Sample Length Research Articles

Tell Me about yourself: Analyzing self-referential language use in borderline personality disorder.

Depression and some other illnesses are associated with increased self-reference and negative emotion in language. Research findings on lexical patterns in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have been inconsistent. We conducted two studies to evaluate lexical markers of distress in BPD: First compared to healthy controls (HC), and later compared to Post-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients and trauma-exposed controls (TC). Study 1 compared language use in BPD (n=23) to HC (n=22). Study 2 featured a new sample comprised of 4 subgroups: BPD (n=26), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; n=17), comorbid BPD+PTSD (n=22), and one non-psychiatric trauma control group (TC; n=29). All participants responded to a standardized prompt from an interviewer and language was analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) software to assess for self-referential language, negative emotion words, and physical words, as well as several other language signatures of interest. No consistent significant between-group differences were found for LIWC categories of self-reference, negative emotion, or physical words, though negative tone words were significantly more frequent in BPD than non-psychiatric controls in both studies. There were also no consistent differences in sample length (either talking time or word count) or social measures across studies. These data suggest that there are fewer lexical markers of distress in BPD language samples compared to previously reported depression and physical illness samples. Future work using longitudinal approaches to define changes in emotional and cognitive states will be important to clarify the disorder- and state-specificity of lexical markers.

Ultrafast upconversion superfluorescence with a sub-2.5 ns lifetime at room temperature.

Photon upconversion through lanthanide-doped nanoparticles is of great significance for various applications. However, the current development of upconversion nanoparticles is hindered by the low quantum efficiency and long radiative lifetimes of lanthanide ions, restricting their applications in time-dependent nanophotonics. Herein, we report ultrafast upconversion superfluorescence with a lifetime of sub-2.5 ns in lanthanide-doped nanoparticles at room temperature. Upon excitation with an 800-nm fs-pulsed laser, we achieve a large number (N = 912) of correlated dipoles in Nd3+-concentrated nanoparticles, resulting in collective coherent emission with two orders of magnitude amplification in intensity and more than three orders of magnitude improvement in the radiative decay rate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the control of excitation power and emitting sample length enables the lifetime manipulation of upconversion emission in a wide range from μs to sub-ns, accompanied by the typical superfluorescence signature of Burnham-Chiao ringing. These findings may benefit applications in many advanced technologies such as quantum counting and high-speed super-resolution bioimaging.

Meta-learning-based fault diagnosis method for rolling bearings under cross working-conditions

Abstract Problems such as domain shift and insufficient sample quantity may occur when conducting fault diagnosis under cross-working conditions, decreasing the accuracy and generalization of deep learning algorithms. In this paper, a fault diagnosis framework based on meta-learning and a dual-channel classification feature fusion network combines the advantages of meta-learning and dual-channel classification feature fusion network to enhance the framework's performance in cross-working condition diagnosis and few-shot learning. Firstly, dual-channel network is used to extract the classification features of different domains, and the features are fused. Then, training is conducted under the meta-learning strategy to acquire prior knowledge for fast model learning under cross-working conditions and solve the problem of a few shots. Finally, two public rolling bearing data sets are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method across different operational conditions. Before that, the appropriate sample length and fusion domain were selected through experiments. The proposed method also has good fault diagnosis accuracy in cross-device tasks. The experimental results verify the effective classification capability and robustness of the proposed method. Furthermore, the superiority of this method over other meta-learning approaches is evident when compared.

Methodology for determining the heat distribution in disc brakes of mine hoisting machines

