Salmonellosis In Man Research Articles

Reptile-associated Salmonellosis in Man, Italy

To the Editor: Reptiles are reservoirs of a wide variety of Salmonella serotypes, including all Salmonella enterica subspecies and S. bongori. In reptiles born in captivity or kept as pets, S. enterica subsp. enterica is frequently isolated (1). Salmonella strains are well adapted to reptiles, and they usually cause asymptomatic infections in such animals, while retaining pathogenicity for warm-blooded animals. For several years, reptiles have been recognized as a source of human salmonellosis. In North America, reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) has been reported, particularly in children, the elderly, or immunocompromised persons; severe and fatal infections are described occasionally (2). In contrast, only a limited amount of information on RAS is available in Europe. We report a case of RAS that occurred in an adult man in Italy. A 32-year-old man had symptoms of enteritis. For 2 weeks, he had experienced intermittent watery diarrhea, mild fever, and abdominal pain. He was then treated with ciprofloxacin, and after 15 days of treatment, he recovered from enteritis. A stool sample, collected before treatment, underwent bacteriologic analysis, and Salmonella spp. were identified biochemically (api 20E, bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) and by a polymerase chain reaction assay specific for the invA gene of Salmonella spp (3). Since the man was a reptile owner, RAS, rather than a foodborne infection, was initially suspected. He owned several cold-blooded animals; all had been tested for Salmonella spp. (at least 3 times at 2- to 3-week intervals), and results were negative. Three weeks before the onset of enteric symptoms, he acquired a boa (Boa imperator) that was subjected to routine analysis for Salmonella spp. in our laboratories (1). Salmonella spp. were isolated from a cloacal swab of the snake. Subsequently, both the human and reptile Salmonella isolates were characterized as S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B. In addition, both strains were found to be d-tartrate–fermenting (dT+) biovars (4), susceptible to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalothin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, neomycin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin and resistant to sulfamethoxazole and co-trimoxazole. By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of DNA, the strains displayed the same pattern, which suggests a clonal origin (4). The isolates were also assayed for virulence-associated genes. The SopE1 gene was detected in both isolates, and the avrA gene was not detected, which is consistent with an invasive pathovar of S. Paratyphi B (4). Conversely, the spvC, pef, and sef genes were not detected (5). In recent years, a general increase in RAS detection has been observed, which may be the result of the increasing diffusion of reptiles as pets and a better awareness of RAS risk. In the United States, annual reports of RAS cases are published by the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2). In Europe, studies on free-living and captive reptiles have shown a high prevalence of Salmonella spp (1). Nevertheless, national surveillance systems for RAS do not exist, and epidemiologic data are incomplete. Notably, since Sweden became a member of the European Union in 1995, and the import restriction rules for reptiles were removed, a marked increase in RAS was observed in that country (6). As the deregulation of the trade in reptiles is applied, in agreement with the European Union laws, a similar scenario may be projected in other European countries. As is the case for nontyphoid salmonellosis, RAS may be underestimated, especially if patients are not hospitalized. Although a few cases of RAS have been previously reported in children in Italy (7,8), this report provides the first description of RAS in adults. S. Paratyphi B dT+, also known as S. enterica serovar Java, has been isolated in reptiles and tropical fish and has been associated with epidemics of human salmonellosis acquired from food, such as goat milk or chicken (9). The evidence shows that salmonellosis by S. Paratyphi B dT+ apparently occurs more frequently in adults (10), while so-called exotic reptile strains seem to be more prone to causing salmonellosis in children (7,8), which has led to the proposition that S. Paratyphi B dT+ strains may be highly pathogenic. By screening virulence-associated genes, both our isolates were found to be SopE1+ and avrA–, a pattern usually observed in the systemic pathovars of S. Paratyphi B (4) and associated with invasiveness, which suggests a high pathogenic potential. Accordingly, strict preventive sanitation measures should be adopted when handling reptiles (2), and reptiles should be always regarded as a potential source of pathogenic Salmonella strains for humans.

