Salt In Foods Research Articles

Trends of high fat, salt and sugar food consumption and its impact on nutritional status of school children

Background: India is currently in a phase of nutrition transition. Increased consumption of food high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) is contributing significantly to prevalence of triple burden of malnutrition among children. Methods: In this study, the nutritional status and frequency of HFSS food consumption were assessed in 360 school children (boys n=171, girls n=189) aged between 6-16 years using standard tools and techniques. Results: From the results, it was evident that the frequency of consumption of HFSS food among children of both the age group 6-10 years and 11-16 years was significantly high (p≤0.05). Children aged between 6-10 years were more prone to under nutrition (38%) and they were consuming more snacks such as chips, biscuits, packaged fruit juices high in sodium, saturated fat and sugar. On the other hand, adolescents aged between 11-16 years show a higher prevalence of both under nutrition and overweight (10%), potentially linked to their consumption of bakery products, street foods, sugary drinks and carbonated beverages. Conclusions: The nutrition transition shift is towards consumption of refined, ultra processed, high sodium and fat foods. The age-based trend is a nutritional challenge among children and adolescents. The findings of this study emphasized the urgent need for early screening of nutrient deficiencies, comprehensive interventions to address the triple burden of malnutrition among school children. Efforts should focus on promoting healthy dietary behaviours, enhancing nutritional literacy among children, parents and care givers, improving access to nutritious foods, and regulating the marketing and availability of HFSS foods.

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Background: The epidemic of overweight and obesity is a reflection of societal and behavioral changes in communities over recent decades. There is a global increase in overweight and obesity among students, which has a long-term health risk. Factors strongly linked to obesity among students include high energy, fat, salt, and low fiber food choices, skipping breakfast, excessive snack consumption, insufficient physical activity, high-calorie diets, and smoking. Despite to this there is a major evidence gap of obesity/overweight and its health impacts in developing countries like Somaliland.

Evaluation of Iodine and Goitrogens in Selected Vegetables from Owerri Imo State in Nigeria

The prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders remains a challenge in numerous developing nations despite widespread advocacy for iodized salt and iodine-fortified foods. As a result, this study assesses the iodine content of ten selected vegetables—water leaf, okra, green, tomatoes, lettuce, “okazi”, “ugu”, cabbage, “uha” leaf, and garden egg leaf. The result revealed varying iodine concentrations among these vegetables: 159.93±2.25 μg/kg for water leaf, 151.27±1.61 μg/kg for okra, and 160.43±4.37 μg/kg for green. Tomatoes exhibited 110.10±2.76 μg/kg, while lettuce had 181.27±1.76 μg/kg. “Okazi”, “ugu”, cabbage, “uha” leaf, and garden egg leaf showed iodine levels of 155.10±3.50 μg/kg, 153.43±2.47 μg/kg, 96.10±2.00 μg/kg, and 127.77±3.01 μg/kg, respectively. The evaluation for goitrogens demonstrated sufficient presence in these vegetables, with notable exceptions such as zinc, which was found in lower concentrations in “ugu”, lettuce, “okazi”, and cabbage, and was absent in “uha” leaf, garden egg leaf, green, water leaf, and okra. Based on these results, it was concluded that Owerri's vegetables exhibit relatively high iodine content within recommended dietary allowances. Consequently, ongoing vigilance is advised for the salt iodization program to prevent excess iodine intake, particularly among high-risk populations.

How an agreement with restriction of unhealthy food marketing and sodium taxation influenced high fat, salt or sugar (HFSS) food consumption

