Salty Environment Research Articles

HALOPHILIC ASPERGILLUS SPECIES IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS: PHYSIOLOGY, ADAPTATIONS, AND APPLICATIONS

Salt is essential for growth at certain limits, but life dwelling in harsh, salty environments are the halophiles. Studies on the halophilic bacteria, archaea, and fungi are reported around different locations, but the fungus Aspergillus species is a predominant halophilic eukaryote reported in various research works. They have been reported from an environment with high salt concentrations. Halophilic Aspergillus species grow better in harsh conditions and have an exciting opportunity for research and application ahead of them. Their potential in biotechnology, together with their special capacity for adaptation to harsh settings, makes them precious in many sectors from environmental science, to biotechnology, and even in bioremediation settings. Therefore, this work review the physiology and unique adaptations of halophilic Aspergillus species in extreme environments, biomolecule produces and their applications in different areas and future prospects.

Rapid Destruction of Lipid Biomarkers Under Simulated Cosmic Radiation.

Understanding how organics degrade under galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) is critical as we search for traces of ancient life on Mars. Even if the planet harbored life early in its history, its surface rocks have been exposed to ionizing radiation for about four billion years, potentially destroying the vast majority of biosignatures. In this study, we investigated for the first time the impact of simulated GCRs (using gamma rays) on several types of lipid biosignatures (including hopane C30, sterane C27, alkanes, and fatty acids [FAs]) in both the presence and absence of salts (NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2). We measured that the lipids degraded 6-20 times faster than amino acids in similar conditions; moreover, when irradiated in the presence of a salt substrate, degradation was at least 4-6 times faster than without salt, which suggests that salty environments that are often preferred targets for astrobiology warrant caution. We detected radiolytic by-products only for FAs-in the form of alkanes and aldehydes. These results expand our understanding of the degradation of organic molecules in Mars analog environments and underscore the urgent need to direct rover missions to sampling sites protected from GCRs, for example, sites on Mars that have been recently exposed by a wind scarp retreat or meteoritic impact.

Halocins and C50 Carotenoids from Haloarchaea: Potential Natural Tools against Cancer.

Haloarchaea are a group of moderate and extreme halophilic microorganisms, belonging to the Archaea domain, that constitute relevant microbial communities in salty environments like coastal and inland salted ponds, marshes, salty lagoons, etc. They can survive in stress conditions such as high salinity and, therefore, high ionic strength, high doses of ultraviolet radiation (UV), high temperature, and extreme pH values. Consequently, most of the species can be considered polyextremophiles owing to their ability to respond to the multiple extreme conditions characterizing their natural habitats. They cope with those stresses thanks to several molecular and metabolic adaptations. Thus, some of the molecules produced by haloarchaea show significantly different biological activities and physicochemical properties compared to their bacterial counterparts. Recent studies have revealed promising applications in biotechnology and medicine for these biomolecules. Among haloarchaeal biomolecules, rare natural pigments (C50 carotenoids) and small peptides called halocins and microhalocins have attracted attention worldwide due to their effects on animal and human commercial tumoral cells, apart from the role as antibiotics described for halocins or the immunomodulatory activity reported from C50 carotenoids like bacterioruberin. This review summarizes recent knowledge on these two types of biomolecules in connection with cancer to shed new light on the design of drugs and new therapies based on natural compounds.

Optimizing Protein Fractions in Chickpeas: A Salinity Alleviation Approach with Calcium and Potassium Supplementation

Background: Malnutrition is a serious worldwide public health concern that affects both adults and children. It has a substantial negative impact on society and the economy. COVID-19 has exacerbated this problem by reducing household income and access to food. Legumes, especially chickpeas, in particular, are a great source of important nutrients and can help alleviate protein-energy malnutrition. But soil salinity is a big problem for growing chickpeas and, by extension, for food security worldwide. The present study was to estimate the effect of minerals under salinity stress on protein fractions in different genotypes of chickpea. This study explores the potential of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) supplementation to alleviate salinity stress and improve protein content and quality in chickpeas. Methods: Two chickpea cultivars, salt-sensitive (C-235) and salt-tolerant (CSG-8962), were subjected to varying levels of salinity and mineral treatments (in a ratio of 7:2:1) to examine their effect on protein fractions, which were extracted and estimated. Result: The findings show that, under the conditions of salinity stress, the simultaneous application of calcium and potassium considerably increases the amounts of protein fractions (albumins, globulins, glutelins and prolamins). These results highlight the significance of mineral supplements as a sustainable approach to increasing agricultural yields and fighting malnutrition in salty environments.

