Salt Lake City Winter Research Articles

Detection and variability of combustion-derived vapor in an urban basin

Abstract. Water emitted during combustion may comprise a significant portion of ambient humidity (> 10 %) in urban areas, where combustion emissions are strongly focused in space and time. Stable water vapor isotopes can be used to apportion measured humidity values between atmospherically transported and combustion-derived water vapor, as combustion-derived vapor possesses an unusually negative deuterium excess value (d-excess, d = δ2H − 8δ18O). We investigated the relationship between the d-excess of atmospheric vapor, ambient CO2 concentrations, and atmospheric stability across four winters in Salt Lake City, Utah. We found a robust inverse relationship between CO2 excess above background and d-excess on sub-diurnal to seasonal timescales, which was most prominent during periods of strong atmospheric stability that occur during Salt Lake City winter. Using a Keeling-style mixing model approach, and assuming a molar ratio of H2O to CO2 in emissions of 1.5, we estimated the d-excess of combustion-derived vapor in Salt Lake City to be −179 ± 17 ‰, consistent with the upper limit of theoretical estimates. Based on this estimate, we calculate that vapor from fossil fuel combustion often represents 5–10 % of total urban humidity, with a maximum estimate of 16.7 %, consistent with prior estimates for Salt Lake City. Moreover, our analysis highlights that changes in the observed d-excess during periods of high atmospheric stability cannot be explained without a vapor source possessing a strongly negative d-excess value. Further refinements in this humidity apportionment method, most notably empirical validation of the d-excess of combustion vapor or improvements in the estimation of the background d-excess value in the absence of combustion, can yield more certain estimates of the impacts of fossil fuel combustion on urban humidity and meteorology.

Principles Underlying the Adjudication of Selection Disputes Preceding the Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games: Notes for Adjudicators

Selection disputes inevitably arise prior to any major games such as an Olympics. Prior to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, some 25 disputes were heard in Canada. 1 In anticipation of the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, an ad-hoc arbitration system was put in place in Canada to deal with these disputes. To assist the roster of adjudicators appointed to hear these matters, the Centre for Sport and Law 2 compiled and reviewed some 30 sport selection disputes from Canadian courts and tribunals. In this article, we summarize the legal basis for decision-making in sport and present some key themes that emerged from the review of these cases.

Securitisation and the mega‐event: an editorial introduction

I n August 2011 organisers of the London 2012 Olympics staged rehearsals for the Opening Ceremony due to commence exactly one year hence. Meanwhile, other parts of the city were experiencing rioting and looting on a scale not seen for 30 years. Whilst these two events were largely distinct, their simultaneous occurrence underscored an important point. For all the attention to the enclosure, artificial urbanism and contrived spaces that hosting sporting mega events create, they are accommodated in complex and often contested urban settings. Two years later, the links between the politics of the street and the sporting mega-event spectacle became cemented elsewhere. Echoing protests against Mexico City’s profligate Olympic spending at a time of austerity in 1968, June 2013 saw more than a million people take to the streets across 100 Brazilian cities. Although activist causes were manifold they unmistakably coalesced around the social and pecuniary impacts of Brazil’s staging of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games. As mega-event spectacles, replete with promises of ‘regeneration’ and ‘legacy’, continue to encroach further into the urban realm, so different levels of action, activism, governance and policy necessarily become drawn together. For sporting mega-events, it is in the realm of security practice where the heat generated by internationally focused agendas abrading with local practices, processes and priorities is greatest. Here, the promise of stringent security guarantees is a precondition for hosts who operate under a constant risk of catastrophic reputational damage should they not be met. Of course, it is rare that, in such a broad sense, ‘security’ can ever be guaranteed and, for planners, its pursuit results in dwindling levels of acceptable risk. When applied to the complex, dynamic and unpredictable realm of the global city, the contemporary stage for sporting mega events, such promises are even harder to keep. The result is uneasy coalitions of international, national, regional and local security practice; a merger of civil, military and criminal justice techniques and technologies of social control; and a proliferation of security priorities. Yet whilst some of these measures may be exceptional for the cities that host them, they often represent very familiar elements of mega-event security programmes.