BackgroundFood taxation and food marketing policy are very cost-effectiveness to improve healthy diets among children. The objective of this study was to investigate the socio-demographic characteristics of Thais and attitude towards on policy unhealthy food marketing restriction and sodium taxation which influence high fat, sodium, and sugar (FHSS) food eating.MethodsThe data were obtained from the 2021 Health Behavior of Population Survey, four-stage sampling method of the Thai people, aged 15 years and above, using a offline survey application-assisted face-to-face interview. Logistic Regression were used to analyze the explanatory variables on agreement and HFSS food intake.ResultsAlmost half (48.4%) of samples disagreed with sodium taxation, and 42.7% of the samples disagreed with food marketing restriction. Most (99.6%) of Thai respondents consumed HFSS food, including sugar sweetened beverages (SSB). Gender, age, education, income, BMI, and health status were associated with agreement with food marketing restriction policy and sodium taxation policy. There is no association between agreement with policy on sodium taxation and food marketing and HFSS food consumption.ConclusionNearly half of Thais indicated that they disagreed with policy on food marketing restriction and sodium taxation. Therefore, understanding and awareness of the two policies among Thais should be further investigated in order to develop better policy communication for increased public understanding and engagement.

Quality of life, household income, and dietary habits are associated with the risk of sarcopenia among the Chinese elderly

BackgroundHealth-related quality of life (HRQoL), which can be influenced by various aspects, especially socioeconomic status and lifestyle, has been identified as an important predictor of the prognosis of older adults. Dietary habit, a major part of lifestyle, can affect the nutritional status, which is closely correlated with the development of geriatric syndromes in the elderly.AimsThe aim of the study was to examine the association of HRQoL, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle with the risk and severity of sarcopenia, a geriatric syndrome characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength and function.MethodsA cross-sectional retrospective study with 2877 participants aged ≥65 years was performed. HRQoL was assessed using EuroQoL Five Dimensions questionnaire. Socioeconomic status was assessed by the educational attainment, occupation, and household income. Lifestyle was assessed using 12 items closely related to Chinese living habits. The information of daily dietary habits including tea, alcohol, type of diet, and volume of drinking water were collected. The associations of HRQoL, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle with the risk of sarcopenia were examined by multivariate regression logistical analysis. The potential causal role of age, body mass index, and waist circumference in the effect of HRQoL on sarcopenia risk was analyzed by causal mediation analysis.ResultsHigh HRQoL [adjusted odds ratio (OR) =0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.69–0.95, P=0.034] and household income levels (adjusted OR =0.74, 95% CI =0.57–0.95, P=0.019) were inversely associated with the risk of sarcopenia. Meanwhile, more consumption of spicy food (adjusted OR =1.34, 95% CI =1.09–1.81, P =0.037) and occasionally drinking (adjusted OR =1.46, 95% CI =1.07–2.00, P =0.016, as compared to those never drinking) were associated with higher risk of sarcopenia, while skipping breakfast occasionally (adjusted OR =0.37, 95% CI =0.21–0.64, P <0.001, as compared to those eating breakfast every day) and less consumption of salt (adjusted OR =0.71, 95% CI =0.52–0.96, P =0.026, as compared to those consuming high amount of salt) were associated with lower risk of sarcopenia. Further causal mediation analysis aimed to explore how much age, body mass index, and waist circumference might explain the effect of HRQoL on the risk of sarcopenia showed that the estimated proportion that mediated the effect of HRQoL on the risk of sarcopenia by age was 28.0%.ConclusionsIn summary, our findings demonstrate that low levels of HRQoL and household income, more intake of salt and spicy food, and occasional intake of alcohol are correlated with higher risk of sarcopenia, while skipping breakfast occasionally is associated with lower risk of sarcopenia in a Chinese population of older adults.

Could the aroma of spices produce a cross-modal enhancement of food saltiness and contribute to reducing salt intake?

As a result of its correlation with cardiovascular diseases, salt intake must be reduced. According to multi-sensory integration, aroma plays an important role in saltiness enhancement; this could enable a food's salt content to be reduced without losing acceptance. We therefore studied the effect of three spices, Curcuma longa, Laurus nobilis L. and Petroselinum crispum L., on saltiness enhancement through sensory tests on consumers. This was followed by olfactometric analysis with the aim of relating the effect to the spices' aromatic composition. According to the odour-induced salty taste enhancement (OISE) mean values, bay leaf and turmeric had the highest effect on saltiness enhancement, at a similar level to dry-cured ham aroma, wherwas parsley had a significantly lower OISE value. Only one odour-active compound (OAC), eugenol, showed a direct correlation with the spices' OISE values. Turmeric primarily had OACs with sweet aroma, whereas bay leaf had more OACs belonging to the spicy-aroma category. The three spices, turmeric, bay leaf and parsley, investigated in the present study appear to enhance the salty taste of mashed potato with a low salt content. The results suggest that an interaction effect among OACs with different aromatic ranges may exist. Therefore, when the global OAC modified frequency value, grouped according to aroma range, was considered, the sweet range appears to counteract the effect of the spicy aroma on saltiness. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Why there is a Need to Priortise Regulation of Ultra-processed Foods and HFSS Foods in India?