Fabrication of hydrophilic cellulose graft copolymer/SiO2 coated mesh for efficient oil-water separation

A superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic cellulose graft copolymer/SiO2 coated metal mesh (CASi/M) was fabricated through a facile and cost-effective process. As-prepared CASi/M could separate different oil-water mixture with a separation efficiency higher than 99.4 % and a flux up to 26940 L·m−2·h−1 only driven by gravity. The reusability experiment showed that the separation efficiency still exceeded 99.2 % after 25 cycles, which displayed superior reusability. Furthermore, CASi/M displayed superior stability in corrosive liquids such as acidic, alkaline, and salty environments. This work provides new sights in the development of durable and low-cost functional materials for rapid and efficient oil/water separation.

Recent Advances in the Deposition of Aluminide Coatings on Nickel-Based Superalloys: A Synthetic Review (2019–2023)

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are widely used to improve the oxidation resistance and high-temperature performance of nickel-based superalloys operating in aggressive environments. Among the TBCs, aluminide coatings (ACs) are commonly utilized to protect the structural parts of jet engines against high-temperature oxidation and corrosion. They can be deposited by different techniques, including pack cementation (PC), slurry aluminizing or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Although the mentioned deposition techniques have been known for years, the constant developments in materials sciences and processing stimulates progress in terms of ACs. Therefore, this review paper aims to summarize recent advances in the AC field that have been reported between 2019 and 2023. The review focuses on recent advances involving improved corrosion resistance in salty environments as well as against high temperatures ranging between 1000 °C and 1200 °C under both continuous isothermal high-temperature exposure for up to 1000 h and cyclic oxidation resulting from AC application. Additionally, the beneficial effects of enhanced mechanical properties, including hardness, fatigue performance and wear, are discussed.

Oil Spill: Their Impact, Recovery and future prevention

An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment especially marine areas due to human activity. Oil is the most common pollutant in the oceans. Oil spill have a devastating and long-term impact on water ways and coastal areas around the world. Oil spill can be partially controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment and adsorption. These days there are so many import and export business are going in the world. Because of expansion of business and shipping by seas in the cheapest mode it’s used on large scale due to huge cargo shipping these are so many cases of oil spill in the sea. World has witnessed big oil spill accidents into the oceans and made huge impact on the industries as well as the ecosystem. Due to these oil spills there were so many deaths if sea mammals and bird species. After oil spills creates a slick (a thick layer of oil) that ensure the sunlight and oxygen pass through water. It affects the life below the water due to lack of oxygen and sunlight. As some of the oil are dangerous and poisonous they are quite harmful for human too when it comes to physical contact with them. This paper deals with the separation of oil and water to find out the better solution for oil recovery from the water surface mixture empress oil spill to produce oil free water. There are different methods to remove the oil form the water but disc type oil skimmer is mostly used and efficient. The oil skimmer is used to separate oil, from mixture of aqua and oil. It causes highly acidic alkaline and salty environment remains a great challenge to aquatic organisms and also pollute the coastal area. Every year 706 million gallons of waste oil enter the water resources and pollute the environment. Sea water has been polluted due to oil spillage, it also affects the water bodies. It the oil spill increase it result in serious damage to environment. About 90% of contaminated oil can be removed by continuous separation of oil by skimmer.

Crosstalk in proline biosynthesis regulates proline augmentation and resilience to salt stress in Panicum miliaceum L.

