rapid socioeconomic changes have increased obesity rates. This study examines weight distribution and obesity trends in East Asian children using WHO criteria. Data from the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration was used to analyze weight categories (thinness, normal weight, overweight, and obesity) among children aged 5 to 19 in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Data were collected through probabilistic sampling and national surveys and classified using WHO BMI standards. Age standardized prevalence rate enabled cross-country comparisons for boys and girls from 2010 to 2022. Statistical methods included arithmetic statistics, linear regression, and time series analysis using the ARIMA model, with SAS 9.4 and SPSS for analysis. Significant trends were found (p for trend < 0.05). Taiwan and South Korea showed increased thinness, while China and Japan showed decreases. Normal weight prevalence declined, notably among South Korean boys. Overweight and obesity rates rose, especially among South Korean boys and Chinese girls. Japan's rates remained stable, while Taiwan showed minor fluctuations. Boys had higher overweight and obesity rates than girls in all countries. The highest rates were among children aged 10 to 11 years. East Asia, particularly South Korea and China, has seen rising obesity rates. Increasing thinness in South Korea and Taiwan also requires attention. The decline in healthy-weight children is concerning. Interventions should target children before ages 10 to 11. Urgent, tailored public health interventions are needed.

Perceptions of Local and Traditional Government Leaders for Enhancing Community Development

Purpose: There are two key governance forms in Ghana, specifically traditional governance and democratic governance. Accelerating development in the local communities requires effective collaboration and the fusion of the two governances divide to harness the unique capabilities and opportunities embedded within each paradigm. The perceptions hold by local and traditional leaders about each other is fundamental to collaborative efforts. Such perceptions speak to the psychosocial, convictional and behaviour of local leaders. Methodology: This study through a field survey samples the views of two leadership divide about each other in terms of their ability to drive positive change in the community to drive accelerated community development. The study was conducted among three select districts specifically, the Accra Metropolis, Kumasi Metropolis and the Tamale Metropolis using key informant interviews, and focus group discussions to gather the data. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: The findings of the study indicated that there are shared perceptions of strengths of both systems of governance for developing local communities. The traditional leaders are seen to be strong on cultural legitimacy, moral authority, communication competence, and historical knowledge, all of which helps in social mobilization within the local communities. The local government leaders were found to exercise strength in the areas of access to money and resources, legal authority, and enforcement authority. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: We conclude that there are opportunities to harness each of these strengths such that a successful fusion of local and traditional systems of government will lead transformative leadership for sustainable local development.

Estimation of population variance using optional randomized response technique model in the presence of measurement errors

Measurement errors are an important consideration in sample surveys. Neglecting their influence can give misleading and inaccurate results. In this paper, we propose three variance estimators using Optional Randomized Response Technique (ORRT) in the presence of measurement error. Performance of the proposed estimators are evaluated through a simulation study and a numerical example.

The national ambulatory medical care survey (NAMCS) at fifty: Past and future

IntroductionNAMCS, sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is an annual nationally representative sample survey of visits to non-federal office-based physicians, excluding anesthesiologists, radiologists, and pathologists. NAMCS has collected physician-reported ambulatory care encounter-specific content over five decades. We assessed trends in the use of the data by the health services research community, response rates, and questionnaire changes. MethodsWe extracted all peer-reviewed journal articles using NAMCS data published between 1973 and 2020 and categorized publications into high- and low-impact groups, with high impact considered as the top 25 % of journals. We then examined the annual number of journal publications using NAMCS, data according to the year collected, by impact score groups for 50 years. We compared response rates and the information requested by NAMCS questionnaires from 1973 to the present. ResultsThere has been a significant decline in the overall use of NAMCS data by the non-federal health services research community for publication in both high and lower-impact journals. Data used for high impact publications peaked in 1998, at 87, remained high at 58 in 2008 but then sharply declined. Concurrently, there was a substantial decline in NAMCS survey response rates (highest: 80.5 % in 1975 vs. lowest: 28.8 % in 2015). These changes came in the context of increasing questionnaire complexity. ConclusionOver the last two decades, annual publication rates citing NAMCS data have declined, coincident with lower response rates and more detailed questionnaires. Nationally representative encounter-specific data verified by the clinician of record will likely have renewed value for those who develop, implement, and assess healthcare policy if response rates improve, and questionnaire review and finalization are streamlined. Though multispecialty data offer unique opportunities for comparisons, sampling a subset of clinicians, such as those providing primary care, would complement national efforts to improve access to continuous comprehensive care.