Partnering With The Industry: The Olympic Laboratory Model

David A Cowan and Campbell P Barker speak to Ryan De Vooght-Johnson at Bioanalysis in May 2012 about the partnership between industry and academia for the setup and running of the doping-control laboratory for the London 2012 Olympic Games. David A Cowan is Director of the London 2012 anti-doping laboratory as well as Director of the King's College London Drug Control Centre, the UK's only WADA-accredited anti-doping laboratory, and Head of the Department of Forensic Science and Drug Monitoring. Cowan co-founded the Drug Control Centre in 1978 and became its Director in 1990. He has published extensively in the field of pharmaceutical analysis, especially as it relates to detecting drug administration in sport, and was awarded a personal chair in pharmaceutical toxicology in 1996. Cowan became Head of the Department of Forensic Science and Drug Monitoring at King's College London in 2002. He has served on a number of national and international committees, including the Council of Europe Working Party Investigating Drug Abuse in Sport that led to the first World Anti-Doping Convention, the Laboratory Representative on the International Olympic Committee's Medical Commission, and WADA's Laboratory Accreditation Subcommittee. He is a member of the Crippen Club for Distinguished Toxicologists. In 1998 he was awarded the IOC Trophy for Sport Ethics by the BOA. He was a founding member of the World Association of Anti-Doping Scientists and became its first President serving on its Executive Board between 2001 and 2004. He was a Visiting Laboratory Director at the Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games 2002, where the first novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein (NESP) positive was discovered. He was also a senior advisory scientist at both the Turin Winter Olympic Games in 2006 and the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. He was also a member of the IOC Medical Commission for the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 and the Vancouver Winter Olympic Games in 2010. The Drug Control Centre undertook the sample analysis during the 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games and Cowan was Co-Director of the laboratory for the Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur in 1998. Cowan, who has directed the laboratory at King's College London for many years, was a member of the bid team making the presentation to the International Olympic Committee in February 2005. Campbell P Barker has been leading GlaxoSmithKline's delivery of the London 2012 laboratory services since September 2009. Prior to that time he was Director of Global Strategic Projects in GlaxoSmithKline's Consumer Healthcare business from 2006, and from 1994 to 2006 he worked in R&D for Procter & Gamble. Barker holds a PhD in chemistry from the University of Durham.

Shadowed by the corpse of war: Sport spectacles and the spirit of terrorism

Since the early 2000s, there has been a groundswell of research on terrorism and sports mega-events, including investigations into the impact of ‘9/11’ on fear and risk management strategies at high profile sports events. In this article, we re-examine the case of the Salt Lake City Winter Games of 2002 around Baudrillard’s (1995) concept of the ‘non-event’. We compare the (largely British and North American) mass mediation and discursive framing of terrorism at the 2002 Games with subsequent discourses interwoven into accounts of terrorism, fear and security at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens and the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Turin. Of principal interest is the global framing of sports mega-events as targets of terrorism and the ways in which such events become fabricated zones of risk. To understand why there is a lingering media construction of the sports mega-event as an imagined target (and, in many ways, pre-constructed victim) of terrorism, we draw centrally on Baudrillard’s work (1995, 2001, 2002a, 2002b). Specifically, we employ Baudrillard’s concepts of the hyperreal and the non-event as a means of exploring terrorism’s relationship with sport, and the potential usage of such theoretical ideas in the sociology of sport and physical culture more broadly.

Comparison of split double and triple twists in pair figure skating

In this study, we compared the kinematic variables of the split triple twist with those of the split double twist to help coaches and scientists understand these landmark pair skating skills. High-speed video was taken during the pair short and free programmes at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics and the 2003 International Skating Union Grand Prix Finals. Three-dimensional analyses of 14 split double twists and 15 split triple twists from eleven pairs were completed. In spite of considerable variability in the performance variables among the pairs, the main difference between the split double twists and split triple twists was an increase in rotational rate. While eight of the eleven pairs relied primarily on an increased rotational rate to complete the split triple twist, three pairs employed a combined strategy of increased rotational rate and increased flight time due predominantly to delayed or lower catches. These results were similar to observations of jumps in singles skating for which the extra rotation is typically due to an increase in rotational velocity; increases in flight time come primarily from delayed landings as opposed to additional height during flight. Combining an increase in flight time and rotational rate may be a good strategy for completing the split triple twist in pair skating.

