Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Salvia plebeia R. Br Extracts

O presente estudo objetivou realizar uma revisão de literatura a respeito do uso da Salvia officinalis no tratamento da Diabetes Mellitus, tendo em vista a importância do controle glicêmico para a saúde sistêmica e bucal dos portadores dessa doença. A revisão de literatura foi elaborada utilizando as plataformas Google Scholar, PubMed e Scielo como fonte de pesquisa. A partir dos descritores: “Fitoterapia”, “Salvia officinalis” e “Diabetes”, foram selecionados 31 artigos publicados entre 2010 e 2020. A diabetes mellitus, destaca-se como um importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo. Vários pesquisadores têm investigado os efeitos de Salvia officinalis contra a diabetes, e o seu uso tradicional como antidiabético pode ser justificado pelos metabólicos secundários que estão presentes nas preparações feitas dessa planta. Estudos indicam que S. officinalis pode melhorar o controle glicêmico e perfil lipídico, sendo útil no tratamento de pacientes diabéticos e hiperlipidêmicos. Além disso, não foi relatado nenhum efeito adverso. A Salvia officinalis vem se destacando por sua capacidade de ação hipoglicemiante, através da atividade dos seus diversos constituintes, mostrando-se capaz de reduzir a glicemia em jejum e pós-prandial em vários estudos, além da diminuição da hemoglobina glicosilada, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e LDL, seja isolada ou associada a outros compostos naturais.

Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) is typically used in the treatment of diabetic complications and is often co-prescribed with gliquidone in China. However, whether danshen affects the absorption of gliquidone has not been elucidated. In this study, the effects of an aqueous extract of danshen (danshen injection, DSI) and its primary compounds (danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B) on gliquidone transport across Caco-2 monolayer cells was investigated. DSI enhanced the transport of gliquidone in Caco-2 cell monolayers from the apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) sides and from the BL to AP sides. Rosmarinic acid (RA) also significantly increased the Papp (AP-BL) value for gliquidone transport. Verapamil (a P-gp inhibitor) and Ko143 (a BCRP inhibitor) inhibited the BL-AP transport of gliquidone and promoted the AP-BL transport of gliquidone, whereas MK571 (an MRP1 inhibitor), probenecid (an MRP2 inhibitor), and benzbromarone (an MRP3 inhibitor) had no effect on gliquidone transport. RA also enhanced the intracellular accumulation of Rho123 and Hoechst 33342. The expression of P-gp and BCRP was significantly downregulated, and P-gp ATPase activity was promoted by RA in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that an aqueous extract of danshen can increase the transport of gliquidone in Caco-2 cell monolayers and that RA may be the primary compound associated with this activity, which is in agreement with RA simultaneously suppressing the function and expression of P-gp and BCRP.

Objective To investigate the influence of compound salvia injection on oxidative stress and complications in patients with gestational hypertension. Methods From August 2015 to Fabuary 2017, 140 patients with gestational hypertension in Binzhou Central Hospital were selected as study objects, and randomly divided into control group and research group according to the digital table, with 70 cases in each group.The control group was treated with routine treatment, the research group was given routine treatment combined with compound salvia injection.After treatment, SOD, MDA, NO, HMGB1, Cys C, hs-CRP, TNF-α, blood pressure and complications between the two groups were compared. Results After treatment, the levels of NO[(942.58±80.69)mmol/L vs.(734.51±78.63)mmol/L] and SOD[(124.65±23.81)U/mL vs.(90.64±24.13)U/mL] in the research group were higher than those in the control group, and the MAD level[(10.47±3.14)nmol/L vs.(15.82±3.32)nmol/L]in the research group was lower than that in the control group, the difference were statistically significant between the two groups(t=15.451, 8.394, 9.795, all P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of HMGB1[(1.81±0.43)mg/L vs.(3.89±0.65)mg/L], Cys C[(1.04±0.18)mg/L vs.(1.42±0.27)mg/L], TNF-α[(15.09±3.14)ng/L vs.(21.45±4.78)ng/L] and hs-CRP[(3.04±0.81)mg/L vs.(6.32±1.45)mg/L] in the research group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant(t=22.329, 9.798, 9.304, 16.523, all P<0.05). After treatment, the systolic blood pressure[(131.25±5.74)mmHg vs.(139.61±5.59)mmHg] and diastolic blood pressure[(85.23±5.07)mmHg vs.(90.43±5.81)mmHg] in the research group were lower than those in the control group(t=8.730, 5.642, all P<0.05). The cesarean section rate(61.43% vs.87.14%) and intrauterine distress rate(1.43% vs.11.43%) in the research group were lower than those in the control group(χ2=12.115, 5.818, all P<0.05). Conclusion Compound salvia miltiorrhiza injection has significant control effect on oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in patients with gestational hypertension, and is beneficial to reduce the complications of childbirth. Key words: Hypertension, pregnancy-induced; Oxidative stress; Inflammation; Pregnancy complications; Parturition; Blood pressure; Pregnancy outcome; Compound salvia injection