Abstract Incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes and obesity is on the rise worldwide. Rising consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) products or those high in fats, sugars or salt also called junk foods contributes to this grave situation. Increasing consumption of UPFs is associated with obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, cerebral vascular disease and all-cause mortality. Aggressive and pervasive marketing of UPFs targeting children and adolescents leads to the development of preference for such junk foods, and turns diets to be unhealthy. India made progress in 2017 to document and recommend through national multisectoral plan of action to prevent and control NCDs using legal measures to have front-of-the-pack labels and ban on the advertisements. However, it remains to be implemented. This review article delves into scientific evidence on why there is need to prioritise regulating UPFs and high fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) foods in India, while there is need for mass awareness of citizens on the risks of UPFs and how to read labels of pre-packaged foods.

Dietary Adherence and Physical Activity: Unraveling the Threads Impacting Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients

This study investigates the relationship between dietary adherence, physical activity, and blood pressure among hypertensive patients in the Simpang Pandan Health Center, East Tanjung Jabung Regency. The research, employing quantitative descriptive analysis and a cross-sectional methodology, included 127 hypertensive patients. The results revealed a significant correlation between dietary adherence and blood pressure (p-value=0.000). Of the respondents, 47.2% did not adhere to the recommended diet, while 52.8% showed adherence. Moreover, physical activity demonstrated a substantial association with blood pressure (p-value=0.000). The majority (63.8%) engaged in light physical activity, while 36.2% had heavy physical activity. The study also explored demographic characteristics, noting that 46.5% of respondents were male, and 53.5% were female. The age distribution indicated 39.4% were adults, and 60.6% were elderly. In conclusion, both dietary adherence and physical activity significantly influence blood pressure among hypertensive patients. The findings underscore the importance of maintaining a hypertensive diet, including reduced salt and fatty foods, along with regular physical activity to promote overall health and normalize blood pressure. This research contributes to understanding lifestyle factors impacting hypertensive patients in the Simpang Pandan Health Center, providing insights for healthcare interventions and emphasizing the holistic approach needed for effective hypertension management

Magnetic solid phase extraction for the determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in high salt foods

The conventional method for the determination of heavy metals in food is acid digestion followed by atomic absorption spectrometry or induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry. However, for high salt foods, due to the strong matrix effect, the detection results are seriously inaccurate. In this work, sulfur-functionalized magnetic metal-organic frameworks (Fe3O4@UiO-66-SH) were synthesized by coating Fe3O4 nanospheres with sulfydryl-functionalized UiO-66. The Fe3O4@UiO-66-SH possesses both the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 and the diverse properties of metal-organic framework (MOF) in one material, which has the superiority of high surface area, easy-operation and strong adsorb ability with Pb (II) and Cd(II), is used to separate and determine Pb (II) and Cd(II) in high salt foods by magnetic solid phase extraction-induced plasma mass spectrometry. The detection limits (LODs) for Pb (II) and Cd(II) were 0.17 and 0.21µg/kg, respectively, and the quantification limits (LOQs) were 0.56 and 0.66µg/kg. Analyzing the certified reference material of soy sauce (CFAPA-QC1728-4, P41839) and estimating the spiked recoveries proved the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. The determined values agreed well with the reference values, and the recoveries for spiking sample varied from 85.8–100.5%.