Asthma, allergy, the athlete and the Olympics

As the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing approach, both the general public and health care professionals are gaining interest in the potential health implications of sport. When asthma and allergy are present in athletes, this may affect their performance and achievements and justify the special attention of health care professionals who specialize in taking care of top athletes. However, the impact of allergy and asthma on sport and exercise goes further than just top athletes. The Editors of Allergy decided that in this issue they would focus the attention of allergy and asthma specialists by presenting a series of articles on the relationship between sport, asthma and allergy in the hope that an increased awareness of these problems would be highlighted not only for sports medicine doctors but also for all practicing allergists. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a general concern for growing children and adolescents. In most international guidelines, one of the main objectives of treating asthma during childhood is for the child to be able to master EIA. Also among athletes, and especially elite athletes, EIA and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) have become major problems with regard to the correct diagnosis and to treatment. EIA is increasingly common among the top athletes of several different types of sport. Traditionally this has been reported mainly in athletes competing in endurance sports in cold climates, especially among crosscountry skiers (1, 2) and swimmers (3, 4), but also among endurance athletes in summer sports (5). A surprisingly high prevalence of asthma (56%) diagnosed by the reversibility of lung function to inhaled s2-agonists (56%) was reported among professional Canadian football players (6). The prevalence of EIA among top athletes has increased over the past decades. Weiler et al. reported 11% prevalence of EIA among American athletes participating in the 1984 Summer Olympic Games (7) and an increase to a prevalence of more than 20% was noticed among American participants in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta (8).

Visual effects and video analysis lead to Olympics victories

In one study, researchers at several universities and the US Olympic Committee compared triple and quadruple toe loops by using high-speed video and 3D analyses at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics. Researchers created 3D models of the skaters using motion capture from video taken with special camera systems during competitions. To capture a skill from anywhere on the rink, calibration of the whole ice rink was required prior to each day of testing. This involved testing with two survey poles, each 4.88 meters long, sequentially moved to seven locations on the ice. Combinations of three to five poles that gave the best 3D reconstruction were used to establish calibrations for each day of data collection. The 3D reconstruction error was determined by computing the root mean square difference between the actual and computed distances of ice and board markings and the poles not included in the calibrations.

Study of Conditioning of National Team Mogul Skiers

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the conditioning of elite mogul skiers through the 2001-2002 Federation International de Ski season (that is, the World Cup freestyle competition and the Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games) using a single-case study method. Four elite mogul skiers were observed independently and measured in parameters such as athletic condition. The results indicated that during the competition season there was no significant change in the conditioning of the world-class skiers of this group. However, the conditioning of the intermediate skiers did change. It was concluded that it is preferable to use the single-case study method when analyzing physical conditioning.

Influenza, Winter Olympiad, 2002

Prospective surveillance for influenza was performed during the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics. Oseltamivir was administered to patients with influenzalike illness and confirmed influenza, while their close contacts were given oseltamivir prophylactically. Influenza A/B was diagnosed in 36 of 188 patients, including 13 athletes. Prompt management limited the spread of this outbreak.

One Day in September and a Week in February: Mobilizing American (Sporting) Nationalisms

In an ongoing effort to “police the crisis” (see Denzin, 2004a and b; Denzin & Lincoln, 2003) and critically interrogate the tyrannical (govern)mentality of conservative rhetoric centered on a peculiar or juridical concept of “right” (Baudrillard, 2001; Johnson, 2002; McClaren, 2002) under the agenda of “9/11 America,” this article explores the official moral pedagogies of the sporting media. Through analysis of the media representations of two major sporting events that took place in the first week of February, 2002—the delayed Super Bowl and the Opening of the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics—the article focuses on the place of sport as an economy of affect through which power, privilege, politics, and position are (re)produced. The “epistemic panic” (Gordon, 1997; Ladson-Billings, 2000) played out through these two events can be read as part of the wider self-examining, self-referential, existential narrative of the American nation in the wake of the ontological, social, and historical disruption (Giroux, 2002) wrought by 9/11—a politicized and militaristic rhetoric appropriated within, and mobilized through, the affective realm of the sporting popular.

