Salvage Islands Research Articles

A new species of <i>Diadema</i> (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and a neotype designation of <i>Diadema antillarum</i> (Philippi, 1845)

Diadenia africanum sp. nov. Rodríguez et al. 2013 occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean at depths of 1-80 meters off Ma- deira Islands, Salvage Islands, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Sâo Tome Islands and at the continental coast off Sen- egal and Ghana. This species was previously considered an eastern Atlantic population of D. antillarum. Genetic distances between the holotype of D. africanum and the neotype of D. antillarun herein designated, measured 3.34% in Cytochrome oxidase I, 3.80% in ATPase-8 and 2.31% in ATPase-6. Such divergence is similar to that already highlighted between other accepted species of Diadena. Morphometric analysis of test, spine and pedicellarial characters also separated D. africanum from D. antillartn and reveals that this new species is morphologically similar to D. antillarum ascensionis from the mid Atlantic. The tridentate pedicellariae, which have been shown to have diagnostic characters which discriminate among species of Diadema, occur as both broad and narrow valved forms in D. antillarumn from the western Atlantic. In D. africanum the tridentate pedicellariae occur only as a single form which is characterized by moderately broad and curved valves, with an expanded distal gripping region. This form of tridentate pedicellaria is very similar to that of D. antillarum ascensionis from the central Atlantic, with only slight variations in valve serration and valve curvature differ- entiating the two forms.

Los <i>Laparocerus</i> Schoenherr, 1834 de las Canarias orientales, islas Salvajes y Marruecos (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)

This contribution to the knowledge of the genus Laparocerus Schoenherr, 1834 in Macaronesia concerns species from the Eastern Canaries, Salvage Islands and Morocco. Laparocerus rasus Wollaston, 1864 is redescribed and two new subspecies localised in Fuerteventura are ascribed to it: L. rasus betancor n. spp. and L. rasus jandiensis n. ssp. Several new species are described from that same island: L. maxorata n. sp. , L. colonnellii n. sp. , L. calvus n. sp. , L. xericola n. sp. , L. fraterculus n. sp. , and L. longipennis n. sp. ; from the island of Lanzarote L. curvipes famara n. ssp. , and from the Selvage Islands L. garretai albosquamosus n. spp. The only confirmed species form Morocco, Laparocerus susicus (Escalera, 1914), is redescribed and L. susicus montanus n. spp. , from the interior, and L. susicus inexpectatus nov. nom. , from the coastal region of Tiznit are assigned to it. A retro-colonization from the Canary Islands to the continent is hypothesized for this Moroccan species. Doubtful records and unresolved species are commented on, and keys in Spanish and English for identifying all Laparocerus inhabiting this geographical context are provided.

Integrative taxonomy uncovers hidden species diversity in woodlouse hunter spiders (Araneae, Dysderidae) endemic to the Macaronesian archipelagos

The development of molecular techniques as a taxonomic tool and their integration with information provided by other disciplines, has enhanced species discovery, facilitated species delimitation and produced invaluable data for inferring species phylogenies. Here, we provide an example of how DNA sequence data, together with morphometric, distributional and ecological information, assist in identifying and diagnosing previously overlooked lineages. The nocturnal, ground-dwelling spider genus Dysdera has colonized all the Macaronesian archipelagos, and has undergone a major diversification in the Canary Islands. A recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of Dysdera species from the eastern Canary Islands revealed deep genetic divergences among some populations, suggesting the existence of cryptic taxa. Here, we combine data from mitochondrial and nuclear loci with morphological and ecological evidence to delimit and formally describe three previously overlooked species: D. aneris sp. nov., endemic to the Salvage Islands; D. mahan sp. nov., distributed along coastal habitats of Lanzarote, north of Fuerteventura and adjacent islets; and D. simbeque sp. nov., restricted to two valleys in northern Lanzarote. Molecular markers provide key information that allows apparent morphological polymorphisms to be used as diagnostic features of evolutionarily independent lineages. Dysdera mahan sp. nov. is unique among the Canarian Dysdera in that it is found in the intertidal zone on pebbled beaches. Low levels of genetic variability and genital differentiation associated with relatively high somatic divergence suggest that speciation in D. mahan sp. nov. was driven by a selection of phenotypic traits that are adaptive to this rare environment. Separate analyses and statistical tests revealed phylogenetic incongruence between mitochondrial and nuclear genes, probably as a result of incomplete lineage sorting. The temporal framework for the origin and diversification of the new species inferred from the molecular data corroborates former hypotheses on the late Pliocene origin of the present-day biota of the Salvage Islands.