Purpose. To study the course of heat phenomena in disc brakes using modern computing systems in order to determine and substantiate the operating parameters for the hoisting machine components. Methodology. The research uses software packages, with the help of which a computational-theoretical apparatus is developed for heat mode modeling processes. In particular, the mentioned function is used in the SolidWorks Simulation software with the ability to evaluate the errors of the calculation results. Findings. In the course of the research, the dependence of the hoisting machine disc brake performance on the operating parameters of its components was determined. The research has led to a better understanding of the heat transfer processes in disc braking devices, as well as the ability to study the friction response of various materials and determine optimal parameters that help improve the performance of braking systems. The effectiveness has been proven of the proposed method for analyzing the heat distribution processes of the mine hoisting machine drum components under the influence of operating and emergency braking modes. Originality. For the first time, a methodology for calculating the heating temperature distribution along the brake rim plane during a safety stop has been developed and substantiated. A method has also been developed for determining the temperature field arising under steady-state heating conditions, which occur after repeated operating braking and cooling of the device. In this case, when using the formula for determining the temperature on the brake rim surface, the sample length, the relative velocity between the friction components and the heat flow distribution coefficient are taken into account. The brake disc geometric model developed in the SolidWorks software package makes it possible to study the temperature change on the device rim in real time. Practical value. The proposed design improvement based on the research results of heating processes should improve vehicle safety. The cost of braking systems is expected to be reduced through the use of optimal materials and production technologies. The software methods for modeling and analyzing the temperature influence on brake discs of the Mine Hoisting Machine (MHM) have been improved. Based on the research results, recommendations have been developed for the optimum braking process of machines in various operating conditions.

Fast Iterative Sample Transfer Identification Method for Dynamic Systems Under Non‐identical Distribution

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a method to improve the identification performance of linear dynamic systems by utilizing knowledge from samples of non‐identical distribution systems. Traditional identification methods heavily rely on the quality of the dataset, such as sample length and noise level, which constrains their performance due to the assumption of identical distribution. Motivated by the concept of sample‐based transfer learning, we propose a sample transfer identification method and derive the condition to avoid negative transfer. We develop a fast iterative transfer identification method for low storage costs, considering the computational burden imposed by the sample size from the source system. Additionally, based on the fast iterative transfer identification method, considering the need to update the current measurement data model in real time, a fast iterative online sample transfer identification method is explored. Through simulations, we validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methods. The results show that sample transfer identification is superior to non‐transfer identification and fast iterative sample transfer identification effectively reduces the calculation amount when dealing with low quality measurement data.

Thermal transport in C6N7 monolayer: a machine learning based molecular dynamics study

The successful synthesis of a novel C6N7carbon nitride monolayer offers expansive prospects for applications in the fields of semiconductors, sensors, and gas separation technologies, in which the thermal transport properties of C6N7are crucial for optimizing the functionality and reliability of these applications. In this work, based on our developed machine learning potential (MLP), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations including homogeneous non-equilibrium, non-equilibrium, and their respective spectral decomposition methods are performed to investigate the effects of phonon transport, temperature, and length on the thermal conductivity of C6N7monolayer. Our results reveal that low-frequency and in-plane phonon modes dominate the thermal conductivity. Notably, thermal conductivity decreases with an increase in temperature due to temperature-induced increase in phonon-phonon scattering of in-plane phonon modes, while it increases with an extension in sample length. Our findings based on MD simulations with MLP contribute new insights into the lattice thermal conductivity of holey carbon nitride compounds, which is helpful for the development of next-generation electronic and photonic devices.

Age-dependent somatic expansion of the ATXN3 CAG repeat in the blood and buccal swab DNA of individuals with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD) is caused by the expansion of a genetically unstable polyglutamine-encoding CAG repeat in ATXN3. Longer alleles are generally associated with earlier onset and frequent intergenerational expansions mediate the anticipation observed in this disorder. Somatic expansion of the repeat has also been implicated in disease onset and slowing the rate of somatic expansion has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy. Here, we utilised high-throughput ultra-deep MiSeq amplicon sequencing to precisely define the number and sequence of the ATXN3 repeat, the genotype of an adjacent single nucleotide variant and quantify somatic expansion in blood and buccal swab DNA of a cohort of individuals with SCA3 from the Azores islands (Portugal). We revealed systematic mis-sizing of the ATXN3 repeat and high levels of inaccuracy of the traditional fragment length analysis that have important implications for attempts to identify modifiers of clinical and molecular phenotypes. Quantification of somatic expansion in blood DNA and multivariate regression revealed the expected effects of age at sampling and CAG repeat length, although the effect of repeat length was surprisingly modest with much stronger associations with age. We also observed an association of the downstream rs12895357 single nucleotide variant with the rate of somatic expansion, and a higher level of somatic expansion in buccal swab DNA compared to blood. These data suggest that the ATXN3 locus in SCA3 patients in blood or buccal swab DNA might serve as a good biomarker for clinical trials testing suppressors of somatic expansion with peripheral exposure.

