Sample Of High School Graduates Research Articles

Analysis of Pop-Up Book and Biology Virtual Reality Video toward Students’ Habits of Mind

Low reading interest in high school students and the use of information and communication technology (ICT) are still not well integrated into learning. This is due to the lack of interesting biology textbooks and students’ habits in using gadgets for entertainment such as social media and games. For this reason, a solution to these problems is the development of pop-up books and virtual reality (VR) videos. This research uses the Research and Development method adapted from Borg and Gall by involving media and content experts for feasibility testing. The pop-up book and VR video evaluation were then carried out, the results showed feasibility without revision of 67% and some product revision suggestions. The results also showed the product responses to habits of mind (HoM) which included in the excellent category (3.7) from 100 students and 30 teachers even though preliminary test with a sample of high school graduates was still in the good category (3.2). Also, aspects of creative thinking are best between self-regulation and critical thinking. So, the implications of this research are pop-up book and VR videos are suitable as learning media also very good for improving students’ ha bits of mind.

Discontinuous Patterns of Cigarette Smoking From Ages 18 to 50 in the United States: A Repeated-Measures Latent Class Analysis.

Effective cigarette smoking prevention and intervention programming is enhanced by accurate understanding of developmental smoking pathways across the life span. This study investigated within-person patterns of cigarette smoking from ages 18 to 50 among a US national sample of high school graduates, focusing on identifying ages of particular importance for smoking involvement change. Using data from approximately 15,000 individuals participating in the longitudinal Monitoring the Future study, trichotomous measures of past 30-day smoking obtained at 11 time points were modeled using repeated-measures latent class analyses. Sex differences in latent class structure and membership were examined. Twelve latent classes were identified: three characterized by consistent smoking patterns across age (no smoking; smoking < pack per day; smoking pack + per day); three showing uptake to a higher category of smoking across age; four reflecting successful quit behavior by age 50; and two defined by discontinuous shifts between smoking categories. The same latent class structure was found for both males and females, but membership probabilities differed between sexes. Although evidence of increases or decreases in smoking behavior was observed at virtually all ages through 35, 21/22 and 29/30 appeared to be particularly key for smoking category change within class. This examination of latent classes of cigarette smoking among a national US longitudinal sample of high school graduates from ages 18 to 50 identified unique patterns and critical ages of susceptibility to change in smoking category within class. Such information may be of particular use in developing effective smoking prevention and intervention programming. This study examined cigarette smoking among a national longitudinal US sample of high school graduates from ages 18 to 50 and identified distinct latent classes characterized by patterns of movement between no cigarette use, light-to-moderate smoking, and the conventional definition of heavy smoking at 11 time points via repeated-measures latent class analysis. Membership probabilities for each smoking class were estimated, and critical ages of susceptibility to change in smoking behaviors were identified.

Grit in adolescence is protective of late-life cognition: non-cognitive factors and cognitive reserve

ABSTRACTVarious psychological assets have been shown to protect against late-life cognitive impairment by promoting cognitive reserve. While factors such as educational attainment and IQ are well-established contributors to cognitive reserve, noncognitive factors, such as grit, have not been studied in this regard. We examined the contribution of adolescent grit, indexed by high school class rank controlling for IQ, to late-life cognition and its decline among approximately 4000 participants in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a random sample of high school graduates followed from 1957 to 2011. Adolescent grit significantly predicted both immediate and delayed memory at ages 64 and 71, over and above the contribution of IQ. While the relative contributions of IQ and grit to immediate memory were comparable, grit was a stronger predictor of delayed memory. Cognitive reserve has noncognitive, as well as cognitive, components.

English as a gatekeeper: Inequality between Jews and Arabs in access to higher education in Israel

Access to the universities and many colleges in Israel is conditioned on the attainment of a specific matriculation certificate that includes a passing grade in advanced level English. Arab students in Israel are required to study English in addition to Arabic and Hebrew, unlike Jewish students, who are not obliged to take a second foreign language in addition to English. This puts Arab students in an inferior position. An analysis of a large sample of high school graduates showed that the English requirement incurs larger gaps than two other subjects that were examined: history and math. Logistic regression models confirmed that the gaps in meeting the English requirement can help explain the Jewish-Arab discrepancy in enrollment in higher education.