Objective To investigate the protective effect of salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine injection (SLI) pretreatment on myocardial cells after myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats and its potential mechanism. Methods Thirty health male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, Sham group (Sham), myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury model group (I/R), salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine treatment group (I/R+ SLI). Except Sham group, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury models were established in vivo in rats. The pathological changes of electrocardiogram (ECG) in each group of rats were observed and the myocardial infarction area was measured well. The apoptosis of myocardial cells was detected by TUNEL. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (bcl-2), bcl-2 associated X protein (bax) and cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease (Caspase)-3. Statisticalanalysis of data using the statistical product and service solutions 19.0 software. Results Compared with I/R group, ECG waveform in I/R+ SLI group is obviously improved, ST segment changes are reduced, and waveform is close to normal. Myocardial infarction area (32.14±3.09) and myocardial cell apoptosis index (19.09±13.91) were decreased significantly (t=10.684, t=9.012, P< 0.01). The expression level of bcl-2 mRNA (4.52±0.50) in myocardial cells was significantly increased (t=19.834, P<0.01), while the expression levels of bax and Caspase-3 mRNA (2.73±0.29, 3.00±0.36) were significantly decreased, with significant differences (t=10.976, 14.936, P<0.01). Conclusion SLI can effectively reduce myocardial injury induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and has certain protective effect on cardiac function. Its mechanism may be related to inhibiting myocardial cell apoptosis. Key words: Salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine; Myocardial ischemia/Reperfusion; Apoptosis

Introduction: Nephrotoxicity is one of the major side effects of the chemotherapeutic drug, ifosfamide (IFO). In this study, IFO was solubilized in nanoemulsion (NE) containing salvia (SAL) essential oil to investigate its adverse side effects in mice. Methods: One hundred female Swiss albino mice (n = 20/group) were split into five groups. Group I (Normal) received saline solution (0.9% (w/v) NaCl) while groups II-V were intraperitoneally (I.P.) injected with 2.5 × 106 Ehrlich ascetic carcinoma (EAC) cells/mouse. Group II (EAC) represented the untreated EAC-bearing mice. Group III (IFO) was treated with IFO at a dose of 60 mg/kg/d (I.P. 0.3 mL/mouse). Group IV (SAL) was treated with 0.3 mL blank NE-based SAL oil/mouse. Group V (SAL-IFO) was treated with IFO, loaded in 0.3 mL of blank SAL-NE, at a dose of 60 mg/kg/d (I.P. 0.3 mL/mouse). Groups III-V were treated for three consecutive days. Results: There was a double increase in the survival percentage of the SAL-IFO group (60%) relative to the IFO group (30%). Renal damage with the presence of Fanconi syndrome was indicated in the IFO group through a significant elevation in the levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine bicarbonate, and phosphate in addition to a reduced level of glucose compared to the normal group. On the other hand, the administration of SAL-IFO into the mice reversed this effect. Additionally, the oxidative stress in the kidney tissues of the SAL-IFO group was ameliorated when compared to the IFO group.Conclusion: Incorporating IFO into SAL-NE has protected the kidneys from the damage induced by IFO.