Pulse diffusion welding of female joints

Special feature of operation of electrovacuum tubes, in particular the cathode assembly, is constant heating due to bombardment of its surface with electrons. Stable characteristics and durability of the cathode assembly depend on high-quality connection (welding) of the core surfaces with the emitter over the entire area of ​​the overlapped conjugation. The use of diffusion welding for joining a cathode assembly made of dissimilar materials is not possible due to the occurrence of poor welding fusion due to the presence of gaps in the ring sectors of the equipment, and, consequently, a decrease in the service life of the cathode assembly. The authors proposed to implement the process by combining magnetic pulse welding with diffusion welding. The originality of the work is the possibility of remote action on the joint through a dielectric quartz cup, which is a part of the technological vacuum chamber. The inductor system is outside the quartz cup, which allows heating the assembled unit without heating the tool – an inductor made of dissimilar materials – to a temperature of 700 ° C and higher. The authors determined the main parameters of the process of pulse diffusion welding in vacuum: pressure in the working chamber is В=0.66·10−2Pa (5·10−5mmHg); preheating temperature is T=700–1250°C; magnetic field pulse energy is W=5÷17kJ; operating frequency of current pulse discharge is fd=5–15kHz; magnetic pressure is Pm∙107N/m2. In this way, cathode assemblies of a wide range of metal pair combinations with a base diameter of d=20mm and a sample length of L=40mm were produced. The proposed technology has been successfully implemented and introduced at Tantal (Open Joint Stock company). The economic effect consists in reducing labor intensity and obtaining joints of stable quality.

Long-Term Effects and Impressions of Minimal Footwear in Older Adults

Introduction: Foot pathologies can lead to difficulty walking and falls in older adults. Intrinsic foot muscles contribute to the structural support and alignment of the foot and provide somatosensory input from the ground. Minimally cushioned footwear may naturally strengthen intrinsic foot muscles and enhance sensory input to the foot; however, these effects are largely unknown in older adults. Further, there is little evidence regarding the prescription of minimal footwear and the perceptions of this footwear by older adults. Methods: Twenty-four adults age ≥65 volunteered to use minimal footwear for prescribed times during daily activities for 16 weeks. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of 5 intrinsic foot muscles was measured using ultrasound imaging at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks. Semi-structured interviews were recorded regarding participants’ impressions of the footwear, the progressive wear schedule, the footwear’s effects on orthopedic-related pain, balance, and foot awareness/sensation. Results: Across the cohort, there was no significant difference in CSA of the 5 muscles after 16 weeks of minimal footwear use. Thirteen participants had clinically meaningful increased CSA of the abductor hallucis muscle (Abh). These positive responders had no significant differences in age, grip strength, foot structure, or fall risk scores compared to participants with little to no CSA change. Interview results indicated a generally positive experience with minimal footwear for 68.1% of the cohort. A large percentage of the cohort reported no difficulty with the progressive wear schedule (77.2%), no aggravation of preexisting conditions and no new pain (77.2%), improved balance (63.6%), and improved foot awareness/sensation (72.7%) with minimal footwear use. The progressive wear schedule was perceived as inconvenient by some in the first few weeks (22.8%), but resulted in mild to no adverse effects when followed as prescribed. Conclusion: Sixteen weeks of progressive minimal footwear use in older adults did not lead to changes in intrinsic foot muscle CSA; however, half of the cohort had clinically meaningful increased CSA in the Abh muscle. It is unclear what individual qualities were associated with this positive response. Older adults reported generally positive experiences with minimal footwear with self-reported improvements in balance and foot awareness/sensation. The wear schedule may have been too conservative or not long enough to produce foot muscle hypertrophy, but subjective reports suggest beneficial neuromuscular adaptations and sensory changes occurred. Future research may need a greater length of time and larger samples to further determine the effects of long-term minimal footwear use in older adults.