Identification of tax options for high fat, sugar, salt foods for the HEALTHEI Project: a mixed-methods study

BackgroundThe health economic analysis incorporating effects on labour outcomes, households, environment, and inequalities (HEALTHEI) explores which food taxes would have greatest benefits to health, labour, and work outcomes; household expenditure; environmental sustainability; and inequalities within the UK food system. Work package 1 includes a rapid review and workshops, aiming to explore the effects of price increases in food and non-alcoholic beverages to facilitate the specification of food taxes and research design. MethodsIn this mixed-methods study, we first did a rapid review to examine relevant published evidence. A preplanned framework ensured a systematic approach, in which we searched PubMed, HMIC, Scopus, Google, Mintel/Mintel Food and Drink, and Business Source Ultimate for papers published in English from Jan 1, 2010, to Nov 2, 2022. This review was followed by three online workshops (in March, 2023), which used interactive padlets to explore food systems, food taxation policy, tax rationales, and a rapid review infographic. 14 stakeholders from non-governmental organisations (n=10), academia (n=2), the Civil Service (n=1), and a local authority (n=1) took part (gender or ethnicity were not recorded). A stakeholder recruitment grid was developed to ensure representation across public sectors and disciplines of public health, nutrition, environment, and economics. FindingsThe rapid review identified six tax options with a broadly positive impact on consumption and health (high fat, high sugar, high salt, “junk food”, sugar-sweetened-beverages, and meats plus sugar-sweetened beverages). It generated five core rationales for a food tax: change consumption, reduce or prevent harm, change product affordability, raise revenue, and industry impact. Using the workshop feedback, health inequalities, economics, ease of implementation and animal welfare were additional key areas for a so-called real-world application of tax. Stakeholders questioned the taxes in the current economic and political climate. InterpretationThe work highlights the need to develop an impactful food tax option that encompasses the five core rationales identified in the findings. The workshops identified key areas to explore further to understand the feasibility, impact, and logistics of implementing future food taxes. Being unable to deliver workshops in person due to difficulties of participants travelling to London was a limitation. However, switching online allowed for varied and well attended workshops. FundingNational Institute of Health Research (Ref: NIHR133927).

Self-care behaviours and practices of professional nurses working in primary health care clinics.

Historically, the nursing profession focused on caring for patients, families and communities but neglected aspects of self-care. Self-care is essential for nurses, as it could impact the quality of care nurses render to patients. This article investigated professional nurses' self-care behaviours and practices in primary health care clinics. The study was conducted at selected primary health care facilities (clinics) in regions C and D of the city of Johannesburg, Gauteng. A cross-sectional descriptive research survey. Stratified random sampling was used to select respondents. A demographic questionnaire, Self-Care Activities Screening Scale (SASS-14), Nature of Supportive Work Environment questionnaire and Self-Care Work and Home Environmental Factors (SWHEF) questionnaire were combined as the data collection instrument for this study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the collected data. The finding revealed health consciousness: 86.6% of professional nurses were alert to changes in their health, and 75.2% constantly examined their health. The average professional nurse slept only 7-8 h every day. While 59.4% of professional nurses who participated in the study seldom ate healthy foods (i.e. foods with less sugar, salt, fried snacks or pre-cooked food), 71.7% rarely ate three fruits and two portions of vegetables daily. Only 57.4% of professional nurses regularly drank eight recommended glasses of water daily. According to the findings, primary health care nurses must prioritise self-care and work in supportive environments.Contribution:The study acknowledged the need to promote self-care and supportive work environments for professional nurses in primary health care setting.