A Study on Internal Morphology and Physicochemical Patterns of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Root According to Cultivation Regions in China

The use of essential oil as an alternative mean to synthetic fungicides has been considered in the past years for management of the postharvest decay of fruits in order to ensure more safe and long storage life of these perishable commodities. Aspergillus niger is one of the most dangerous fungal pathogen which can cause postharvest diseases in fresh mangos. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of essential oil from four aromatic plants (Thymus vulgaris, Salvia mirzayanii, Artemisa persica, and Rosmarinus officinalis) in comparison to fungicide ‘Mancozeb’ against A. niger under in vitro and in vivo conditions. After inoculation of mango fruits with an isolate of A. niger followed by curative treatments with essential oil, the main physical and chemical attributes of mangoes were determined under postharvest condition. The in vitro results showed that colonies of A. niger were totally inhibited by application of essential oil of T. vulgaris (at all the tested concentrations) and A. persica (1500 μl/l). While, S. mirzayanii showed the lowest effect at 1000 μl/l if compared with the other essential oils. The results of the in vivo experiments showed that treatments with T. vulgaris and S. mirzayanii essential oil had significant (P<0.05) effects in preventing fruit decay at 1000 μl/l after 10 days of storage, while, R. officinalis essential oil significantly (P<0.05) reduced deterioration of mango fruits at 500 μl/l, followed by A. persica . Rosemary also showed the highest fruit firmness in comparison with other treatments. Also, the essential oils maintained higher chlorophyll content. The results of this work showed that application of essential oil on mangos assurance both a significant preservation on their quality attributes by controlling, at the same time, decaying caused by A. niger during the postharvest phase.

Background and objectives Methomyl (MET) [S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy) thioacetimidate; C5H10N2O2S] is one of the most important carbamate (oximes) insecticides that is extensively used around the world. Carbamate compounds are known to cause an alteration in biochemical parameters and affect the oxidative status of the body through producing free radicals. Many antioxidants have been used to ameliorate the toxic effect of pesticides, but the search for such compounds will always be an urgent need to achieve the optimum degree of amelioration. For this purpose, the present study was designed to evaluate the ameliorating effect of green tea extract (GTE) (Camellia sinensis), sage extract (SE) (Salvia officinalis) and their mixture (GTE+SE) against MET-induced toxicity in male rats. Materials and methods A total of 60 rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 12 groups: one negative control group (water); three positive control groups (GTE, SE, and GTE+SE) as the sole drinking source throughout the experimental duration (28 days); two groups administered MET orally at a dose equivalent to the acceptable daily intake and 10× acceptable daily intake; two groups were specified for GTE with MET two doses; two groups for SE with MET two doses; and two groups for GTE+SE with MET two doses. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for measuring biochemical parameters for liver and kidney, as well as antioxidant enzymes. Results and conclusion The insecticide caused high elevation in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels, and high decline in the levels of butyrylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity. Alterations in these biochemical markers occurred in a dose-dependent manner and were referred to the oxidative stress induced by MET. Co-administration of GTE or SE in conjunction with MET brought most of the tested biochemical parameters to their normal levels, but the mixture (GTE+SE) resulted in superior ameliorating effects as compared with each of the individual extracts. The study introduced novel findings regarding to the protective effect of GTE, SE, and their mixture against MET-induced toxicity in rats.