The development and productivity of most agricultural plants can be adversely affected by the presence of salts in soil. It is vital in these situations to increase agricultural yield, especially in barren soil, by developing plants that can endure and thrive in salty environment. For reducing the detrimental salt-induced effects, plants must actively control osmotic balance by accumulating suitable solutes like proline, polyols, and glycine betaine and by activating specific stress-responsive genes and enzymes within their cells. Proline is an important osmolyte which build up endogenously in plants in response to stressful situations and its accumulation is dependent on type of species and severity of stress. Although proline biosynthesis genes and enzymes have been extensively studied, but the preferred substrate in this process is yet not clear. In present study, we aimed to elucidate the preferred pathway of proline biosynthesis and the effect on physiological parameters under salt and Se application in proso millet. It was found that salt stress negatively impacted these parameters, while as the addition of Se improved these parameters. In comparison to control 150 mM NaCl treatment led to a reduction of upto 38.6% in FW and 18.91% in DW, whereas 200 mM NaCl led to reduction of upto 52.29% in FW and 18.91% in DW. The osmolytes, total soluble sugars (TSS), glycine betaine (GB) and total proline content (TPC) increased under salt stress by 53.7%, 2.14% and 113.79% at 150 mM NaCl and 54.89%, 0.53% and 87.1% at 200 mM NaCl. But, the application of Se significantly improved the above parameters. It was observed that the low level of Se (1 µM) had a role in enhancing the activity of P5CS, P5CR, and OAT enzymes while decreasing the activity of ProDH and P5CDH enzymes. It was found that genes responsible for proline biosynthesis were expressed efficiently in response to salt stress which further increased with Se application. During salt stress proline biosynthesis (PmP5CS, PmP5CR and PmOAT) genes were up-regulated which improved further with Se treatment. While as, the proline degrading (PmP5CDH and PmProDH) genes were down-regulated at both salt and se treatments. Overall, the Se treatment appeared to be beneficial for modulating the plant responses by providing tolerance.

Invertebrates from naturally brackish areas are less impacted by road salt and alternative deicers

AbstractRoad salt (NaCl) is the most common deicer used to melt snow and ice from roadways in cold climates, but its use results in runoff of sodium and chloride ions into sewers and into soil and freshwater ecosystems. Road salt causes harmful effects on wetland habitats, which host an abundance of macroinvertebrate species. Alternatives to road salt, such as beet juice, are commercially available, but their impact on invertebrates is less well studied. We examined the impact of road salt alternatives on four invertebrate species (Daphnia pulex, Eisenia fetida, Heterocypris sp., and Culicoides sp. larvae), some of which come from a naturally brackish area. Our expectation was that road salt alternatives (beet salt, molasses, pickle juice, and sand) would be less toxic to the animals than traditional road salt. This study comprised two experiments: the first exposed individuals of the four invertebrate species to road salt alternatives, and the second exposed the invertebrates to a range of road salt concentrations. Only individuals of D. pulex were negatively impacted by road salt. The other invertebrates were not significantly affected by any salt alternative, demonstrating interspecific differences in response to salt. Species found in naturally salty environments were more tolerant of both road salt and alternatives. This research shows species‐ and habitat‐specific responses to road salt alternatives, which has implications for municipalities looking to salt roads without negatively impacting freshwater ecosystems.

Eco-Friendly Sustainable and Responsive High-Performance Benzotriazole-Metal Organic Frameworks/Silica Composite Coating with Active/Passive Corrosion Protection on Copper.

Coatings with only passive protection cannot offer long-term anticorrosion on metals. Eco-friendly sustainable and responsive coating for active/passive corrosion protection is desirable to extend the service life of metals. Here, benzotriazole (BTA)-metal organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs, UiO-66) were embedded in silica (SiO2) coating by one-step electrodeposition on copper. Combined with passive capability of MOFs and active protection of BTA inhibitor, the composite coating (BTA-MOF/SiO2) exhibited high and stable corrosion resistance, confirmed by microstructure characterizations and electrochemical tests. As a result, the as-prepared composite coating exhibited superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 154.2°. With loading of BTA-MOF in SiO2 coating, the impedance modulus at 0.01 Hz increased by ∼10-fold and the corrosion current density decreased to 3.472 × 10-9 A·cm-2. Immersion and salt spray tests confirmed the long-term protection of the composite coating. The responsive release of BTA inhibitor endows the coating with a responsively anticorrosive behavior. The active-passive ability makes the coating a good candidate for protection on metals used in highly salty environments.