The New Russian Identity and the United States

Asymmetric Response of Russian Citizens toward American GoodwillIdentity formation is a key element within the broader process of human socialization. In the traditional literature, this formation begins at birth and generally finishes with the acquisition of one's first professional experience. More recent research into social development introduces noticeable amendments into this model, recognizing the fact that the socialization process is not complete after one attains a certain social position. Changes in society occur so rapidly that representatives of the same generation must repeatedly internalize new norms and identities and thereby contribute to the creation of a fundamentally new society.For the Russian case, all these dynamics were aggravated by the drastic nature of the changes undergone by Russian society from the beginning of the 1980s. The breaking of Soviet-era concepts, dividing the world into friendly and alien camps, and the territorial disintegration of the country provoked a new process of identity formation. Quite naturally, this process develops most actively among the younger generations, who must reorient themselves toward the expected challenges of their future.1A key component in the process of identity formation is the division of the world into us and them factions and the development of some perception of how Russians differ from others. From this point of view, the West as a whole, and America as the leader of the Western world, is the mirror in which Russians see themselves-both in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. To a lesser extent this view also contributes to assessments of the West, as well as the actions of Western states.According to public opinion polls administered by the Foundation for Public Opinion (hereafter, FOM) in May 2002, only one out of every four (23 percent) Russians had a positive view of the United States, about the same number (22 percent) held a negative view, and roughly half of those polled (51 percent) were indifferent (table 1). Therefore, aggregate opinion tends toward neutrality, with roughly equal amounts of pro- and anti-American sentiment and a predominance of indifferent attitudes. Moreover, within the last year, Russians' attitudes toward the United States took a turn for the worse. Less favorable indicators occurred only in March 2002-following the bitter experience of Russian athletes at the Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games.2 At this point, negative attitudes toward America exceeded positive attitudes by approximately 9 percent (29 percent and 20 percent, correspondingly). However, attitudes toward the United States keep close to neutral: positive exceeds negative by roughly 1 percent.In May 2001, only 32 percent of the Russians polled had a positive attitude toward the United States, while 17 percent expressed negative attitudes. The tragic events in New York and Washington, DC yielded a brief increase in sympathy towards Americans. Immediately after the September 11 attacks, the share of negative attitudes decreased to only 12 percent. However, by the close of 2001, it again increased to 20 percent. The share of positive attitudes about the United States in 2001 was approximately the same (32 percent, 38 percent, 36 percent), but decreased by one third within the 2002 (20-23 percent). Thus, although in 2001 Russians generally estimated America positively (with the few exceptions cited above), in 2002 Russians' attitude toward the United States took a drastic decline.It is important to note the marked asymmetry in American and Russian attitudes toward one another and to recognize that negative perceptions are concentrated primarily on the Russian side. According to Gallup poll data, the past three years have witnessed a steady improvement in American attitudes toward Russians. To take November 1999-when just slightly more than one third (38 percent) of Americans viewed Russia positively, while more than half of the total number (58 percent) viewed it negatively-as the reference point, one clearly sees a steady improvement in attitudes over the following three years (table 2). …

Impact of Sponsorship on Companies That Supported the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Paralympics

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sponsorship on companies that supported the 2002 Winter Paralympics. The aim of the study was to find out whether sponsorship was related to positive cumulative abnormal returns on the stocks of selected companies. Specifically, was there a difference between the stock values of the 16 companies (with shares in US markets) that sponsored Paralympic games versus leading competitors that did not? Results indicated that no differences existed between those companies that chose to sponsor Paralympics and their leading competitors at any of the time periods F(1, 30 ) = 1.15, p < .05. These findings were consistent with past studies conducted on sport events for persons without disabilities. Further studies are needed to measure other possible company gains by sponsoring Paralympics.