Objective To investigate the value of butylphthalide and sodium chloride injectio combined with compound salvia miltiorrhiza injection in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Methods From January 2016 to December 2017, 104 patients with acute ischemic stroke in Tongji Huangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology were randomly divided into observation group(52 cases) and control group(52 cases) according to the digital table.The control group was given butylphthalide and sodium chloride injectio, and the observation group was combined with the compound salvia miltiorrhiza injection on the basis of the control group.The courses of the treatment in the two groups were 14 d. The effects of the two groups were compared. Results The total effective rate of the observation group(90.38%, 47/52) was higher than that of the control group(73.08%, 38/52)(χ2=5.216, P<0.05). After treatment, the daily living activity(ADL) score of the observation group was (60.49±5.46)points, which was higher than (44.54±4.10)points of the control group(t=16.845, P<0.05). After treatment, endothelin-1(ET-1), C reactive protein(CRP), homocysteine(Hcy) in the observation group were (37.42±5.47)ng/L, (6.51±1.89)mg/L, (7.42±1.27)μmol/L, respectively, which in the control group were (58.98±7.89)ng/L, (12.34±2.65)mg/L, (15.39±2.06)μmol/L, respectively, the levels of ET-1, CRP and Hcy in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(t=16.194, 12.916, 23.749, all P<0.05). After treatment, the plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, whole blood viscosity at high shear and low shear whole blood viscosity of the observation group were (1.20±0.23)mPa/s, (2.54±0.37)g/L, (2.54±0.37)mPa/s and (8.19±0.68)mPa/s, respectively, which of the control group were (2.09±0.32)mPa/s, (3.47±0.58)g/L, (3.46±0.59)mPa/s and (9.81±0.82)mPa/s, respectively, the plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, whole blood viscosity at high shear and low shear whole blood viscosity of water of the observation group after treatment were lower than those of the control group(t=16.286, 9.748, 10.994, 10.966, all P<0.05). Conclusion The effect of butylphthalide and sodium chloride injectio combined with compound salvia miltiorrhiza injection in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke is significant, which is worth studying. Key words: Stroke; Brain ischemia; Drug therapy, combination; Butylphthalide and sodium chloride injection; Compound salvia miltiorrhiza injection

Objective To investigate the effect of acupuncture point injection and rehabilitation on the functional recovery of upper limbs and daily living ability of shoulder-hard syndrom (SHS) after cerebral hemorrhage. Methods A total of 96 patients SHS after cerebral hemorrhage were divided into the observation group (n=56) and the control group (n=40). Both groups recieved the routine treatment for cerebral hemorrhage and rehabilitation technique training. Besides, the control group was treated with intermediate frequency physiotherapy, and the observation group was treated with electroacupuncture and acupoint injection of Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine. After 1 months of treatment, the the upper limb movement function, daily living ability (ADL), shoulder joint pain, joint activity degree, and the degree of joint swelling were evaluated and compared. Results After treatment, the FMA (60.1 ± 6.4 vs. 41.8 ± 18.7, t=6.799), MBI (65.2 ± 3.5 vs. 50.6 ± 2.1, t=23.512) scores of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The VAS (2.7 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.3, t=7.817), edema volume (2.1 ± 2.1 cm3vs. 2.1 ± 2.1 cm3, t=7.316) of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group ( P<0.01). The anterior flexion (163.1 ± 6.7°vs. 56 ± 10.9°, t=59.516), extension (39.6 ± 5.8°vs. 23.2 ± 6.7°, t=12.799), abduction (168.1 ± 9.6°vs. 52.1 ± 8.9°, t=60.148), adduction (52.1 ± 3.6° vs. 29.8 ± 4.3°, t=27.580), external rotation (49.8 ± 7.6°vs. 23.2 ± 5.2°, t=19.151), internal rotation (107.0 ± 8.5°vs. 60.2 ± 6.1°, t=29.758) of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.01). The total effective rate of the observation group was 91.1% (52/56) and the control group was 70% (28/40), and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (χ2=7.209, P<0.01). Conclusions Acupuncture combined with acupoint injection and rehabilitation technology can relieve pain, eliminate edema and improve motor function and daily living ability of SHS patients after intracerebral hemorrhage. Key words: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Shoulder-hard syndrome; Electroacupuncture; Injections,acupoint; Activities of daily living

Antibacterial activity is the most widely studied aspect of plant extracts. Antibiotics extensively produced and consumed in large quantities, have proved to be problematic due to various types of adverse effects. The development of bacterial resistance to currently available antibiotics has necessitated the search for new antibacterial agents. One of the alternative strategies for fighting antibiotic- resistant bacteria is the use of natural antimicrobial substances such as plant extracts. We tested the antimicrobial activity of nine extracts from different plants against pathogenic bacteria isolated from the faeces of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Selected bacteria commonly contaminated the natural environment and constitute a source of infection in other animals and humans. Extracts obtained from the following plants were tested: Hypericum perforatum L., Chamomilla recutita L., Achillea millefolium L., Salvia officinalis L., Thymus vulgaris L., Pinus sylvestris L., Mentha x piperita L., Valeriana officinalis L. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. The highest degree of antibacterial properties was observed for Mentha x piperita L., narrower spectrum of activity possessed Hypericum perforatum L. Extracts of Achillea millefolium L. had the lowest spectrum of antibacterial activity. Our study confirms that many plant extracts shows in vitro antibacterial activity.