Disaggregation and Nowcasting of Regional GDP Series with a Simple Smoothing Algorithm

We propose a simple smoothing method for the spatiotemporal disaggregation of economic time series. Contrary to the existing methods, our approach does not require exogenous regressors and can therefore be used for countries lacking long and reliable series of regional economic indicators. The proposed method can also be applied sequentially, implying that one needs to revise only the estimates for the last low-frequency period when new data are disaggregated. This is a convenient feature when historical estimates are of interest. We apply this method to disaggregate annual real GDP data for Polish regions into quarterly series and compare the results with the series obtained from a multivariate linear regression-based procedure, considering the differences between the estimates and the consequences for regional recession dating. We also examine the nowcasting performance of the smoothing algorithm and find that it is superior to the regression-based alternative for most of the studied sample lengths and horizons up to a year.

Determination of acoustic properties of paraffin oil mixed with activated coal nanoparticles or SPAN80 using only BAW time delay measurement

An important aspect of controlling the properties of liquids relates to their use in modern engines powered by composite materials. In this context, controlling the properties of industrial fluids containing micro- and nanoscale particles is essential. Understanding the temperature-dependent behavior of fluid density and elasticity is crucial for proper engine operation. Seven physical parameters of pure paraffin oil, paraffin oil with varying concentrations of activated coal nanoparticles or sorbitane monooleate (SPAN 80) were simultaneously determined using only BAW time delay measurement in the single experimental run. This technique relies on propagating LBAW through the test fluid and measuring the time delay and amplitude of these waves at different temperatures. By calculating temperature coefficients for velocity, density, time delay, and expansion using well-established formulas the physical properties of fluids under study were determined. The frequency of the LBAW used in the experiment was 13 MHz. The length of the liquid sample in the propagation direction of LBAW was ∼ 5 mm. The experiments were carried out within a temperature range of −20 °C to +90 °C. The volume of the test sample was around 1 milliliter. The comparison of the physical properties of different suspensions under these conditions allows us to demonstrate the dependence of the measured properties on the type and composition of the medium tested.

Elimination of the methodological error in measuring linear parameters of electrical cables for intrinsically safe systems

The necessity of monitoring the linear electrical parameters of cables for intrinsically safe applications is described and it is indicated that the manufacturer or supplier of cables must ensure that the cable parameters comply with current standards. The problem of unproductive consumption of cable products during its control is considered. It is noted that standard measurement methods for such a linear parameter as inductance are correct when using cable samples, the length of which is much shorter than the construction lengths. An analytical model of a cable line as an electrical facility with distributed parameters is investigated. The reason for the introduction of a limit on the length of the cable is shown, caused by the transition from a complete to a simplified model traditionally used in some standards.A systematic method for measuring the linear parameters of cables is proposed, based on an unconventional – reverse – solution, which consists in switching from the measured secondary parameters to the calculation of primary parameters. In this case, the secondary parameters are measured in accordance with the well – known standardized idling – short circuit method. The proposed method is practically free from the limitation of the length of cable samples. This allows you to control all finished cable products without cutting off samples for measurements. The measurement error does not exceed the limit set by the standards equal to 1 %. The results obtained provide non-destructive testing during acceptance tests of cable products intended for intrinsically safe systems.

An experimental and numerical effort on the vibration behavior of additively manufactured recycled polyethylene terephthalate glycol components

AbstractThe importance of recycling engineering components and thus obtaining low‐cost production solutions has become prominent in today's world. In this study, the mechanical and dynamic behaviors of three‐dimensional‐printed recycled polyethylene terephthalate glycol (RePET‐G) beams were investigated numerically and experimentally for the first time in the literature. Initially, the governing equations of the beams were determined according to the Bernoulli–Euler beam theory, and these equations were numerically solved using the differential quadrature method and ANSYS program. Subsequently, to validate the accuracy of the numerical models, the obtained natural frequencies were compared with experimental results. It was observed that the numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, the effects of beam length, infill rate, and building direction on the natural frequencies of RePET‐G beams were investigated. The outcomes showed that as the beam length changed, natural frequencies were significantly affected. Increasing the infill rate, especially for beams with vertical building direction, from 20% to 100% led to a slight decrease in the natural frequency values of the structure. Moreover, it was found that for beams with an infill rate of 100%, the natural frequency values obtained in the horizontal building direction were higher than those obtained in the vertical building direction.Highlights Printable recycled filaments have great potential for vibration applications. Sample length affects the first natural frequency value of RePETG parts. Differential quadrature and ANSYS methods can be utilized for the vibration. For the 3D‐printed samples, rising infill rate causes a natural frequency drop.

