Sample Of Civil Servants Research Articles

Human–AI Interactions in Public Sector Decision Making: “Automation Bias” and “Selective Adherence” to Algorithmic Advice

Abstract Artificial intelligence algorithms are increasingly adopted as decisional aides by public bodies, with the promise of overcoming biases of human decision-makers. At the same time, they may introduce new biases in the human–algorithm interaction. Drawing on psychology and public administration literatures, we investigate two key biases: overreliance on algorithmic advice even in the face of “warning signals” from other sources (automation bias), and selective adoption of algorithmic advice when this corresponds to stereotypes (selective adherence). We assess these via three experimental studies conducted in the Netherlands: In study 1 (N = 605), we test automation bias by exploring participants’ adherence to an algorithmic prediction compared to an equivalent human-expert prediction. We do not find evidence for automation bias. In study 2 (N = 904), we replicate these findings, and also test selective adherence. We find a stronger propensity for adherence when the advice is aligned with group stereotypes, with no significant differences between algorithmic and human-expert advice. In study 3 (N = 1,345), we replicate our design with a sample of civil servants. This study was conducted shortly after a major scandal involving public authorities’ reliance on an algorithm with discriminatory outcomes (the “childcare benefits scandal”). The scandal is itself illustrative of our theory and patterns diagnosed empirically in our experiment, yet in our study 3, while supporting our prior findings as to automation bias, we do not find patterns of selective adherence. We suggest this is driven by bureaucrats’ enhanced awareness of discrimination and algorithmic biases in the aftermath of the scandal. We discuss the implications of our findings for public sector decision making in the age of automation. Overall, our study speaks to potential negative effects of automation of the administrative state for already vulnerable and disadvantaged citizens.

THE PERSPEKTIF THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR TERHADAP INTENSI PNS UNTUK MELAKUKAN WHISTLEBLOWING

This study aims to determine attitudes, subjective norms and control behavior on the intentions of civil servants to carry out whistleblowing: a theoretical perspective on planned behavior (study of the Sidoarjo Regency Government). This study has a sample of civil servants (PNS) who have been in accordance with predetermined criteria. The sample of this research is 78 employees. Meanwhile, the analytical tool used is the questionnaire tabulation, data collection in the form of test validity and reliability testing. The data in this study were processed using SPSS version 18.0. The results of the validity and reliability tests for each indicator on the independent variables show > 0.3 and have Cronbach's Alpha > 0.06 so that the data can be said to be valid and reliable. In this study using data analysis tools in the form of multiple regression. Meanwhile, in the t-test, attitude as (X1) has a sig value of 0.237, subjective norm as (X2) has a sig 0.045, controlling behavior as (X3) has a sig value of 0.000. According to the research results, it can be concluded that subjective norms and control behavior affect the intention to do whistleblowing. But attitude does not affect the intention to do whistleblowing.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ УСПЕШНОСТЬ СУБЪЕКТА, ОКРУЖЕНИЕ, РЕСУРСЫ: ОТКРЫТЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Background. Historically changing ideas about the social success of a person, its specifi city for representatives of diff erent social groups, the expansion of the number of criteria for describing this phenomenon are becoming a permanently relevant scientifi c and scientifi c-practical problem. Associated with it is the phenomenon of «resources», in the explanation of which there are many open questions. Object of the study is to study the spatial characteristics of the conditions of the social micro- and mesoenvironment as potential resources for the social success of subjects. Methods. Historical-theoretical analysis, empirical research (author’s method — questionnaire «Dynamics of professional life style»), methods of parametric statistics. Results. An analysis of the survey data of 482 men and women aged 30– 50 years (132 civil servants, 129 engineers and heads of departments of industrial enterprises, 221 managers) showed that higher assessments of the subjective signifi cance of environmental conditions as “professional factors” , updated as resources, and the largest number of intercorrelations (with r ≥ 0.300) took place in the sample of civil servants; smaller ones — engineers and heads of departments of industrial enterprises and in a sample of managers. Conclusion. Diff erent conditions of the social environment are not equally signifi cant for all people (persons of diff erent sex, age, working in diff erent fi elds of activity, having diff erent experience, etc.) in their positive and negative impact on various manifestations of a person’s success. Diff erences in environmental conditions, refl ected as the specifi city of the correlation pleiades for each group, indicate a non-separate eff ect on the success of the subject. Both individual conditions and their combinations represent relatively stable, integral and closed spaces. Th e conditions of the parental family, one’s family, formed by a person’s activity in the spheres of his interpersonal relations, in their subjective perception and subjective signifi cance for diff erent people, act as diff erent, isolated spaces.