Polyaniline-mediated hydrophobic modification of carbonyl iron powder (CIP) as durable and efficient electromagnetic absorbents with good corrosion resistance

Carbonyl iron powder (CIP) is a widely used and commercially available functional material, but the susceptibility to electrochemical corrosion limits its application in humid and salty environments. In this study, a novel surface modification strategy that grafts stearoyl chloride on CIP with polyaniline (PANI) as the medium is developed to strengthen its anticorrosion performance. Modified CIP shows strong hydrophobicity and the static water contact angle can reach up to 141°. This surface modification increases the corrosion potential from −0.75 to −0.32 V and decreases the corrosion current from 6.3×10−6 to 5.0 × 10−7 A/cm2. After immersing in acidic NaCl solution for 240 h, modified CIP still exhibits powerful electromagnetic (EM) absorption performance, including strong reflection loss and broad absorption bandwidth, very close to that of pristine CIP. In contrast, CIP without surface modification presents a drastic reduction in EM function, especially reflected in narrow absorption bandwidth and increased matching thickness.

Wireless Oil Skimmer System Based on IoT

Oil is extracted from an aqua-oil mixture using an oil skimmer. It contaminates coastal areas and puts aquatic life at jeopardy by generating an extremely acidic, alkaline, and salty environment. 706 million gallons of used oil find their way into rivers annually, polluting them. Seawater has been tainted by oil spills, harming marine life. Therefore, we propose creating a small boat that may be used as an oil skimmer to remove oil from water. When a group of these little boats cooperate, spilled oil may be cleaned up and recovered. With two rudders and a DC motor-powered system, the boat is operated by the operator via a remote control. An oil skimmer device on the boat separates oil from water and gathers.

Innovations in nanomaterials: A paradigm shift in surface engineering for corrosion mitigation

The weight loss technique was utilized to examine the corrosion rates of mild steel in various aqueous solutions and operating conditions, both with and without an epoxy coating. It became out that the presence of salt and temperature increased the rate of corrosion while the pH level decreased. Significant reductions in corrosion rates occur in acidic conditions when coatings are present. In a saline solution, it did not work particularly well. Using X-ray diffraction, the diagnosis was acquired after a sol–gel method was used to create a MgO nanoparticle. The highest coating efficacy in an acidic solution was 96.9%, whereas the lowest coating efficacy in a saline solution devoid of nanoparticles was 29.8%. The performance of epoxy coatings in salty environments was improved by applying nanoscale magnesium oxide (MgO) up to a maximum value of 94%. Surface morphology was examined using the SEM test as well. A number of mathematical models were proposed to be employed in order to relate the corrosion rate to the operational state; a high correlation coefficient for the data advised that the polynomial interaction effect model be used.

Electrolyte-assisted polarization leading to enhanced charge separation and solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of seawater splitting

Photocatalytic splitting of seawater for hydrogen evolution has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. However, the poor energy conversion efficiency and stability of photocatalysts in a salty environment have greatly hindered further applications of this technology. Moreover, the effects of electrolytes in seawater remain controversial. Here we present electrolyte-assisted charge polarization over an N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst, which demonstrates the stoichiometric evolution of H2 and O2 from the thermo-assisted photocatalytic splitting of seawater. Our extensive characterizations and computational studies show that ionic species in seawater can selectively adsorb on photo-polarized facets of the opposite charge, which can prolong the charge-carrier lifetime by a factor of five, leading to an overall energy conversion efficiency of 15.9 ± 0.4% at 270 °C. Using a light-concentrated furnace, a steady hydrogen evolution rate of 40 mmol g−1 h−1 is demonstrated, which is of the same order of magnitude as laboratory-scale electrolysers.

Unveiling the multifaceted incorporation of Musa acuminata peduncle juice as a bio-corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in seawater-simulated solution.