In vitro propagation and cryopreservation of native desert plant species of Kuwait:<i>Haplophyllum tuberculatum</i>,<i>Ochradenus baccatus</i>, and<i>Salvia spinosa</i>

یکی از پیامد‌های صنعتی شدن، آلودگی محیط ‌زیست و یکی از مهمترین آلاینده‌های محیط زیست فلزات سنگین هستند که می‌توانند باعث آلودگی خاک، آب و هوا شوند. دراین تحقیق غلظت‌های کادمیم (صفر، 10،20،40،60،80،100 پی‌پی‌ام) و سرب (100،300،600،900،1200و 1500 پی‌پی‌ام) بر روی گیاه نعناع فلفلی (Mentha piperita L.) در شرایط گلخانه‌ای در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. ریزوم‌های نعناع فلفلی از مزرعه جمع‌آوری و در گلدان کشت شدند و توسط محلول‌های کلرید کادمیم و سرب استفاده شد. گیاهان در اوایل گلدهی در دو چین برداشت و از نظر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. درچین اول در غلظت 100 پی‌پی‌ام کادمیم، وزن تر، وزن خشک، سطح برگ، ارتفاع گیاه و درصد اسانس برگ به ترتیب 16/18، 88/25، 79/22، 91/17و 08/7 درصد و در چین دوم این صفات به ترتیب 24/15 ،92/22، 88/20، 92/22 و 08/7 درصد نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافت. همچنین در چین اول، در غلظت 1500 پی‌پی‌ام سرب، وزن تر، وزن خشک، سطح برگ، ارتفاع گیاه و درصد اسانس برگ به ترتیب، 55/24، 01/39، 58/21، 55/28 و 05/15 درصد و در چین دوم این صفات به ترتیب94/28، 31/17، 72/24، 77/26 و37/13درصد نسبت به شاهد کاهش نشان داد. به نظرمی‌رسد که نعناع فلفلی در شرایط آب‌های آلوده به کادمیم و یا در خاک‌های آلوده به این عناصر سنگین در غلظت‌های متوسط می‌تواند مورد کشت قرار گیرد و اثر این عناصر سنگین اثر معنی‌داری بر تولید ماده خشک و درصد اسانس نداشت.

Objective To investigate the effects of amino acid combined with Salvia miltiorrhiza injection on fetal growth restriction. Methods 122 pregnant women diagnosed with fetal growth restriction were chosen, and they were divided into study group(amino acid+ Salvia miltiorrhiza injection) and control group(amino acid). The course of treatment was 7d, and the patients were treated for 3 treatment courses.The clinical efficacy, weight increment, uterine height increment, abdominal circumference increment, fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) increment, femur length (FL) increment, umbilical cord blood flow S/D value and neonatal weight between the two groups were compared. Results The total effective rate in the study group was 84.13%, which was higher than 67.79% in the control group (χ2=4.484, P<0.05). In the study group, the body weight gain, the uterine height increment, abdominal circumference increment were (523.21±103.72)g, (2.88±0.52)cm and (3.19±0.75)cm, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group(t=2.215, 4.402, 2.328, all P<0.05). The uterine height increment and abdominal circumference increment in the intermediate stage of the study group were (2.14±0.27)cm and (2.89±0.52)cm, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the differences were significant(t=1.503, 2.097, all P<0.05). In the study group, the BPD increment and FL increment at prophase and intermediate stage were (2.69±1.23)mm and (2.24±0.97)mm, (2.61±1.28)mm and (2.19±1.28)mm, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group (t=2.053 and 2.244, 2.038 and 2.128, all P<0.05). The S/D values of umbilical cord blood flow in early stage, middle stage and anaphase of the study group were (2.33±0.19), (2.46±0.17) and (2.12±0.14), which were significantly lower than those of the control group (t=4.040, 2.9817 and 4.418, all P<0.05), the differences were statistically significant.The neonatal weight of the study group was (2 576.18±621.04)g, which of the control group was (2 384.09±428.76)g, and there was significant difference between the two groups(t=1.999, P<0.05). Conclusion Amino acid combined with Salvia miltiorrhiza injection can effectively improve the clinical indicators of pregnant woman and fetal growth restriction, with good clinical effects. Key words: Fetus growth retardation; Salvia miltiorrhiza injection; Amino acid