PENGARUH SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL TERHADAP KUALITAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN DENGAN KOMPETENSI SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI

This study examines the internal control system of the quality of financial statements with human resource competence as a moderating variable. The study used a survey method using a sample of civil servants in local government organizational units. The sampling method inThis study examines the internal control system of the quality of financial statements with human resource competence as a moderating variable. The study used a survey method using a sample of civil servants in local government organizational units. The sampling method in this study was purposive sampling. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 23 and WarpPLS 5.0. The results showed that the internal control system on the elements of the control environment had no effect and had no significant impact on the quality of the financial statements. In contrast, the element of control activities had a positive and significant effect on the quality of the financial statements. However, human resource competencies can moderate the internal control environment on the quality of financial statements. The inverse results found that human resource competencies cannot moderate internal control activities on the quality of financial statements. this study was purposive sampling. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 23 and WarpPLS 5.0. The results showed that the internal control system on the elements of the control environment had no effect and had no significant.

Inconsistencies in repeated refugee status decisions

AbstractConsistency in civil servant decisions is paramount to upholding judicial equality for citizens and individuals seeking safety through governmental intervention. We investigated refugee status decisions made by a sample of civil servants at the Swedish Migration Agency. We hypothesized, based on the emotional demands such decisions bring with them, that participants would exhibit a compassion fade effect such that refugee status was less likely to be granted over time. To test this, we administered a questionnaire containing brief presentations of asylum seekers and asked participants to judge how likely they would be to give refugee status to the person. Crucially the first, middle, and final case presented were matched on decision relevant characteristics. Consistent with our hypothesis, we saw a significant decline in ratings. These effects were accentuated by the amount of time a participant had worked at the agency, consistent with depletion of affective resources, and attenuated in workers with greater responsibility and additional training. We conclude that active regulation of empathic and affective responses to asylum seekers may play a role in determining the outcome in refugee status decisions.

Factors Associated to the Decision to Terminate or not an Unwanted Pregnancy among a Sample of Civil Servant in São Paulo State, Brazil.

This is a cross sectional study of a sample of civil servants from the interior of São Paulo state, carried out with the purpose of evaluating the occurrence of unwanted pregnancies, the proportion which were terminated, the reason given for having or not having an abortion and which factors were associated to the decision whether or not to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. Just over one fifth declared to have experienced an unwanted pregnancy and over half of them were aborted. The reasons to abort concentrate on interferance with their life expectancy: “to continue studying or working” “being single”, “too young to get married” and “to become a father or mother”. Also important were fear of parents and rejection by the respondents'partner. Among those who did not terminate the unwanted pregnancy religion acted as a barrier among almost one third and the legal barrier for almost one fourth. Not having a permanent partner, being in use of behavioral or barrier method of contraception and higher education were associated with higher incidence of abortion of the unwanted pregnancy, but in multiple regression, only higher education remain significantly associated. Our results showed that once the unwanted pregnancy occur, more than half of them will be aborted, confirming the need to concentrate the efforts in reducing unwanted pregnancies if we want to prevent abortion.

Psychosomatic correlates of psychological disadaptation in civil servants

The article describes a psychodiagnostic study using the "Giessen personal questionnaire" on a sample of civil servants (n=159).The purpose of the study was to determine the psychosomatic correlates of psychological disadaptation in civil servants.157 civil servants were included in the psycho-diagnostic study, including 118 women (74.22%) and 41 people (25.78%). The average age of respondents was 42.7±9.19 years. The average length of service in the civil service was 16.37±8.25 years.Using the "Giessen Personality Questionnaire" it was established that 83 (52,20%) respondents have low control of behavior and actions, 85 (53,45%) respondents tend to depressive mood, the remaining results on the scale of the questionnaire did not exceed 25% of the sample.The second stage of the study included an analysis of data from previous studies. The general sample (n=159) of civil servants was divided into 2 groups: persons with manifestations of sociopsychological maladaptation (n=78; 49,00%) were the main group of research, individuals without maladaptive manifestations were the comparison group (n=81; 51,00%). After analyzing the data, we identified the psychosomatic correlates of the emergence of psychological disadaptation in civil servants: low level of internal motivation to work (n=78; 100%), weak personal qualities (n=75; 69,15%), use of ineffective coping strategies (n=73; 93,58%), anxiety (n = 40; 51,28%), depressive manifestations (n=20; 25,64%).These results show that the negative stressful effect on the personality of the civil servants, caused by the working environment, can cause deformation and destructive changes in it.