Phytogeography of Lusitanian Macaronesia: biogeographic affinities in species richness and assemblage composition

Analysis of biogeographic affinities is a key tool to establish and improve the resolution of hierarchical biogeographic systems. We describe patterns of species richness of the marine macroalgal flora across Lusitanian Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, the Salvage Islands and the Canary Islands), and test (i) whether such differences are related to differences in proximity to the nearest continental shore and size among islands. We also explore biogeographic affinities in the composition of macroalgal assemblages (= presence/absence of each taxon in multivariate datasets) to determine (ii) whether each archipelago is a biogeographic unit within this ecoregion and (iii) whether patterns in assemblage composition are related to proximity (i.e. distances) among islands. Presence/absence matrices were created to test and visualize multivariate affinities among archipelagos. A total of 872 taxa were compiled. Species richness peaked at the Canary Islands and decreased towards the Azores; the pattern matched a progressive increase in distance from the nearest continental shores, matching the classical island biogeography theory. Intra-archipelago differences in species richness were largely related to variations in island size. Biogeographic similarities among archipelagos were hierarchically structured. Madeira and the Salvage Islands constituted one biogeographic unit. Floras from the Azores, Madeira and the Salvage Islands were barely separable from each other, but were different from those at the Canary Islands. Such biogeographic similarities among islands were negatively correlated with the geographical separation (i.e. distances) among them. Proximity to nearby continental shores, in conjunction with large- and meso-scale oceanographic patterns, seems to interact to create patterns in richness and composition of algal assemblages across Lusitanian Macaronesia.

Phylogenetics and Evolution of the Macaronesian Clade of Crassulaceae Inferred from Nuclear and Chloroplast Sequence Data

Abstract The Macaronesian clade of Crassulaceae comprises four genera (Aichryson, Aeonium, Greenovia, and Monanthes) that are largely endemic to Macaronesia, a region encompassing the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape Verde, Canary, and Salvage Islands. The monophyly of this clade has been supported by recent family-level phylogenetic analyses; however, the relationships within the clade remain uncertain. To resolve relationships within the Macaronesian clade, we sequenced several chloroplast DNA regions (matK and the trnL-trnF and psbA-trnH spacer regions) and the nuclear rDNA ITS region. Parsimony analyses of separate ITS and cpDNA data sets recover three major clades, corresponding to Aichryson, the perennial species of Monanthes, and Aeonium (including Greenovia). Congruence tests revealed significant heterogeneity between the ITS and cpDNA data sets. Comparison of the topologies resulting from analyses of these separate data sets indicated five instances of incongruence between the ITS and cpDNA that may...

A new species of Scissurella from the Azores with discussions on Sinezona semicostata Burnay & Rolan, 1990 and Sinezona cingulata (O.G. Costa, 1861) (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Scissurellidae)

A new species of Scissurella d’Orbigny, 1824 from the Azores is described and compared to similar species from the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean areas: Sinezona cingulata (O.G. Costa, 1861), Scissurella costata d’Orbigny, 1824, Sin. semicostata Burnay & Rolán, 1990, Sci. lobini (Burnay & Rolán, 1990) as well as two representatives from the Caribbean, Sin. confusa Rolán & Luque, 1994 and Sci. redferni (Rolán, 1996). The description and comparisons are based on shell and radula morphology examined by scanning electron microscopy. The species that are considered here are described by features including: shell shape, shell sculpture, shape of teleoconch I, which begins after the protoconch and ends at the onset of the selenizone and teleoconch II which extends from the selenizone to the aperture, presence or absence of a slit or foramen, details of the umbilical region and protoconch sculpture and width. Scissurella azorensis n. sp. is characterized by the protoconch sculpture, which contains axial cords on the outer margins only, having a open umbilicus region, teleoconch I being greater then one whorl and the amount of strong axial cords over the entire shell. The distributional range for Sin. semicostata is extended to the Salvage Islands. Sinezona fayalensis (Dautzenberg, 1889), Sin. depressa (Watson, 1897) and Sin. crossei (Folin, 1869) are compared to Sin. cingulata to show synonymy.

A Review of the Ground Spider Genus Scotognapha (Araneae, Gnaphosidae), and its Radiation on the Canary and Salvage Islands

The ground spider genus Scotognapha Dalmas comprises at least 13 species; these taxa appear to be endemic to the Canary and Salvage Islands, and may represent the sister group of all other gnaphosines. Nomisia teideensis Wunderlich is transferred to Scotognapha; two specific names are newly synonymized: S. gravieri Dalmas with S. atomaria Dalmas, and S. bewickei (Blackwall) with S. paivai (Blackwall). Seven new species are described: S. juangrandica and S. wunderlichi from Grand Canary; S. medano from Hierro, Tenerife, and Lanzarote; S. haria from Lanzarote; S. galletas and S. taganana from Tenerife; and S. costacalma from Fuerteventura. Adult males of S. canaricola (Strand), and adult females of S. convexa (Simon), S. atomaria Dalmas, and S. teideensis (Wunderlich), are described for the first time.