Glutamic Acid Content of Rebon (Acetes sp.) Shrimp Paste Powder with the Addition of Tomato (lycopersicum esculentum) Concentrate Variants

Shrimp paste is a fermented food product made from shrimp with the addition of salt and other food additives. The use of salt with a high concentration result in a reduced taste of the shrimp paste so that the impression from consumers decreases. One way to maintain the umami flavor produced in shrimp paste is by using tomato concentrate which has a high glutamic acid content. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tomato concentrate on the glutamic acid content of rebon shrimp paste. The research method used was experimental laboratories with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) model using 4 concentration treatments, which are the addition of 0%; 10%; 20% and 30% tomato concentrate variants and 3 repetitions. Parametric data were analyzed using ANOVA and Honest Real Differences if significantly different. Non-parametric data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney. The results showed that the addition of tomato concentrate variants gave a significantly different effect (p&lt;5%) on the value of glutamic acid content, protein content, salt content, acidity (pH), color and organoleptic. The value of glutamic acid content of shrimp paste ranged between 23.77-39.09%. The protein content of shrimp paste ranged between 31.61-41.10%. Salt content of shrimp paste ranged between 22.26-18.78%. pH of shrimp paste ranged between 7.62-5.90%. Shrimp paste with the addition of 30% tomato concentrate produced the best glutamic acid content in this study because it had the highest glutamic acid content and improved the flavor of shrimp paste.

9.A. Round table: From science to reality: the potential of food environments as a gamechanger

Abstract Food environments have the potential to shift our food system towards a health-oriented system that puts the health of people and planet at its core. Today, however, food systems and dietary patterns are unsustainable, as unhealthy diets have become the leading cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and premature deaths in the European Union (EU). The over-reliance of the EU on individual consumer responsibility, expecting them to make healthy and sustainable food choices in an environment where unhealthy food is ubiquitous and heavily promoted, particularly to children, has proven largely ineffective to shift diets at population level. Consumers are constantly influenced by the context in which they purchase food and which shapes their choices towards calory-dense and high in fat, sugar and salt foods (HFSS). Understood as the “physical, economic, political and socio-cultural context in which consumers engage with the food system to make their decisions about acquiring, preparing and consuming food” (HLPE, 2017), food environments should be reconfigured so that healthy and sustainable choices become easier and more likely. This will not only promote better health for all, but also contribute to the transition towards a greener economy, offering opportunities within the food system. This workshop aims to explore the potential of food environments as a gamechanger for promoting better health for all and thereby assess the potential of the EU's Farm to Fork Strategy (2020) and Europe's Beating Cancer Plan (2021) as they relate to the prevention of obesity and other-diet related diseases. The first presentation will consider the implications of the commercial determinants of health in the degradation of food environments, highlighting that the European Union and its Member States can no longer delegate the responsibility to promote health for all to private sector actors. The second presentation will reflect on the scientific research on food environments and consumer behaviour. The third presentation will provide a compendium of public policies that, together, could contribute to the promotion of healthier food environments. The fourth presentation will consider specifically the regulation of food marketing to children to protect them from its established harmful impact. It will conclude with a roundtable discussion Key messages • Food environments should be shaped in a way that the sustainable and healthy food choice is the most affordable, accessible, and attractive, especially for children and vulnerable groups. • Food environments have the potential to prevent NCDs and create sustainable and healthy diets. Governments should assume their regulatory duties and offer protection from vested interests and CDoH. Speakers/Panelists Stefanie Vandevijvere Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium Alba Gil European Public Health Alliance, Brussels, Belgium Emma Calvert BEUC, Brussels, Belgium

Cluster of lifestyle risk factors for stomach cancer and screening behaviors among Korean adults

This study aimed to investigate clustering patterns of lifestyle risk factors for stomach cancer and examine the association of risk factor clusters with stomach cancer screening adherence. Data from the 2019 Korean National Cancer Screening Survey, an annual cross-sectional nationwide survey, were used. The study population included 3539 adults aged 40–74 years with no history of cancer. Six stomach cancer risk factors, including smoking, drinking, physical inactivity, obesity, meat intake, and salted food intake, as well as stomach cancer screening behaviors, were assessed. The most frequent risk factor for stomach cancer was physical inactivity, followed by smoking in males and high salted food intake in females. Compared with participants subjects with no risk factors, those with three or more risk factors were less likely to adhere to screening guidelines (males: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23–0.53; females: aOR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.21–0.48). Our findings indicate a disparity in stomach cancer screening, such that those with more risk factors are less likely to get screened. Increasing public awareness, providing behavioral counseling, and targeting high-risk populations for screening interventions are critical for promoting cancer screening adherence and reducing the disparity in cancer screening.