Employee involvement, public service motivation, and perceived organizational performance: testing a new model

Limited research has been conducted to explore the mechanisms through which employee involvement affects organizational performance. This article furthers the research on the mechanisms by testing a new causal model based on the theoretical framework of high-involvement work systems. Based on data collected from a sample of civil servants in China, we used structural equation modeling to find that the direct effect of involvement practices on organizational performance is positive and statistically significant. However, the indirect path mediated by job satisfaction and organizational commitment are not statistically significant. In addition, we found that public service motivation exerts a positive and direct effect on organizational performance. PSM is more prominent than job commitment or satisfaction in motivating public employees to work towards organizational goals and to work harder.Points for practitionersPublic managers should pay more attention to involving employees in management, which will not only improve organizational performance but also increase employees’ job satisfaction and affective commitment. Involvement can take a variety of forms such as sharing information with subordinates, providing performance evaluation feedback, and involving employees in decision-making.

Work-Family Conflict and Occupational Stress as Correlates of Life Satisfaction Among Staff of Oyo State Civil Service

There is limited research on civil servants and their experiences of work-family conflict and life satisfaction. The goals of the present study were to examine the relationship between work-family conflict (work-to-family conflict and family-to work conflict) and life satisfaction, the relationship between work-family conflict and domain-specific satisfactions (family satisfaction and work satisfaction), among a sample of civil servants. The study utilized ex-post facto design with the use of a structured questionnaire. Two hundred and eighty-four (284) employees of Oyo state civil service participated in the study, yielding a return rate of 94.7%. A total of 134 (47.2%) males and 150 (52.8%) females participated in the study. Their ages ranged between 18 and 58 with mean age of 37.9 and standard deviation of 11.2. The instrument used was closed-ended questionnaire divided into five sections. This comprised demographic variables, work-family conflict, occupational stress and life satisfaction. Five hypotheses were tested. The result indicated a significant negative relationship between work-family conflict and life satisfaction (r=-0.310, p<.01). Occupational stress also correlated negatively with life satisfaction (r=-0.251, p<.01). The result of the regression analysis indicated that work-family conflict and occupational stress jointly predicted life satisfaction [F(2,281)=20.169; R2=0.126, p<0.001]accounting for 12.6% variance. Also, there was no gender difference in the experience of life satisfaction [t(282) = -0.093; p> 0.05]. Finally, age, sex, years of experience, level of education, religion and marital status did not predict life satisfaction among civil servants [F(6,277)=2.698; R2=0.095 p<0.01] accounting for about 9.5 variance. Based on the findings, conclusions were made, and it was recommended that different policies and strategies are needed for the people at different type of jobs and at different stages of their career. As one of the largest employer of any country, government should introduce appropriate policies in the area of work-family balance.

Analysis of Mobility Related Aspects and Politicizing the Civil Service Within Romanian Public Administration

This paper presents a number of issues related to the mobility of civil servants and to the politicizing the civil service in Romania in the period 2000-2010. Analysis of the politicization phenomenon has allowed identification of three stages: 2000-2004, 2005-2008 and 2009-present. Application of legislation within the civil service has allowed a considerable increase of the stability level. Professionalization of the prefect function did not generate a considerable increase in its level of stability. Lately it is noted an increased dependency of the public function to the political system, through legislative changes initiated at the government level. In this paper, using qualitative and quantitative methods, a number of issues related to mobility of civil servants and to the politicization of civil service are highlighted. For this study, there were used data sets from a sample of civil servants form the public administration. Civil servants’ oppinion is totally unfavorable to the process of politicizing the public administration.