Motivations in transition: destination choices of inter-provincial migration among Chinese older adults

AbstractDespite the growing interest in the migration of older adults in China, the intricacies linking migration motivations with destination choices remain insufficiently explored. Drawing from China’s unique context, we categorize inter-provincial older migrants into three types: employment-led, dependent, and lifestyle. Using microdata from the Sixth Population Census of 2010 and the 1% Population Sampling Survey of 2015, we examine their evolving motivations and corresponding shifts in destination preferences. The analysis shows an increase in lifestyle-oriented migration and a decrease in dependent migration, while employment-led migration has remained stable relative to the total. Older migrants seeking employment tend to favor destinations further south, prioritizing regional economic conditions. In contrast, those motivated by lifestyle factors exhibit a broader range of destination choices, largely due to their preference for amenities. Dependent older adult migrants consider both job-related and amenity-related factors and demonstrate a stronger tendency to relocate to the east. Amenity-related factors have increasingly influenced the destination choices across all three types of migration over time. Our findings provide deeper insights into the intricacies of migration in old adulthood and highlight the need for tailored policymaking.

The Essence and Structure of the Concept “Professional Education of Students” Through Social Networks and Digital Media Platforms

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the concept of professional education in the era of digitalization, the importance of media platforms and social networks in preparing students for successful professional activity. Professional education is the basis of the educational process, which plays an important role in the development of society. It concerns not only students’ professional competencies, but also their personal qualities necessary for sustainable development in the conditions of modern economy and social environment. The concept of professional education concerns individuals and has significant implications both at the level of the country and in the global community. The main aspects of the social benefits of professional education are its contribution to the development of the economy, social stability, reduction of social constraints, the possibility for each person to achieve success in professional activities, the formation of civic responsibility and social solidarity. Thus, professional education contributes to the emergence of professionals who can adapt to the changing conditions of the labor market caused by new technologies, innovation and automation. Countries that pay attention to professional education have higher rates of competitiveness on the world stage and ensure stable economic development. Professional education helps to shape social norms and values and to adapt to the challenges of the digital age. Innovations contribute to cultural and economic growth, and professional education helps to develop these qualities in students. The article discusses the objectivity of lecturers’ and students’ interest in media platforms and social networks as new forms of professional education, training and expansion of educational space. The objective regularity and interest of researchers in studying this topic are highlighted.Materials and methods of research. The basis of the study is formed by domestic and foreign, scientific and research, philosophical and pedagogical literature, normative-legal acts, laws and regulations of the Russian Federation in the field of education and upbringing of youth. In the study of sources and materials on this topic, the methods of theoretical analysis were used. The analysis of conceptual and theoretical apparatus, comparison, generalization, synthesis, sample surveys were carried out. The experience of work on professional education in the system of higher education was studied and generalized. A review of published research papers and articles on the topic of professional education using media platforms was made in order to analyze the existing approaches, identify the main trends and determine the prospects for further research.Results. As a result of the study, the fundamental philosophical ideas of upbringing are considered. The aspect of formation of the concepts of “education” and “professional education” is studied; definitions of these terms and their interrelation in civil and moral formation of personality are given. The role of professional education in the training of students as future specialists is reflected. The role of social media in the context of the educational process is highlighted. The experience of social media researchers in professional education and educational process is studied and analyzed, and the rating of these concepts is compiled.Conclusion. The conducted analysis and conclusions of the research in the field of professional education can be used in pedagogical and scientific activities on the problem under consideration. The general and distinctive features of the concepts of “education” and “professional education” are deduced. The relevance of professional education through digital platforms is shown. The research prospects on this topic and social usefulness of professional education through social networks and media platforms within the country and the entire world community are proved.

Transparency, disclosure and autonomy: Moral judgment and attitudes toward branded content among media workers

This study extends the media sociology literature on moral judgment by comparing moral orientations among journalists and non-journalistic media professionals as well as attitudinal differences regarding branded content and related perceptions of transparency, disclosure standards, and perceived job autonomy. Based on a survey sample of the Online News Association membership ( n = 226), journalists placed greater emphasis on organizational disclosure standards than non-journalist counterparts, and branded-content producers had less favorable attitudes toward disclosure. Also, perceived disclosure standards of their organizations negatively predicted individuals’ disclosure attitude. Regression modeling showed morally related variables accounted for a small but notable variance in disclosure-related attitudes.