Expert views on high fat, salt and sugar food marketing policies to tackle obesity and improve dietary behaviours in the UK: a qualitative study

BackgroundThere has been a lack of progress in reducing obesity in the United Kingdom (UK) despite Government strategies released over the last 30 years. These strategies, including the most recent publication from July 2020, have focused on childhood obesity and high fat, sugar and/or salt (HFSS) marketing restrictions, particularly broadcast advertising. In this study, we aimed to examine a range of expert views on the potential impact and the relative importance of such policies.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 42 experts in policy (n = 19), industry (n = 10), and advocacy (n = 13) with an interest in obesity. The UK Government’s 2020 obesity strategy was used as a prompt to guide discussion on policy options. Qualitative thematic analysis was employed to answer the three research questions and themes were inductively coded within each research question. Data were also cross compared using matrix coding and a form of framework analysis to examine the views expressed by the different types of stakeholders.ResultsReactions to the July 2020 proposal were mixed among policy and advocacy stakeholders, while commercial stakeholders expressed disappointment. A main theme emerging in all groups was frustration with the policy process and wishing to see more clarity regarding restrictions and their implementation. There was an overall lack of trust that the government would carry out their proposed plan and agreement that a more comprehensive, multi-sector approach aimed at the underlying drivers of obesity would be most effective, with some stakeholders indicating that some of the proposed policies could make a difference if implemented robustly. On the theme of promoting healthier options, some stakeholders suggested lowering the prices of ‘healthy’ products and making them more accessible to combat regressivity. There was a potentially surprising level of agreement between policy/advocacy stakeholders and commercial stakeholders, although commercial stakeholders were more likely to advocate for collaboration between government and industry as well as voluntary industry measures.ConclusionWhile HFSS marketing restrictions have a role to play and send a strong signal – provided they are implemented comprehensively – investment in these policies needs to be part of wider efforts to tackle the underlying drivers of obesity.

Ranking and Prioritizing Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the gastrointestinal tract cancers with the highest mortality rate; hence, accurate knowledge of the main causes of this disease is of paramount importance to plan, monitor, and evaluate national and regional programs to control this cancer. The present study was to rank and prioritize gastric cancer risk factors. Methods: In this study, gastric cancer risk factors were first extracted in a systematic review, and they were then ranked and prioritized using a focused group discussion. MICMAC software was used to rank the factors. Results: According to the findings, the following 13 factors had the highest effect on the incidence of gastric cancer: socioeconomic status, age, consumption of pickles and sour vegetables, salt consumption, meat consumption (red, smoked, and processed and salty), consumption of fried foods, consumption of fats and oils, consumption of fish (Salty, smoked, and processed), consumption of bread and leftovers and moldy foods, irregular eating habits, excessive daily calorie intake, smoking (cigarettes, opium, and hookah), and alcohol consumption. Conclusion: Prioritizing risk factors would help policymakers identify and present executive strategies and detect action priorities to manage gastric cancer risk factors. According to the findings of the present study, national planning to support vulnerable socio-economic groups, the development of screening programs, and the early detection of diseases in the early stages at an early age, and diet adjustment to increase the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables and reduce salt, high-fat and fried foods, salted foods, and processed meats are recommended.

Identifikasi Faktor Risiko Peningkatan Kejadian Hipertensi

Hypertension is recognized as a non-communicable disease and accounts for one in eight deaths worldwide. Hypertension can be diagnosed and treated early through population-based screening and control of behavior and lifestyle changes. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for increased incidence of hypertension, which could be targets for future intervention. This research uses systematic review methods from various national and international journals, where 30 references were obtained through searches in PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library which have been published in the last 5 years. There are several risk factors that increase the prevalence of hypertension such as age, gender, family history (genetics), education, obesity, diabetes, diet, alcohol, smoking, physical activity and stress. There are many risk factors that increase the incidence of hypertension, including old age, gender, family history of hypertension, low awareness and knowledge, obesity, diabetes, poor dietary habits such as increasing salt and fast food intake, alcohol consumption, minimal physical activity, smoking and stress. This is significantly correlated with the incidence of hypertension which can be reduced by controlling risk factors. Hypertension is a public health problem that is not well controlled. Almost half of the population is still unaware of their condition. Intervention planning such as increasing screening coverage, education, public awareness about hypertension, physical activity and healthy living behavior is needed to improve hypertension control. Reducing alcohol consumption, stress and smoking is also necessary. This intervention will be useful as a preventive measure in fighting hypertension.