Proactive Coping as a Mediator Between Resources and Outcomes: A Structural Equations Modeling Analysis

Proactive coping is a recent construct in the field of positive psychology. It refers to the efforts aimed at building general forces to facilitate the path toward challenging goals and personal growth. The current study adopted a theoretical model of proactive coping as a mediator of resources with positive and negative outcomes. Our aim was to examine two separate models with satisfaction with life and depression as the proposed outcomes of proactive coping. The proposed models presumed direct relationships between self-efficacy, optimism and social support with life satisfaction or depression, as well as indirect paths through proactive coping. We administered a set of questionnaires that consisted of demographic data, the Proactive Coping Scale, the General Self-efficacy Scale, the Life Orientation Test-Revised, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Data were obtained from a sample of high school graduates (N = 485, age 17 to 19, 174 males and 311 females). Our analyses confirmed presumed direct and indirect relationships between resources and outcomes. The results showed that the data fit well in the model with life satisfaction as an outcome, while the data did not fit well in the model with depression as an outcome. A subsequent model was formed in which satisfaction with life was used as a full mediator between proactive coping and depression; this model provided a good fit to the data. Theoretical implications, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed.

Modeling Entrance into STEM Fields of Study Among Students Beginning at Community Colleges and Four-Year Institutions

In this study, a theoretical model is tested to examine factors shaping the decision to pursue STEM fields of study among students entering community colleges and four-year institutions, based on a nationally representative sample of high school graduates from 2004. Applying the social cognitive career theory and multi-group structural equation modeling analysis, this research highlights a number of findings that may point to specific points of intervention along students’ educational pathway into STEM. This study also reveals important heterogeneity in the effects of high school and postsecondary variables based on where students start their postsecondary education: community colleges or four-year institutions. For example, while high school exposure to math and science courses appears to be a strong influence on four-year beginners’ STEM interest, its impact on community college beginners’ STEM interest, albeit being positive, is much smaller. In addition, college academic integration and financial aid receipt exhibit differential effects on STEM entrance, accruing more to four-year college students and less to those starting at community colleges.

What do students know anyway? High school graduates’ examination of standards and the responses of expert educators for educational equity

The standards movement in the US has ballooned over the past generation of education reforms to the extent that standards have become a prominent feature of the educational architecture. Most curriculum planning is informed by local, state, and/or interstate content area standards. While the 1980s central focus on the international competitiveness of US education has waxed and waned somewhat, the practice of comparative analysis has persisted. As such, there has been a steady rise in the debates regarding the achievement gap between White and non-Asian minority students. Educational reformers, politicians, reformers, and pundits have all taken varied positions regarding the effectiveness of the standards movement to ameliorate the polarization of achievement among these groups. Yet the voices of those at the epicenter of the teaching and learning process have often gone ignored and not heard from. This article addresses these perspectives to reveal that a national sample of high school graduates holds a particular assessment of standards with regard to equity, student learning, and educational quality. Expert educators’ responses to graduates’ perceptions are found equally important for guiding educational policy and improvement.

"A Thing of Beauty is a Joy Forever"? Returns to Physical Attractiveness over the Life Course

This article analyzes the effect of three aspects of physical attractiveness (facial attractiveness, Body Mass Index and height) on socio-economic and marital success over the life course. In a sample of high school graduates from Wisconsin followed from their late teens and until their mid-60s, I find that (1. taller men have higher earnings than shorter men throughout their careers, (2. women with more attractive faces and women with lower Body Mass Index have higher socio-economic status late in their careers, (3. men and women with more attractive faces are more likely to be married in youth, and (4. men and women's physical attractiveness is unrelated to the income and socio-economic status of their spouses. These results suggest that, first, physical attractiveness matters throughout the life course, second, attractiveness does not have a large quantitative effect on socio-economic and marital outcomes and third, different aspects of physical attractiveness matter differently for men and women.

Is the association of smoking and depression a recent phenomenon?