Inmigración y demanda de seguros sanitarios

Introduction The wave of immigration in Spain in the last 10 years has had major consequences in the provision of key public services. In the present study, we examined the effect of this population shock on the demand for private health insurance. Methods Using data from the National Health Survey for 2001, 2003 and 2006, we estimated discrete choice models to analyze the demand for dual coverage (public and private insurance) and the demand for private coverage among civil servants. Results The results suggest that both the percentage of immigrants and the increase in the population resulted in greater demand for private health insurance (social security sample), mainly in groups with a middle-to-high income and with children or with a greater choice of private healthcare provider (in the sample of civil servants). In both cases, private healthcare was sought to gain access to specialized and emergency services more rapidly. The marginal effect obtained by using the variable of the percentage of immigrants was much higher in the sample of civil servants (about 0.20) than in the social security sample (0.05). Conclusions Although immigrants tend to enjoy better health and use health services (with the exception of emergencies) less frequently than Spaniards, this collective has led to a significant increase in the demand for healthcare and, especially, private health insurance.

Emotional distress and the Type A behaviour pattern in a sample of civil servants

Conflicting data have been reported on the coronary heart disease risks associated with the Type A behaviour. This has promoted the construct of somewhat novel theoretical possibilities of what might be plausible pathways of assessing the risk associated with the Type A behaviour pattern. One such possibility is the potential mediating effect of emotional distress in the risk equation of the Type A behaviour pattern. This possibility offered an opportunity to assess the association between expressions of negative emotions and the Type A behaviour pattern in a sample of 356 males and females in two public sector organisations in Papua New Guinea. These participants completed the Jenkins Activity Survey measuring self-reported expressions of the Type A behaviour pattern, and a measure on some common symptoms of emotional distress. The results showed overall that, the Speed and Impatient scale of the Jenkins Activity Survey was consistently related to expressions of negative emotions. This finding allows for comments on the possibility of exploring the relationship between the Type A behaviour pattern and coronary heart disease through other mediating and equally relevant psychosocial factors such as emotional distress.

Early extracoronary atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease risk factors in a sample of civil servants in Southern Italy

One hundred and thirty-eight male subjects working as civil servants in the Catanzaro city hall, aged over 45, underwent Echo-Doppler examination of carotid and femoral arteries. Forty-one subjects (30%) presented evidence of early atherosclerotic lesions in at least 1 of the 10 examined arteries. Age, systolic blood pressure, serum triglycerides and serum glucose were higher in this group when compared with subjects without evidence of extracoronary atherosclerosis (EA), while HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-1 were lower. After adjustment for age, only serum triglycerides and apolipoprotein A-1 levels remained significantly different. Only 21 subjects had no major coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors, 46 had one, 47 two and 24 more than two risk factors. The prevalence of lesions was significantly higher in individuals with total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio greater than 5. The presence of smoking and hypertension was almost equally represented in individuals with or without lesions. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol > 5 and apolipoprotein A-1 seem to play a fundamental role in the development of EA, as detected by Duplex examination of carotid and femoral arteries. Age is also closely related to the presence of lesions, probably reflecting the exposure duration to CHD risk factors.

Locus of control as moderator: An explanation for additive versus interactive findings in the demand—discretion model of work stress?

Research based on Karasek's (1979) model of work stress has produced conflicting results; although some evidence of the demand X discretion interactions predicted by the model has been reported, most studies have failed to demonstrate interactive effects in relation to mental health outcomes. The present article investigates locus of control (LOC) as a potential moderator of demand/discretion effects. In a sample of civil servants (N = 590), regression analyses demonstrated a three-way LOC X demand X discretion interaction (p less than .01) for affective distress, but not for absence frequency. In longitudinal data from student teachers (N = 147), a similar three-way interaction was observed (p less than .05). In this case, the result applied specifically to anxiety as an outcome, and not to social dysfunction. In each study, the form of the three-way interaction was such that demand and discretion combined interactively to predict outcome for externals (-1SD LOC), in a manner consistent with Karasek's predictions, whereas for internals (+1SD LOC) additive findings were obtained. The implications of these results are discussed with reference to the demand-discretion model, and to the issues of stressor-outcome specificity raised by Broadbent (1985).