Figure Skating

The purpose of this study was to compare triple (T) and quadruple (Q) toe‐loop figure skating jumps and quantify basic characteristics of these jumps to provide information to coaches that will assist them in teaching quadruple toe‐loops to elite figure skaters. High‐speed video was taken during men's practice and competition sessions at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics; three‐dimensional analyses of selected triple and quadruple jumps were completed. The most significant difference between triple and quadruple toe‐loops was an increase in rotational velocity in the air. Additionally, increased vertical velocity at take‐off and subsequent time in the air were also observed. Three main conclusions were developed: 1) The timing of rotation of the hips and shoulders was different for quadruple toe‐loops compared to triples with the differences being observed before toe‐pick; 2) Increases in rotational velocity occurred primarily as a result of the skaters assuming different body positions from take‐off through landing which resulted in tighter rotating positions for longer durations of the jump; 3) Greater vertical velocity was gained during the propulsive phase due to the extension of the legs during the press off the ice.

Influences on Consumer Responses to Winter Olympics Sponsorship

Perceived fit between a sponsoring brand and an event is considered to be a key sponsorship requirement, but little is known about the variables that are related to perceived fit. Coca - Cola's sponsorship of the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics is examined to assess relationships between attitude toward the brand, attitude toward the event, and attitude toward sponsorships and brand/event fit. A telephone survey was used to contact 448 consumers. Results indicate that attitude toward the brand is moderately related to brand/event fit and attitude toward sponsorships is significantly related to brand/event fit.

Biomechanical Analysis of the Takeoff, the Early and the Mid-flight Phases in Ski Jumping During the Salt Lake City Winter Games

Introduction: The early flight phase in ski-jumping is characterized as the transition from take-off into a stable flight. This phase covers the first 15 to 25 meters or 0.7 to 1.0 seconds, respectively, depending on the size of the jumping hill. The data on the early flight kinematics analyzed during the Lillehammer Games (Arndt et al. 1995) reported that less than 15% of the variance of total performance (distance jumped) can be explained by the CM parameters (position, velocity) of the take-off. The explained variance at 15m after the take-off through the CM ballistic variables was shown to be less than 20%. When adding five parameters describing the body configuration and indicating aerodynamic variables the explained variance of total performance increased up to about 85%. These results demonstrate that the early flight or the transition take-off to stable flight should be the most sensitive phase to determine the total performance in ski jumping. The purpose of the biomechanical analysis in ski jumping during the Salt Lake City Winter Games was to evaluate the results of the biomechanical studies performed at the 1994 and the 1998 Olympic Games in Lillehammer and Nagano, respectively, to identify changes in the techniques used in the period of performing the V-style (firstly performed in 1992 in Albertville), and to increase the general knowledge of the identification of performance limiting factors in the transmission from take-off to flight. Methods: The jumps of all participants of the 90m and the 120m hills were recorded by three synchronized cameras. A set of three cameras operating at 50 fps were genlocked and recorded the take-off, the early flight, and the mid-flight of the jumpers. The cameras were panned and tilted in order to allow a small object field. The panning and the tilting were controlled via well calibrated landmarks in the background. A specific DLT routine was used to transform the digitized data into the metric space coordinate system. Fifty trials of each competition were chosen for further analysis. From the first round of each competition the best ten jumps and the shortest ten as well as all thirty jumps of the final round were analyzed. Joint centers, reference points on the ski and calibration points were digitized manually. Data of segments' relative mass and moment of inertia were taken from Hanavan's model. Results and Discussion: The crucial point for the jumper during the take-off is to adjust to the external forces (aerodynamic forces, friction between ski and track, ground reaction forces) and to control the posture during the take-off to achieve the best initial conditions for the early flight. Different groups of athletes can be identified using different and individual strategies to solve the problem. The direction of the take-off and the release velocity vector has a higher effect on the rotational component than on the linear component. The rotational component determines the angular momentum of the body's forward rotation during the take-off substantially. From dial one can conclude that the angular momentum of the body rotation during the take-off play the major important role concerning the preparation of the early flight. A high angular momentum at take-off is more important than a high release velocity in order to reach an early compact flight position. From the results we can conclude that there exists an optimum of the angular momentum for the early flight which means that there is an optimal relationship between ballistic and aerodynamic take-off parameters. The optimum angular (somersault) momentum will ensure the early compact flight position and thus the necessary lift and the drag forces for an optimum flight. The take-off and the transition to early flight are the dominant prerequisites for total performance in ski-jumping. An optimum angular momentum at take-off brings the athlete in an advantageous position in the early flight for an optimum use of lift and drag forces. It is substantial for the jumping performance to optimize angular momentum during the take-off in accordance with the torque due to the air steam after take-off, which has to stop the forward rotation at the right moment. Acknowledgement: This project was made through the support of the Medical Commission of the IOC and Pfizer.