Part of the hardening hypothesis to explain the persistence of smoking-despite powerful antismoking forces-links smoking with psychopathology, especially depression. It has been proposed that the association between depression and smoking has emerged in more recent cohorts as smoking rates declined, disproportionately leaving among current smokers those who found it more difficult to quit because of their psychopathology. We examined the association of regular smoking and depression in a cohort who began smoking prior to the decline in smoking rates in the United States and assessed a corollary hypothesis that smokers with depression were more likely to persist in smoking than were those without depression. Data were from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study of a random sample of high school graduates from the class of 1957. In the 1992 follow-up, a subset of these 53-54-year-olds were assessed for lifetime and current depression and smoking (n = 4,858). A modest association between regular smoking and depression was found (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2-1.6); persistence of smoking (current smoking among ever regular smokers) was unrelated to single-episode or recurrent depression (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.8-1.5). The results do not support the proposition that the association between smoking and depression emerged when smoking rates declined, or that self-medication of depression through smoking is a likely mechanism for the persistence of smoking.

Human Capital, Uncertain Wage Distributions, and Occupational and Educational Choices

This study develops a model of occupational and educational choices. Individuals are assumed to choose careers based on expected utility maximi- zation, given uncertainty concerning future earnings. The model directly leads to estimable equations relating career choices to the moments of occupational earnings distributions. We report maximum likelihood estimates using a sample of high school graduates from Maryland school districts, 1951-1969. The eight observed career choices respond as expected to the first and second moments of the earnings distribution and to a measure of school quality. Reasonable estimates of human capital production and supply elasticities are obtained for the career choices.

Attendance at higher-cost colleges: Ascribed, socioeconomic, and academic influences on student enrollment patterns

Socioeconomic and ascriptive factors clearly influence high school students' academic performance, which in turn influences students' eventual college choices. A critical policy issue involves whether or not socioeconomic and ascriptive factors also have influences on college choices that are independent of their influences on academic performance. The present analysis addresses this issue, focusing upon the costliness of the colleges attended by a recent national sample of high school graduates. The structural equation results suggest that SES and ascriptive factors do have independent effects, but they are relatively minor and more “social” than “economic” in nature.

A Model of Educational Investment Decisions

From a probit model of enrollments, estimates of the expected net present value of post secondary education are developed for a sample of high school graduates, based e xclusively on individual expectations of the relevant costs and benefits at the time of the enrollment decision. The results are very plausible and consistent w ith rate-of-return estimates from studies which rely on ex post income data. Thi s suggests that students have rational expectationsand relatively good informat ion about future employment opportunities and other factors which determine the returns to educational investment. Copyright 1987 by MIT Press.

Uncertainty and the Demand for Education

The impact of uncertainty in future income on the demand for education from both theoretical and empirical points of view is analyzed. Theoretical results deviate substantially from their counterparts in models of human capital formation with certain future income. The theory is tested with a sample of high school graduates that contains data on subjective expectations. Empirical evidence from binomial logit analysis does not entirely support the behavioral implications of the theoretical model.

Birth Order and Educational Attainment in Full Sibships

The idea that birth order influences intellectual development and social success has recently been revived, despite the accumulated evidence that birth order effects are often negligible or artifactual. In this paper, the association of birth order with educational attainment (as measured by years of schooling completed) is examined among 9,000 Wisconsin high school graduates of 1957 and among their full sibships, including more than 30,000 men and women. Whether we look at selection into the sample of high school graduates, postsecondary educational attainments of those graduates, or educational attainments within full sibships, there are no significant or systematic effects of birth order on schooling when other relevant variables have been controlled. Years of education appear to increase with birth order when family size is controlled, but this happens because secular increases in schooling have occurred within as well as across families.

The Theory of the Family and Intergenerational Mobility: An Empirical Test

From a probit model of enrollments, estimates of the expected net present value of postsecondary education are developed for a sample of high school graduates, based exclusively on individual expectations of the relevant costs and benefits at the time of ...

The demand for higher education facing an individual institution

The purpose of this paper is to provide an estimate of the elasticity and cros-selasticities of demand for higher education facing an individual institution. The utility which a high school graduate derives from each educational option open to him is assumed to be a stochastic function of the attributes of that option. For certain types of utility functions the maximization of utility results in the logit probability model. This model is used to analyze the choices made by a sample of high school graduates in Hawaii. Estimates of the price elasticity and the cross-price elasticities of demand for enrollment at the University of Hawaii are obtained. It is found that the demand is quite inelastic with respect to both tuition and total cost of education. These estimates imply that changes in tuition will not affect enrollment appreciably.