This work assessed the ability of Musa acuminata peduncle juice extract to sustainably inhibit mild steel under salinized conditions. The effort sought to ascertain the new active material's inhibitory efficacy for inhibiting metal corrosion in seawater. M. acuminata peduncle juice was extracted from the M. acuminata peduncle. The functional group of the M. acuminata pedal juice was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The corrosion behavior was assessed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization by varying the M. acuminata peduncle juice at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g L-1 for 300 K, 310 K, and 320 K, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy provided an image of the surface morphology of mild steel. Reduced corrosion current (icorr) was observed when M. acuminata pedal juice was present according to potentiodynamic polarization and studies. Moreover, adding M. acuminata peduncle juice increases resistance capacity transfer (Rct). The potentiodynamic polarization approach was used to obtain the optimum inhibitory efficiency (%IE) at 0.3 g L-1 doses with 88.0% efficiency at 300 K. The addition of M. acuminata peduncle juice results in a smoother, mild steel morphology than the surface without inhibitor additions. The molecules of active chemicals adhering to the steel surface were linked to increased corrosion inhibition. The study's findings demonstrated that M. acuminata peduncle juice is a promising biomaterial for mild steel corrosion inhibitors in a salty environment.

GROWTH, WATER RELATION, LEAF PIGMENTS AND YIELD OF SESAME AS INFLUENCED BY SIMULATED SALINE ENVIRONMENT

Salt stress is a significant environmental problem that restricts crop productivity. Despite being an important oilseed crop in Bangladesh, little is known about the phenotypic and physiological responsesof sesame (Sesamum indicum) to salinity. In order to measure the plant height,number of leaf plant-1, dry matter accumulation capability, leaf water uptake capacity, leaf chlorophyll content, and yield response six sesame genotypes viz., BD-6980, BD-7009, BD-7011,BD-6994, BD-6983, and BD-6999 were grown in pots and exposed to a 7.5 dS m-1 simulated salty environment. Thesegenotypes were chosenfor this investigation from 86 genotypes according to the relative germination percentage at 10 dS m-1 salinity. Results revealed that plant height, number of leaf plant-1, dry matter accumulation capability, leaf chlorophylls a and b content, and yield were reduced in all the genotypes, but reduction rate was lowerin genotype BD-7011.On the other hand, wateruptake capacity in sesame leaf was increment in all the genotypes under salinity but increasing rate was lower in the same genotype BD-7011. These results suggest that the sesame genotype BD-7011may be able to withstandsalt stress with little detrimental effects on the growth, physiological traits, seed yield.

Enhancing corrosion and tribology performance of stainless steel with DLC coatings: Effects of doping and multilayered structures

The increasing demand for energy production has expanded oil and gas extraction, particularly in harsh exploration sites with highly corrosive media. In the Brazil's pre-salt layer, rich in oil reserves, high NaCl content and CO2 presence may induce sweet corrosion. Corrosion resistant alloys are often used for better performance, and among them, austenitic stainless steels (SS) offer good balance of cost and properties. However, pre-salt acidic and salty environment may induce localized corrosion, making protective coatings a viable option to prolong the lifespan of components exposed to these environments. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are a great alternative, as besides being chemically stable, they improve mechanical properties of the coated material, such as higher hardness and wear resistance and lower friction coefficient. Therefore, the performance of different types of DLC on the anti-corrosion protection of SS was evaluated. Four DLC types were tested: a hydrogenated amorphous DLC; a multilayered film (DLC-M); and films with fluorine (DLC-F) and silicon (DLC-S). The films showed chemical and structural differences, evidenced by Raman, SEM/EDS and XPS analysis. Their tribological performances were evaluated through scuffing resistance tests; the base DLC showed the highest resistance, followed by DLC-F and DLC-M. DLC-S films didn't exhibit satisfactory tribological performance. For corrosion characterization, potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted in NaCl and CO2-saturated NaCl solutions. In the NaCl tests, DLC films exhibited impressive anti-corrosion properties, with DLC-F delivering the highest performance, followed by DLC-M, DLC-S, and base DLC. 316 L SS showed high corrosion susceptibility in the CO2-saturated solution, but the coatings also improved corrosion resistance in this setting. The DLC, DLC-S and DLC-M showed similar Ecorr and jcorr values, while DLC-F demonstrated superior corrosion resistance with higher Ecorr and lower jcorr values.