گیاهان دارویی مخلوط طبیعی پیچیده‌ای هستند که به‌عنوان جایگزین بالقوه آنتی‌اکسیدان‌های مصنوعی در مواد غذایی مطرح شده‌اند. در این مطالعه، تاثیر آنتی‌اکسیدانی اسانس‌های مریم گلی کبیر و ریحان بر ماندگاری پنیر سفید ایرانی، در دمای 4 درجه سانتی‌گراد به مدت 90 و 26 درجه سانتی‌گراد به مدت 39 روزمورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نمونه‌ها، در سه سطح غلظتی 5/0، 75/0، 1٪ (وزنی/ حجمی) تیمار شدند ، کنترل منفی، پنیر بدون آنتی‌اکسیدان وکنترل مثبت، نمونه‌ای با آنتی‌اکسیدان مصنوعی (BHT) 05/0 ٪ انتخاب شدند. ترکیب شیمیایی اسانس‌ها مورد بررسی و همچنین ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی با روش DPPH و پایداری اکسایشی با استفاده از تست‌های پراکسید و تیوباربیتوریک اسید مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بیشترین تاثیر در جلوگیری از اکسیداسیون چربی در روز نودم در غلظت 75/0 و 1٪ ریحان و 1٪ درصد اسانس مریم گلی کبیر مشاهده شد. در نهایت به‌نظر می‌رسد اسانس ریحان تاثیر بیشتری در مقایسه با اسانس مریم گلی کبیر داشت. عدد نهایی پراکسید (میلی‌اکی‌والان اکسیژن بر کیلوگرم) و تیوباربیتوریک اسید (مالون‌دی‌آلدهید برحسب میلی‌مول در1000گرم روغن) در غلظت 1٪ برای اسانس مریم گلی کبیر به ترتیب 817/1 و 096/0 و برای اسانس ریحان 379/1 و 0680/0 بود که اختلاف معناداری با نمونه کنترل داشتند) 05/0.(p< غنی‌سازی با اسانس‌های طبیعی موجب افزایش ماندگاری و پایداری اکسایشی پنیر می‌شود. همچنین بر خواص ارگانولپتیکی تاثیر چندانی نمی‌گذارد، اما با توجه به ویژگی‌های ذاتی نگهدارندگی، موجب افزایش عمر ماندگاری پنیر می‌شود.

Salvia lilacinocoerulea Nevski (Lamiaceae) is an endemic to the Western Pamir-Alay mountain range. Usually it grows on eroded clay soils among sparse juniper forests in the middle mountain belt. Studied coenopopulations of S. lilacinocoerulea are normal, but are not complete. Coenopopulations self-maintenance is carried out by the seed of renewal. The characteristic spectrum of S. lilacinocoerulea coenopopulation is centered, with a peak in the middle-generative individuals. In most cases, specific developmental spectrum of coenopopulation does not coincide with the characteristic ones. The demography structure of mostly investigated coenopopulations is satisfactory. The population growing on the grey clay soil, on strongly eroded slope among sparse juniper woodland was evaluated as critical due to absence in ontogenetic spectrum young individuals and small percentage of generative plant as well.