Potential virulence determinants of Salmonella serovars from poultry and human sources in Spain

A total of 173 Salmonella strains of different serovars isolated during 1992 from poultry and human sources in Zaragoza (NE Spain) were investigated for potential virulence factors. Parameters studied included production of aerobactin, enterobactin, colicin (including colicin V) and hemolysin, serum resistance against serum from man, sheep, cattle and chicken, binding of Congo red and crystal violet, auto-agglutination and calcium dependency at 37°C and double colony morphology. Preliminary studies showed tests with completely negative results (colicins and hemolysin production, double colony morphology, auto-agglutination and calcium dependency at 37°C) and tests with completely positive results (enterobactin production and binding of Congo red). The tests with variability of results were production of aerobactin, serum resistance and crystal violet binding. Aerobactin production was detected in 80% of Salmonella strains of clinical human origin and in 30% of Salmonella strains isolated from healthy slaughtered chickens. Sixty-five per cent of patient isolates were human serum resistant, 73% were ovine serum resistant, 85% were bovine serum resistant and 98% were chicken serum resistant. The percentages of poultry isolates serum resistant were 61, 86, 60 and 89% in human, ovine, bovine and chicken serum, respectively. Crystal violet binding was detected in 22.5% of Salmonella isolates from human origin and in 32.3% of Salmonella strains from poultry origin. This study can form a marker for the prevalence of strains with various characteristics (production of aerobactin, serum resistance and crystal violet binding) for comparison in future epidemiological studies. Furthermore, the data of this work suggested that strains causing enteric salmonellosis in man are partially identical to strains isolated from carrier broilers.

Salmonellosis in man and animals as an environmental health problem

Abstract The Salmonella genus comprises over 1700 serotypes of pathogenic enteric bacteria. These microorganisms colonize in the intestinal tracts and mesenteric lymph nodes of man and lower vertebrates. Intra‐ and intergenus transfer of the lnfection(s) is common. Salmonellosls is highly contagious, and is frequently a cause of “food poisoning”; in man. Estimates of 100,000 to 2 million human cases with 500 deaths occur annually in the U.S. The disease in man and animals has not decreased during the last decade. Fecal contamination, by either symptomatic or occult carriers and shedders, is the primary transmission source of aalmonellosis. The salmonellae problem and its possible resolution are intimately associated with the environment: waste disposal, including water and land use; food and feed processing, transportation and storage; livestock, poultry and dairy production; freeliving and captive wildlife hosts as infection reservoirs; household pets and companion animals; various stress factors affecti...

Samonellosis and meat hygiene: red meat.

The association between salmonellosis in man and the infection in food animals has been clearly established. There is, moreover, little doubt that abattoir by-products, effluent and solid waste may allow the recycling of infection in animals. The potential hazard posed by salmonellosis to human and animal health will be reduced only by a greater control over the slaughter of infected farm livestock, improved isolation and casualty slaughter accommodation, a stricter control of slaughterhouse hygiene and the provision and full utilisation of adequate laboratory facilities for the bacteriological examination of meat and the abattoir environment.

TheSalmonellaexcretor incidence of dogs in Hawke's Bay

Abstract Extract Dogs have occasionally been implicated in the spread of Salmonella infection, particularly with respect to the transmission of the disease to man. Evidence of such transfer is difficult to obtain and few actual cases have been reported (Wolff et at., 1948 Wolff, A. H., Henderson, N. D. and McCallum, Grace L. 1948. Salmonella from dogs and the possible relationship to salmonellosis in man. Am. J. publ. Hlth, 38: 403–408. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]; Gibson, 1961 Gibson, E. A. 1961. Salmonellosis in calves. Vet. Rec, 73: 1284–1296. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]; Kaufmann, 1966 Kaufmann, A. F. 1966. Pets and Salmonella infection. J. Am. vet. med. Ass., 149: 1655–1661. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Buxton (1955 Buxton, A. 1955. Salmonellosis. Proc. R. Soc. Med., 48: 636–638. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]) considers that the potential danger to humans is slight unless the dog is suffering from clinical disease.