A Monte Carlo Investigation of Confidence Intervals for a Nondecreasing Series

We consider the problem of estimating a time series of population means from a series of sample surveys when the means are known to be nondecreasing. We introduce the standard survey estimators of the series of means, which are not guaranteed to be nondecreasing. We employ the Pool Adjacent Violators Algorithm (PAVA) to turn the series of standard survey estimates into a nondecreasing series. We introduce five methods of constructing confidence intervals for the series of non-decreasing means: normal-theory intervals based on the standard survey point estimator of the mean and the Taylor series estimator of its variance; normal-theory intervals based on the nondecreasing PAVA estimator of the mean and a unique jackknife estimator of its variance developed here (jackknife-[Formula: see text]); intervals similar to the aforementioned method but based on Student’s-[Formula: see text] distribution (jackknife-[Formula: see text]); analytical intervals due to Morris; and simultaneous confidence limits due to Korn. We report the results of a Monte Carlo simulation and assess the methods’ performance under various scenarios. Jackknife-[Formula: see text] intervals exhibited coverage probabilities that are near the nominal value. Taylor, jackknife-[Formula: see text], and Korn intervals found coverage below the nominal value while Morris intervals were excessively conservative. Jackknife intervals were much narrower than Taylor intervals.

Online commercial sexual exploitation of children in a national victim survey.

To describe the characteristics and consequences of online commercial sexual exploitation of children using a nationally representative sample. The online survey sample comprised 2,639 respondents aged 18-28 from the KnowledgePanel maintained by the survey research firm Ipsos. Fifty-eight respondents or a weighted 1.7% of the sample described childhood experiences in which they used technology to exchange sexual talks, sexual images, or other sexual activities for money, drugs, or other valuable items. The episodes were very diverse. Sixty-three percent were girls, 30% boys, 7% gender fluid, and 42% sexual minorities. Half were ages 16 or 17, and half were younger at the time of the activity. Many (44%) were involved in offline sexual activity. The purchasers were not exclusively anonymous internet contacts; 19% were current or former intimate partners and another 10% friends or acquaintances. Most of the exchanges (92%) were self-negotiated, and only 8% involved a facilitator. Nonetheless, most reported negative reactions involving embarrassment, anxiety, and feeling afraid. Sexual minority youth reported more exchanging sexual talk, having a facilitator involved, feeling afraid and falling behind in school or work than heterosexual youth. This national survey reveals a high frequency of childhood commercial sex that diverges from descriptions of dynamics based on police and social agency data. Such dynamics suggest the need for alternative approaches to prevention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Education Inequality in India: An Empirical Analysis Using National Sample Survey Data

Education Inequality in India: An Empirical Analysis Using National Sample Survey Data

Covid-19 pandemic and its economic and psychological impacts on Saudi workers: An empirical study in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial economic and psychological impact on workers in Saudi Arabia. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on the financial and mental well-being of Saudi employees in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Purpose: The COVID-19 epidemic has resulted in significant economic and societal ramifications. Current study indicates that the pandemic has not only precipitated an economic crisis but has also given rise to several psychological and emotional crises. This article provides a conceptual examination of how the pandemic impacts the economic and mental health conditions of Saudi workers, based on contemporary Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) models. Method: The current study employed a qualitative methodology and utilized a sample survey strategy. The data was gathered from Saudi workers residing in major cities of Saudi Arabia. The samples were obtained from professionals such as managers, doctors, and engineers, as well as non-professionals like unskilled and low-skilled laborers, who are employed in various public and private sectors. A range of statistical tools, including Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson’s Correlation, Factor analysis, Reliability test, Chi-square test, and regression approach, were employed to analyze and interpret the results. Result: According to the data, the pandemic has caused a wide range of economic problems, including high unemployment and underemployment rates, income instability, and different degrees of pressure on workers to find work. Feelings of insecurity (about food and environmental safety), worry, dread, stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health concerns have been generated by these challenges. The rate of mental health decline differs among demographics. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has universally affected all aspects of our lives worldwide. It resulted in an extended shutdown of educational institutions, factories, offices, and businesses. Without a question, it has profoundly transformed the work environment, professions, and lifestyles of billions of individuals worldwide. There is a high occurrence of poor psychological well-being among Saudi workers. However, it has been demonstrated that both economic health and mental health interventions can effectively alleviate the mental health burden in this population.

EFFICIENCY OF LOGARITHMIC RATIO CUM LOGARITHMIC PRODUCT ESTIMATORS IN DOUBLE SAMPLING USING IMPUTATION TECHNIQUES

In literature, there are many estimators of finite population mean, some of which are superior to the others. In practical situations, all the information on sample units may not be available due to non-response in sample surveys. Thus, our objective in this study is to get more precise estimators of the finite population mean of the study variable under two-phase sampling in case of missing data. Three new logarithmic ratio cum logarithmic product type imputation methods and corresponding point estimators have been introduced and observed to be better under two-phase sampling, which adds contribution to the field of imputation techniques. The bias and mean square errors of the proposed estimators are calculated in terms of population parameters. The performance of the proposed estimators is compared theoretically and empirically as well with existing traditional estimators.