Potassium and calcium content in padelegan water which is used as the raw water for making salt

Potassium and calcium are elements contained in seawater. The presence of potassium and calcium in raw saltwater were impurities in producing non-food salt. On the other hand, potassium and calcium as target minerals are desirable in mineral-rich healthy salt (food salt) production. Information about the potassium and calcium content in raw salt water can assist in analyzing the quality of the salt to be produced. The purposes of this study were; to determine the content of potassium, and calcium in Padelegan waters used as a source of salt raw materials, compare them with other locations, and their correlation with water quality. The potassium and calcium content in the sample were determine used the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Potassium concentrations ranged from 221,870 to 285,110 mg/L, and those for calcium from 497,700 to 552,713 mg/L. The potassium content in Padelegan waters is smallest than other reference waters. In contrast, the calcium content in Padelegan waters is greatest than in other reference waters.

A STUDY ON ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR KHALITYA (HAIR FALL)

Face is the mirror of our personality and healthy vibrant hairs add a lot to the improvement of our confidence and personality. Hair plays an important role in making the body externally beautiful. Healthy- and good-looking long hair makes a person mentally enthusiastic and healthy. Alopecia is the disease term for excessive or abnormal hair loss. Hair is the foundation for a multimillion-dollar industry focused on preserving scalp hair. It affects interpersonal relationships as well as the professional lives of those suffering due to hastily altering lifestyle; the equilibrium state of Dosha is rapidly disturbing, resulting in an average life expectancy becoming shortened. These all factors convict various lifestyle disorders, Hair falls as one among them; this thesis aim is the change in lifestyle increases the pace of attaining improvement in Hair fall. After exploring the possible etiological factors, it can be concluded that [Junk food items, excessive salt, excessive Kshara, Salt with milk, consuming Vairodhika Ahara (Mostly Milk with Salt food &amp; dishes), Bakery products, Dietary habits (Adhyasana &amp; Samashana), Madhura and Lavana Rasa, Shampoo and Negligence of proper hair care are predisposing factors, inactive &amp; sedentary lifestyle, less activity, the habit of excessive time spent on mobile, Ratrijagrana, Divaswapna, non-application of hair oil, Stress, Anger, Anxiety ] are accountable for Khalitya (Hair Fall).

Evaluating knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding complementary feeding (weaning) among mothers of six-month-old children

This study evaluated the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding complementary feeding (weaning) among mothers with six-month-old children. A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical approach was employed, emphasizing the gathering, analysis, and interpretation of relevant data to portray the phenomenon accurately. The evaluation was divided into three KAP domains. A total of 200 respondents were included in the analysis. It was discovered that mothers demonstrated concerns and a lack of knowledge about enriching complementary food with iodized salt (Knowledge: M = 2.63 out of 5, SD = 1.454, Score = 52.6%). Attitude-wise, mothers reported initiating complementary feeding due to a perceived insufficiency of breast milk (Attitude: M = 1.60 out of 5, SD = 0.802, Score = 32.0%). However, mothers understood complementary feeding practices well (Practice: M = 49.68 out of 60, SD = 8.8, Score = 82.8%). Despite some awareness about sensitive health aspects such as food allergies, mothers lacked crucial knowledge regarding the enrichment of complementary food with iodized salt and iron-rich food. Mothers' decisions to initiate complementary feeding were largely driven by concerns about the sufficiency of their milk production. The study underlines the need for prenatal guidance and education for parents on desirable practices concerning complementary food.