Immunological investigation on refratory nature of Salmonella infections

Immunological investigation on refratory nature of Salmonella infections

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AN INTERNATIONAL OUTBREAK OF SALMONELLA AGONA

In 1969 and 1970, Salmonella agonaemerged as a public-health problem in the U.S.A., the U.K., Netherlands, and Israel. In each country an initial isolation from Peruvian fishmeal was followed by recovery of S. agona from domestic animals and subsequently from man. By 1972, S. agona was the 8th most commonly isolated serotype in the U.S.A., accounting for more than 500 cases in man, and the 2nd most common serotype in the U.K., causing approximately 700 cases. A detailed investigation of an outbreak in Paragould, Arkansas, traced the source of infection from a local restaurant back to a Mississippi poultry farm using Peruvian fishmeal. This outbreak illustrates the complexity of the chain of transmission of salmonellosis and emphasises the importance of animal feeds in salmonellosis in man.

An evaluation of strontium chloride, Rappaport and strontium selenite enrichment for the isolation of salmonellas from man, animals, meat products and abattoir effluents.

Strontium chloride enrichment broth was found to be comparable to Rappaport broth for the recovery of a wide range of Salmonella serotypes from man, animals, meat products and effluents. With the exception of cloacal samples from reptiles, both procedures were superior to selenite F.The performance of strontium chloride Mand selenite F enrichment was improved when effluent samples were incubated at 43 degrees C.Strontium chloride M and Rappaport enrichment were superior to selenite F for the isolation of Arizona species from reptiles.Strontium chloride B, strontium selenite and Rappaport broths were found suitable for the isolation of multiple Salmonella serotypes from sea water contaminated with abattoir effluents. The strontium chloride B and strontium selenite enrichment media were superior to Rappaport broth when samples were incubated at 43 degrees C.Modified bismuth sulphite agar was found superior to Salmonella-Shigella agar as a solid subculture medium.The investigation of a food poisoning outbreak due to Salmonella typhimurium phage type 21 is reported.The significance of the choice of sampling and isolation techniques in salmonellosis in man and animals is discussed.

Rôle of pigeons in the spread of salmonellosis: incidence of different types of Salmonella typhi-murium var. copenhagen in pigeons, man, and other animals.

The strains ofSalmonella typhimurium var.Copenhagen isolated from pigeons were characterized by biochemical tests and by phage typing. They were rarely found to cause disease in man. These strains were also rarely found in animals through which they might infect man. It can be concluded that the role of pigeons in the spread of salmonellosis in man is small.

Salmonella in relation to agriculture.

AbstractSome of the more extensive programs directed to the control of salmonellosis in domestic animals, which have been conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, are identified. These have been singularly successful, insofar as the economics of production is concerned. However, they fall short of meeting the present market demand for food free from all of the 900–1,200 odd serotype species ofSalmonella considered potentially infectious for man. The increasing incidence of salmonellosis in man, and the identification of domestic animals as a major reservoir of various species ofSalmonella, has made it necessary to broaden the objective of existing programs, expand the research effort, and intensify testing schedules in many of the existing regulatory control programs. The activities of a special salmonella task force set up to coordinate research with the needs of the various regulatory agencies specifically concerned are reviewed. Data developed by the Animal Health Division in a market survey of feed and feed ingredients as carriers of salmonella are presented. The more pressing problems and the current programs within other Divisions are discussed, insofar as the findings to date may serve to identify future needs.

Salmonellosis in Man in Poland, 1957-66

Salmonellosis in Man in Poland, 1957-66

The Penetration Patterns of Salmonella typhimurium through the Outer Structures of Chicken Eggs

Salmonellosis is one of the most frequently encountered eggborne bacterial diseases infecting poultry and is an expanding economic problem of concern to both commercial hatcherymen and poultry producers. Infection of young chicks and poults may, under field conditions, result in high mortality as well as poor finishing quality of dressed birds. The hatchability of eggs infected with salmonellae may be drastically lowered (19). Food products containing raw eggs as well as poultry meats have been cited as sources of the organisms causing salmonellosis in man (13,27,37). Worldwide, Salmonella typhimurium is the predominant serotype in both man and domestic animals, including poultry. Fecal carriers of single or multiple salmonella types are common in apparently healthy immature and adult poultry flocks (43). The close confinement of large numbers of adult birds results in easy transmission of the infection, establ'ishing a fluctuating carrier status in infected flocks. Poultry feeds are known to constitute one source of the organisms (5,9) and there exist many other natural sources including all species of wild and domestic animals. Contamination and penetration of the shell of fresh and incubating hatching eggs constitutes a link of primary importance in the transmission cycle of these infections to young birds. In fact, the major source of salmonella infection of egg contents is shell contamination resulting from fecal contact (16). Hinshaw and McNeil (22) found that 81 % of S. typhimurium carrier turkeys yielded the organisms from the intestines. Salmonella organisms are shed into the feed and water, contaminating litter and nests, and are frequently deposited in a moist

The parakeet as a source of Salmonellosis in man. Report of a case.