Breeding Biology of the White-Faced Storm-Petrel on Selvagem Grande Island, North-East Atlantic

-The White-faced Storm-petrel (Pelagodroma marina) breeds on several tropical, sub-tropical and temperate islands in both hemispheres, but some aspects of its breeding biology are still poorly known. The European subspecies hypoleuca is almost confined to a small archipelago, the Salvage Islands, about 300 km south of Madeira Island, North-east Atlantic. Because of its very localized distribution, this subspecies is relatively vulnerable to extinction and its population dynamics need to be understood and monitored. We studied the breeding biology of the White-faced Storm-petrel at Selvagem Grande Island in 1996. Birds first arrived at the colony in mid-December, eggs were laid from mid-March to early June, and the last chicks fledged in mid-August. Mean incubation period was 53.7 days, but was highly variable due to frequent egg-neglect that affected at least two thirds of the clutches. Mean nestling period was 60.3 days. Chick growth (body mass and wing length) is described. Hatching success was 60.7% (N = 89) and fledging success was 88.9% (N = 54). Breeding success (53.9%) was not low, in spite of frequent predation by house mice (Mus musculus), the main cause of nesting failures. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cunniculus) and Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus cachinnans), two species thought to pose threats to other seabirds of the region, had no measurable negative effect on breeding performance at our study nests. However, we had some evidence that gulls prey upon chicks and adult birds. Breeding success did not correlate with egg size. There was a highly significant seasonal decline in both hatching and fledging success. Using data on burrow density and occupancy obtained in the main colony, we estimated the breeding population on Selvagem Grande at around 36,000 pairs. Received 30 November 1988, accepted 16January 1999.

Phylogenetic relationships in Monanthes (Crassulaceae) based on morphological, chloroplast and nuclear DNA variation

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships of all 10 recognized taxa of the genus Monanthes which is endemic to the Canary Islands and Salvage Islands, were investigated using the four data sets: morphology, sequences of the chloroplast DNA trnL (UAA) — trnF (GAA) intergenic spacer, ITS2 sequences of the nuclear ribosomal region and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). In contrast to the molecular data, the morphological data were internally inconsistent which probably resulted from parallel or convergent evolution of morphological characters. The molecular data sets indicated that the genus is not monophyletic due to inclusion of the annual M. icterica which is the putative sister taxon of Aichryson, that M. polyphylla is the sister taxon of the perennial species of the genus, that M. muralis from Hierro is of allotetraploid origin and that M. lowei, M. minima, M. brachycaulos, M. laxiflora, M. anagensis and M. muralis from La Palma are closely related. Combined ITS2 sequences, trnL — trnF sequences and morphological data indicated that the relationships among three types of perennial growth forms, i.e. tiny rosettes, small, branched shrubs and diffuse branches shrublets, are highly dependent on the outgroup used. After deletion of the most distant outgroup and a taxon of alleged hybrid origin (M. muralis) relationships among the growth forms of Monanthes still could not be consistently resolved.

Biosystematics ofLobularia, Cruciferae, revisited: evidence from isozyme data

Abstract To obtain better insight in evolutionary processes, data on genetic diversity are compared with data obtained by more traditional biosystematic methods. Altogether, ten isozymes in 25 populations of Lobularia, Cruceferac, from Spain, Morocco, the Salvage Islands, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands were screened by starch gel electrophoresis. Genetic identities between pairs of species were low: 0.582 for canariensislibyca, 0.603 for canariensis-maritima, and 0.403 for libyca-maritima. These species are biological species, i.e. isolated by strong internal crossing barriers. The isozyme data indicate that speciation is an old event in the genus. The nine subspecies of the L. canariensis complex are interfertile and isolated by ecogeographical barriers. Among the subspecies, the genetic identities ranged from 0.476 to 0.846, with a mean identity of 0.734 for all pairs. Among 22 populations of L. canariensis, irrespective of taxon, the identities ranged from 0.456 to 0.961, with a mean of ...

Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition

Abstract An up-to-date checklist of the vascular plants of Macaronesia (the Azores, the Madeira archipelago, the Salvage Islands, the Canary Island, and the Cape Verde Islands) is given. 3,106 species belonging to 1,062 genera are listed, as are also a number of intraspecific taxa down to variety level. 20 new nomenclatural combinations are made within the genera Atalanthus, Lavandula, Pericallis, Satureja, and Sinapidendron. A second section lists ea. 2,300 synonyms and their presumed identity.