Principles underlying the adjudication of selection disputes preceding the salt lake city winter olympic games: Notes for adjudicators

Selection disputes inevitably arise prior to any major games such as an Olympics. Prior to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, some 25 disputes were heard in Canada. 1 In anticipation of the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, an ad-hoc arbitration system was put in place in Canada to deal with these disputes. To assist the roster of adjudicators appointed to hear these matters, the Centre for Sport and Law 2 compiled and reviewed some 30 sport selection disputes from Canadian courts and tribunals. In this article, we summarize the legal basis for decision-making in sport and present some key themes that emerged from the review of these cases.

Detection of DNA-recombinant human epoetin-alfa as a pharmacological ergogenic aid.

The use of DNA-recombinant human epoetin-alfa (rhEPO) as a pharmacological ergogenic aid for the enhancement of aerobic performance is estimated to be practised by at least 3 to 7% of elite endurance sport athletes. rhEPO is synthesised from Chinese hamster ovary cells, and is nearly identical biochemically and immunologically to endogenous epoetin-alfa (EPO). In a clinical setting, rhEPO is used to stimulate erythrocyte production in patients with end-stage renal disease and anaemia. A limited number of human studies have suggested that rhEPO provides a significant erythropoietic and ergogenic benefit in trained individuals as evidenced by increments in haemoglobin, haematocrit, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and exercise endurance time. The purpose of this review is to summarise the various technologies and methodologies currently available for the detection of illicit use of rhEPO in athletes. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) banned the use of rhEPO as an ergogenic aid in 1990. Since then a number of methods have been proposed as potential techniques for detecting the illegal use of rhEPO. Most of these techniques use indirect markers to detect rhEPO in blood samples. These indirect markers include macrocytic hypochromatic erythrocytes and serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfr) concentration. Another indirect technique uses a combination of 5 markers of enhanced erythropoiesis (haematocrit, reticulocyte haematocrit, percentage of macrocytic red blood cells, serum EPO, sTfr) to detect rhEPO. The electrophoretic mobility technique provides a direct measurement of urine and serum levels of rhEPO, and is based on the principle that the rhEPO molecule is less negatively charged versus the endogenous EPO molecule. Isoelectric patterning/focusing has emerged recently as a potential method for the direct analysis of rhEPO in urine. Among these various methodologies, the indirect technique that utilises multiple markers of enhanced erythropoiesis appears to be the most valid, reliable and feasible protocol currently available for the detection of rhEPO in athletes. In August 2000, the IOC Medical Commission approved this protocol known as the 'ON model', and it was subsequently used in combination with a second, confirmatory test (isoelectric patterning) to detect rhEPO abusers competing in the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics. This combined blood and urine test was approved with modifications by the IOC in November 2001 for use in the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics.

Access and flexibility in a changing marketplace-case study: the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Games

This article discusses the challenges associated with constructing and managing a telecommunications network capable of supporting the Olympic Winter Games. The importance of the sponsors' role is also outlined. The Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) is dedicated to bringing the latest technology in telecommunications to the Games without compromising quality and reliability. Telecommunications encompasses much more than telephones normally associated with the traditional definition. Wireless systems, cabling systems, radio, video, and cable TV (CATV) systems, copier, fax, and telex systems, television, and electronics also make up the scope of work for the SLOC team.