The Influence of Al-Ti-B on the microstructure of unidirectionally solidified Al-10wt.%Cu-10wt.%Si

Many works have reported the role of grain refiners in aluminumsilicon alloy casting in direct chill casting. However, only a few are under the unidirectional solidification condition. Direct chill casting favors equiaxed structures, while unidirectional solidification favors columnar structures. This work investigated the influence of Al-Ti-B on the microstructure of unidirectionally solidified Al-10wt.%Cu-10wt.%Si. The samples were directionally solidified using the Bridgman apparatus. It was cooled at the bottom to a temperature of 650℃, and the temperatures were recorded during the cooling. A representation of the cooling curve was selected, and the solidification parameters were calculated. Metallographic procedures were applied to observe the microstructure across the sample length. The results show that the 0.03wt.%Ti effectively promotes nucleation in many sites. It leads to the formation of equiaxed structures and prevents fine columnar structures from further growth. Due to the magnitude of the cooling rate, the 0.03wt.%Ti exhibits fine columnar, fine equiaxed, coarse equiaxed, and dendrite equiaxed structures at the separated distance from the contact area. This formation is in line with the one produced by the mechanism in direct chill casting. Understanding the grain refiner effect is crucial for optimizing manufacturing processes and achieving desired material properties. The Al-Ti-B addition is not recommended in the propeller manufacturing industry.

Coil Formation and Biomimetic Performance Characterization of Twisted Coiled Polymer Artificial Muscles

A biological muscle's force is nonlinearly constrained by its current state (force, length, and speed) and state history. To investigate if artificial muscles can mimic (i.e. biomimetic) the complete mechanical state spectrum of biological muscles, this study uses a novel method to characterize twisted coiled polymer actuators (TCPAs) mechanically. Thus, comprehensive and reproducible test procedures are established to verify artificial muscle biomimetics regarding stress, strain, and strain rate combinations intrinsic to biological muscle. A rheometer performs novel high‐precision mechanical characterization methods to comprehensively verify biomimetic performance. Sample twist level, torque, length, force, and temperature are controlled and measured during twist‐induced coiling, heatsetting/annealing, and mechanical testing. TCPAs are formed from linear low‐density polyethylene monofilament. Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) TCPAs generate larger stresses than biological muscle through the entire spectrum of strains—contracting more than 40%, exerting more than 0.3 MPa at rest length, and withstanding tension of 8 MPa without damage. Thus, the LLDPE TCPAs attain biological muscle performance statically, but additional tests are required to assess this dynamically. The mechanical performance of LLDPE TCPAs enables biomimetic actuation with an intelligent control and measurement system. Their high‐throughput textile manufacturability positions them for advanced biomechatronic applications—including prosthetics and exoskeletons.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided versus percutaneous liver biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Percutaneous liver biopsy (PC-LB) has long been the usual method for acquisition of liver tissue. Recently, endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has gained popularity as an alternative modality. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of EUS-LB versus PC-LB. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing EUS-LB with PC-LB published until October 20, 2023. The primary outcome was diagnostic adequacy. Secondary outcomes were: the number of complete portal tracts (CPTs), longest sample length (LSL), total sample length (TSL), post-procedure pain scores, and adverse events (AEs), including overall AEs and AEs excluding minor post-procedure symptoms. We compared binary outcomes using risk ratios (RRs) and continuous outcomes using the mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD), with 95%CIs. Four RCTs (258 patients) were included. The EUS-LB group presented lower post-procedure pain scores (SMD -0.58, 95%CI -0.95 to -0.22) than the PC-LB group. Both groups performed similarly in terms of diagnostic adequacy (RR 1.0, 95%CI 0.96 to 1.04), number of CPTs (MD 2.57, 95%CI -4.09 to 9.22), LSL (MD -2.91 mm, 95%CI -5.86 to 0.03), TSL (MD 4.16 mm, 95%CI -10.12 to 18.45), overall AEs (RR 0.54, 95%CI 0.20 to 1.46), and AEs excluding minor post-procedure symptoms (RR 1.65, 95%CI 0.21 to 13.02). This meta-analysis suggests that EUS-LB is as safe and effective as PC-LB and is associated with lower post-procedure pain scores.Registration on PROSPERO: CRD42023469469.