On the origin and colonization of house mice in the Madeira Islands

The skulls and skins of adult house mice from the Madeira Islands have been studied and compared with those from the Salvage Islands and with material from the neighbouring Portuguese mainland man-associated and wild forms, respectively Mus musclus domesticus Rutty, 1772 and M. sprelus Lataste, 1883. Differences between island and mainland populations were found in some of the analysed features. Insular skins of mice were found to be smaller than those of specimens from the mainland. However, in Madeiran and Salvage mice the toothrows were much more developed than in the mainland house mice. It is considered that the causes of these differences lie in the different characteristics of the habitats, mainly food availability, and also in the isolation of populations. Mus musculus domesticus appears to be the only form of the house mouse to have so far successfully colonized the Madeiras.

Laurencia viridis sp. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae) from the Macaronesian Archipelagos

Laurencia viridis sp. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae) is described from specimens collected around the Canary Islands and herbarium examples from Azores Islands, Madeira Islands, Salvage Islands and Cape Verde Islands. Vegetative fronds, sporophytes and gametophytes (male and female) arise from stoloniferous axes. Characteristics of this new species include the following: a distinct green colour of both vegetative and fertile plants, with pinkish apical regions; presence of secondary pit-connections between adjacent cortical cells; terete branches radially arranged; spermatangial receptacle of determinate position, cup-like and with a clear central axis; tetrasporangia in parallel abaxial rows (...)

Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of rust fungi (Uredinales).

Abstract This is the first checklist of rust fungi in Macaronesia (the Azores, the Madeira archipelago, the Salvage Islands, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands). One hundred and thirty-four rust taxa are recorded, making more than four hundred rust-host combinations. Names on rust and host species used in the literature are listed, with references to the names used in the checklist.

Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 3. revised edition.

Abstract A complete and up-to-date checklist of the vascular plants of Macaronesia (the Azores, the Madeira archipelago, the Salvage Islands, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands) is given. 3.125 species belonging to 1.041 genera are listed, as are also a number of intraspecific taxa down to variety level. New combinations are proposed within the genera Cheilanthes, Pericallis and Pulicaria. A second section lists 2.250 synonyms and their presumed identity.

The diet of the Madeiran lizard Lacerta dugesii

The gut contents of about 1700 lizards from the Madeiran Archipelago and die Salvage Islands were examined. The diet, which shows habitat and geographical variation, consists of a variety of invertebrates and a good amount of plant matter. The degree of herbivory is correlated widi lizard sex and size and widi tail autotomy. The amount of food and specialization in the diet were also correlated. Comparisons are made between die sex-size classes widiin die populations.

Seaweeds of the western coast of tropical Africa and adjacent islands: a critical assessment. I. Chlorophyta and Xanthophyta

This paper assembles and, so far as is possible without extended field and herbarium studies, examines critically the validity of records of marine and brackish-water Chlorophyta and Xanthophyta for the western coast of tropical Africa. The whole mainland coastline from the northern boundary of Spanish Sahara southwards to the southern boundary of South West Africa, the oceanic islands from the Salvage Islands southwards to Ascension, and all islands close to the African mainland coast are included in the area covered. Each species entry includes all traced records for the species, the names which have previously been applied to it in the area, and additional comments or evaluation, where necessary. Comments have also been made at generic level in some difficult cases.

Structure of the Call and Relationships of Bufo microscaphus Cope

Lepadogaster lepadogaster is the most common Eastern Atlantic clingfish and is, perhaps, the best known of any species in the entire family. When the question of its two subspecies was first dealt with (Briggs, 1955: 35) it seemed probable that L. 1. lepadogaster was a southern form extending from Dakar throughout the Mediterranean and L. 1. purpurea a northern form ranging from Roscoff, on the Atlantic coast of France, to the Shetland Islands. Although a comparatively large number of specimens (88) were examined at that time, only four of them came from the West African area (one from Cape Verde, two from the Canaries, and one from the Salvage Islands). The loan of clingfish material from Dr. Cadenat contained 144 individuals from the Dakar vicinity and shows conclusively that the subspecies from that area is L. 1. purpurea and not L. 1. lepadogaster. Therefore, it is quite apparent that these two infraspecific forms are divided geographically in eastern and western rather than northern and southern groups. Although the two specimens from the Canaries and the one from the Salvage Islands were previously identified as L. 1. lepadogaster, they were e Eastern Atlantic. The exception, as meni ned above, is Diplecogast r megal ps from off i rather poor condition and might actually bel ng to the other subspecies. For the present, however, L. 1. lepadogaster should be considered a Mediterranean subspecies which extends out in the Atlantic to include these offshore locali-

On the Birds observed at the Salvage Islands, near Madeira

IbisVolume 38, Issue 1 p. 41-55 On the Birds observed at the Salvage Islands, near Madeira W. R. Ogilvie Grant, W. R. Ogilvie GrantSearch for more papers by this author W. R. Ogilvie Grant, W. R. Ogilvie GrantSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1896 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1896.tb06973.xCitations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume38, Issue1January 1896Pages 41-55 RelatedInformation