The potential of Hungarian bauxite residue isolates for biotechnological applications

Bauxite residue (red mud) is considered an extremely alkaline and salty environment for the biota. We present the first attempt to isolate, identify and characterise microbes from Hungarian bauxite residues. Four identified bacterial strains belonged to the Bacilli class, one each to the Actinomycetia, Gammaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria classes, and two to the Alphaproteobacteria class. All three identified fungi strains belonged to the Ascomycota division. Most strains tolerated pH 8–10 and salt content at 5–7% NaCl concentration. Alkalihalobacillus pseudofirmus BRHUB7 and Robertmurraya beringensis BRHUB9 can be considered halophilic and alkalitolerant. Priestia aryabhattai BRHUB2, Penicillium chrysogenum BRHUF1 and Aspergillus sp. BRHUF2 are halo- and alkalitolerant strains. Most strains produced siderophores and extracellular polymeric substances, could mobilise phosphorous, and were cellulose degraders. These strains and their enzymes are possible candidates for biotechnological applications in processes requiring extreme conditions, e.g. bioleaching of critical raw materials and rehabilitation of alkaline waste deposits.

Gibberellin-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Coastal Soil Enhance Seed Germination of Mallow and Broccoli Plants under Saline Conditions.

Salinity hinders plant growth, posing a substantial challenge to sustainable agricultural yield maintenance. The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offers an emerging strategy to mitigate the detrimental effects of high salinity levels. This study aimed to isolate and identify gibberellin-producing bacteria and their impact on the seed germination of Malva verticillata (mallow) and Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) under salt stress. In this study, seven bacterial isolates (KW01, KW02, KW03, KW04, KW05, KW06, and KW07) were used to assess their capacity for producing various growth-promoting traits and their tolerance to varying amounts of salinity (100 mM and 150 Mm NaCl). The findings revealed that KW05 and KW07 isolates outperformed other isolates in synthesizing indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and exopolysaccharides and in solubilizing phosphates. These isolates also enhanced phosphatase activity and antioxidant levels, including superoxide dismutase and catalase. Both KW05 and KW07 isolate highlight the growth-promoting effects of gibberellin by enhancing of growth parameters of Waito-C rice. Further, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry validation confirmed the ability of KW05 and KW07 to produce gibberellins (GAs), including GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7. Seed germination metrics were enhanced due to the inoculation of KW05 and KW07. Moreover, inoculation with KW05 increased the fresh weight (FW) (7.82%) and total length (38.61%) of mallow under salt stress. Inoculation with KW07 increased the FW (32.04%) and shoot length of mallow under salt stress. A single inoculation of these two isolates increased broccoli plants' FW and shoot length under salt stress. Gibberellin-producing bacteria helps in plant growth promotion by improving salt tolerance by stimulating root elongation and facilitating enhanced absorption of water and nutrient uptake in salty environments. Based on these findings, they can play a role in boosting agricultural yield in salt-affected areas, which would help to ensure the long-term viability of agriculture in coastal regions.

Improved high-frequency and anti-corrosion performance of FeNi soft magnetic composites through regulating SiO2 shell growth in a dual silicon source involved route

Optimizing dense insulating shells plays a crucial role in developing high-frequency soft magnetic composites (SMCs) working in acidic and salty environments. Herein, raspberry-like and litchi-like SiO2 shells are fabricated on FeNi particles by using both 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethyl orthosilicate. It is found that low dosages of APTES lead to raspberry-like shells consisting of internal SiO2 layer and attached SiO2 particles. While high dosages of APTES result in litchi-like shells, owing to a much higher coordinated growth rate between the inner layer and SiO2 particles. With regard to corrosion resistance performance, the litchi-like shell contributes to a more positive corrosion potential of -0.076 V, a lower corrosion current density of 2.512 × 10−6 A/cm2, a higher corrosion protection efficiency of 96.70 % and a lower ion concentration in the HCl etching solution. As for magnetic properties, higher resistivity of 1.46 × 108 Ω·m, lower eddy current loss with μ′ of 13.98 and lower tanδ of 0.01148 at 2000 kHz can be realized by the dense litchi-like shell structure. This work not only demonstrates detailed growth mechanisms of different SiO2 shells, provides FeNi SMCs with desirable high frequency and anti-corrosion performance, but also offers deeper insights into functional shell design.