Experimental Investigation of High-performance Fiber-reinforced Cementitious Composite and its Effect on RC Beams by Numerical Method

In the present study, experimental investigations were initially conducted on high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (HPFRCC). A total of 9 samples were examined and subjected to a 4-point bending test. The sample lengths were standardized at 500 and 1700 mm. The variables under scrutiny included the impact of Micro Steel, Macro Steel, and polyvinyl alcohol fibers. Furthermore, the models were scrutinized under two conditions: with and without glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The number of samples was 9. In the second part of the article, subsequent to verifying the experimental samples from the current study alongside a concrete beam, numerical analyses were carried out to assess the influence of HPFRCC on the behavior of RC beams. Similarly, the impact of GFRP diameter, as well as the height of HPFRCCs, on the seismic performance of RC beams, was investigated by conducting 36 numerical analyses. The analyses were carried out using nonlinear static methods, with monotonic loading. The model outputs encompass elastic stiffness, ultimate strength, relative stiffness, and energy dissipation. The experimental results showed that the use of macro steel fibers in models without GFRP rebars has better results on the flexural behavior of HPFRCC. Moreover, by reinforcing RC beams with HPFRCC, a 70% increase in energy dissipation was observed. The elastic stiffness and ultimate strength of the strengthened beam are directly proportional to the ratio of the HPFRCC's elastic flexural stiffness to that of the original beam. These results increase proportionally as this ratio rises.

Optimizing sample length for fault diagnosis of clutch systems using deep learning and vibration analysis

Optimizing sample length for fault diagnosis of clutch systems using deep learning and vibration analysis

Shape Classification Using a Single Seal-Whisker-Style Sensor Based on the Neural Network Method.

Seals, sea lions, and other aquatic animals rely on their whiskers to identify and track underwater targets, offering valuable inspiration for the development of low-power, portable, and environmentally friendly sensors. Here, we design a single seal-whisker-like cylinder and conduct experiments to measure the forces acting on it with nine different upstream targets. Using sample sets constructed from these force signals, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is trained and tested. The results demonstrate that combining the seal-whisker-style sensor with a CNN enables the identification of objects in the water in most cases, although there may be some confusion for certain targets. Increasing the length of the signal samples can enhance the results but may not eliminate these confusions. Our study reveals that high frequencies (greater than 5 Hz) are irrelevant in our model. Lift signals present more distinct and distinguishable features than drag signals, serving as the primary basis for the model to differentiate between various targets. Fourier analysis indicates that the model's efficacy in recognizing different targets relies heavily on the discrepancies in the spectral features of the lift signals.

A new prediction model for residual deformation capacity of corroded steel bars

Corrosion of reinforcing steel bars (rebar) is one of the primary factors leading to the performance degradation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. It is essential to take into consideration the deteriorating effects of corrosion when it comes to assessing the performance of existing RC structures. However, due to the uncertainties and randomness associated with the degree and distribution of corrosion, accurately assessing the residual deformation capacity of corroded rebar is a significant challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical model for the prediction of the residual deformation capacity of corroded rebar. Taking into account the mechanical characteristics of the steel material, three classes of non-uniform corrosion in rebar are firstly defined on a quantitative basis to characterize the deformation distribution patterns under tension. Based on the concept of deformation accumulation, a simplified theoretical model is proposed for evaluating the residual deformation capacity of corroded rebar, incorporating both the non-uniformity of corrosion and the sample (or gauge) length; thus, a length scale is built into the nominal strain measure to accommodate the use of different sample or gauge lengths. Numerical tensile tests on 500 randomly generated samples of rebar with varying corrosion levels are conducted, and the parameters of the theoretical model for the three corrosion classes are determined based on a regression analysis of the tensile test results. Comparisons with actual experimental results and existing degradation models demonstrate that the proposed theoretical model provides a more accurate estimation for the deformation capacity of corroded rebar. The model offers a reliable reference for accurately assessing the tensile performance of corroded rebar in subsequent engineering applications.