THE vast reservoir of salmonella in animals constitutes a major source of salmonellosis in man. These organisms have been isolated from many animal species, including the cow, buffalo, pig, sheep, dog, cat, rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, seal, donkey, chicken, duck, turkey, dove, pigeon, starling, sparrow, cowbird, lizard, snake, tortoise, housefly, tick, louse, flea and cockroach.1 Salmonellae have also been isolated from parrots2 3 4 5 6 and other psittacine birds,3 , 7 but there is only 1 report of isolations from the common parakeet (Australian shell parakeet, Melopsittacus undulatus).5 The present report describes a case of salmonellosis in an infant in which a parakeet . . .

Clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in man; an evaluation of 7779 human infections identified at the New York Salmonella Center.

THE correlation of the numerous salmonella types with the clinical data on the infections that they cause is as important to the clinician as it is to the epidemiologist. The knowledge that certain types produce a particular clinical syndrome (typhoidal, septicemic, focal, gastroenteric or carrier condition) more frequently than other types will help the clinician in his diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The correlation of certain salmonella types with particular outbreaks will aid the epidemiologist in breaking chains of transmission and in preventing further spread. There is a wealth of literature on the clinical aspects of infections with Salmonella typhi and . . .

Salmonellosis in man and animals in southwest Georgia.

In a study done in south Texas, Watt and DeCapito (1950) reported on the striking similarity of the frequency and distribution of Salmonella types isolated from man as compared with those isolated from domestic animals. The fact that the same type of Salmonella organisms could be isolated with ease from both man and animals in the same locality indicated a very close interrelationship between the human and animal reservoirs of salmonellosis. The chance of spread from animal to man and from man to animal was quite apparent since chickens, dogs and cats were found to be the animals frequently infected with Salmonella organisms and these animals are in intimate contact with human beings. Consideration of this relationship between the human and animal reservoirs of salmonellosis would influence any control measures contemplated. Certain local variations were noted in the results of the south Texas study which indicated that in order to clarify and establish some of the epidemiology of salmonellosis, similar studies in a different geographic area should be done.

Animal diseases of public health significance.

Excerpt The relation of disease in animals and man has been recognized for thousands of years. The earliest observations were recorded by the Egyptian physicians who administered to the ills of ani...

Observations on the transmission of salmonellosis in man.

Observations on the transmission of salmonellosis in man.

SEROUS ARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE JOINT

Salmonellosis in man usually takes one of the following forms: Salmonella fever, Salmonella septicemia, gastroenteritis, localized infections (such as meningitis or arthritis) or the asymptomatic carrier form. Although intestinal infections do not offer many special diagnostic problems, awareness that salmonellosis may involve body sites other than the intestinal tract is necessary for more frequent recognition and diagnosis of extraintestinal infections due to Salmonella. Bone involvements caused by Salmonella organisms are comparatively rare, and Salmonella infections of joints are even more so. Although salmonellosis has been known to exist for many years, Guerra and associates 1 found only 15 proved cases of infections of bone and joints in a review of articles on the subject up to 1940. More recently the following reports have been made available. One case reported by Vinke and Dowling 2 involved the knee joint. Edwards and associates 3 reported, in a series of studies of 2,949

Salmonellosis in man and animals

Salmonellosis in man and animals

Salmonella from Dogs and the Possible Relationship to Salmonellosis in Man

Salmonella from Dogs and the Possible Relationship to Salmonellosis in Man Arthur H. Wolff, Norman D. Henderson, and Grace L. McCallum CopyRight*Presented before the Epidemiology Section of the American Public Health Association at the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting in Atlantic City, N. J., October 8, 1947. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.38.3.403 Published Online: August 29, 2011