Objective To explore the contribution of endoplasmic reticulum stress to cardiac myocyte apoptosis in mouse congestive heart failure induced by Doxorubicin. Methods Doxorubicin (DOX) was administered intraperitoneally to rats, 2 mg/kg doses over 8 weeks. Echocardiographic and hemodynamics measurements were obtained at 8 weeks after treatment. Then left ventricular (LV) samples were collected. The successfully established rats were divided into 3 groups (Fu Shen Ke Li 40 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg). After 5 weeks post the operation, an echocardiographic was performed on all the rats under narcotism, Western blot to test the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), Bcl-2-Associated X (Bax), Caspase-3, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to test the mRNA expression levels of Mcl-1, and NOXA. Results The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) prompted modeling success The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and fractional shortening (FS) have been improved in high and middle groups of Fu Shen Ke Li. Compared to the model group, higher expression levels of Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 were, lower expressions of Bax, NOXA, CHOP, and GRP78 were (P<0.05) in 3 groups of Fu Shen Ke Li. Compared to the model group, there were higher mRNA expression level of Mcl-1 was , lower mRNA expression of NOXA was (P<0.05) in 3 groups of Fu Shen Ke Li. Conclusions Fu Shen Ke Li depresses endoplasmic reticulum stress, which can reduce the apoptosis of myocardial cells, and ultimately achieve the purpose of treatment of heart failure. Key words: SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA△/PD; GINSENG△/PD; SCROPHULARIA NINGPOENSIS/PD; Epirubicin/AE; Heart failure; Apoptosis; Endoplasmic reticulum; Stress

The present study was conducted to determine essential oil yields, essential oil compositions, total phenolics, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of organic manure-treated medicinal plants of Salvia officinalis L. (sage), Lavandula angustifolia L. (lavender), Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) and Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (origano). Essential oil yields of investigated medicinal plants varied between 0.06±0.01%-3.43±0.06%. The 1,8-cineol (15.285±0.003%), viridiflorol (12.095±0.003%) and cis-thujone (12.200±0.003%) were the major essential oil components in S. officinalis L. Linalool (22.400±0.003%) 1,8-cineol (8.215±0.003%), linalyl acetate (7.900±0.003%) and lavadulyl acetate (7.690±0.003%) were the major components in L. angustifolia L. Citronellal (14.515±0.003%), geranial (13.050±0.003%) and β-caryophyllene (12.385±0.003%) were the major components in M. officinalis L. and carvacrol (65.080±0.003%) was the major component in O. vulgare ssp. hirtum. The highest total phenolics content and antioxidant activity were observed in M. officinalis. The best antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 bacteria was observed in O. vulgare ssp. hirtum.

Objective To study salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) whether or not can prevent iron overload-induced apoptosis and the decline of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast, and examine the mechanism. Methods MC3T3-E1 was treated with Femc ammonium citrate (FAC, group F), or with FAC and SM in different concentrations (group DF1, DF2, DF3). the mineralization of MC3T3-E1 was examined by alizarin red staining, the apoptosis rate of the cells was examined by flow cytometry. The mRNA expressions of osteocalcin (BGP), runt related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2) and type 1 collagen α (COL1A) were examined by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR). The protein expression of p-p38 were detected by Western blotting. Results The generation rate of calcium nodes of group DF2 was higher than group F observably according to alizarin red staining. The apoptosis rate of group DF1, DF2, DF3 were much lower than group F (2.68±0.60)%, (2.21±0.49)%, (1.35±0.11)% vs. (8.34±0.31)% respectively (F=145.160, P=0.000). The relative expression of osteogenesis-related genes (BGP, Runx2, COL1A) of different groups had higher level than group F: (1.95±0.04, 2.08±0.17, 2.78±0.10 vs. 0.78±0.08; 0.64±0.02, 0.75±0.02, 0.83±0.03 vs. 0.58±0.02; 0.39±0.02, 0.74±0.02, 0.94±0.02 vs. 0.35±0.03 respectively). Compared to the group treated with FAC, the protein expression level of p-p38 of group treated with FAC and SM was significantly rised (0.42±0.03 vs. 0.30±0.01, F=126.370, P=0.000). Conclusion Salvia miltiorrhiza can prevent iron overload-induced apoptosis of MC3T3-E1, meanwhile reduce the decline of differentiation and mineralization. the mechanism is related to suppressing the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway. Key words: Salvia miltiorrhiza; Iron overload; MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast; p38