Salix Gracilistyla Research Articles

Nuclear DNA Markers to Distinguish between Salix caprea, Salix gracilistyla, and Their Interspecific Hybrids

The Salix genus of the Salicaceae family has advantages such as rapid initial growth, a high germination rate, and asexual reproduction; therefore, it is used as a short-rotation energy crop for biomass production. The National Institute of Forest Science created new interspecific hybrid cultivars with superior biomass production by artificially interbreeding Salix caprea L. and Salix gracilistyla Miq. Identifying these hybrids during the seedling stage is challenging because their separate reproductive and vegetative growth stages necessitate prolonged observation of their morphological characteristics. Consequently, a reliable identification method is required to overcome these limitations. This study aimed to develop nuclear DNA markers to distinguish between S. caprea, S. gracilistyla, and their interspecific hybrids. An evaluation of 35 nuclear simple-sequence repeat (nSSR) markers in the Salix genus revealed two markers that distinguish these parent species and their hybrids. A sequence analysis confirmed the presence of insertion-deletion (InDel) regions within the nSSR markers that differed between S. caprea and S. gracilistyla. To effectively identify hybrids, a primer set comprising the InDel region, which exhibited only interspecies differences and no intraspecies differences, was developed. The results of this study will facilitate the genetic resource management of interspecific hybrids between S. caprea and S. gracilistyla, thus allowing for early identification and improved management of hybrids.

The difference in the functional water flow network between the stem and current-year root cross-sectional surfaces in Salix gracilistyla stem xylem.

The dye injection method has been applied to many species to analyze the xylem water transport pathway in trees. However, traditional dye injection methods introduced dye tracers from the surface of cut stems, including several annual rings. Furthermore, the traditional dye injection method did not evaluate radial water movement from the outermost annual rings to the inner annual rings. In this study, we assessed the difference in radial water movement visualized by an injected dye, between stem base cut and current-year root cut samples of Salix gracilistyla Miq., with current-year roots grown hydroponically. The results showed that the number of stained annual rings in the root cut samples was smaller than that in the stem cut samples, and the percentage of stained vessels in the root cut samples was significantly smaller than that in the stem base cut samples in the second and third annual rings. In the current-year root cut samples, water transport mainly occurred in the outermost rings from the current-year roots to leaves. In addition, the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of stained vessels in the stem cut samples was higher in the current-year root cut samples in the second and third annual rings. These findings indicate that the previously reported dye injection method using stem cut samples overestimated the water transport pathway in the inner part of the stems. Moreover, previous hydraulic conductivity measurement methods might not have considered the effects of radial resistance through the annual ring boundary, and they might have overestimated the hydraulic conductivity in the inner annual rings.

Succession of the Abandoned Rice Fields Restores the Riparian Forest.

The vegetation changes in the abandoned rice fields with different abandonment histories were analyzed across the country of South Korea. The successional process was confirmed by changes in vegetation profiles and species composition. The vegetation profile showed the process of starting with grassland, passing through the shrub stage, and turning into a tree-dominated forest. DCA ordination based on vegetation data showed that the process began with grasslands consisting of Persicaria thunbergii, Juncus effusus var. decipiens, Phalaris arundinacea, etc., then partially went through shrubland stages consisting of Salix gracilistyla, S. integra, young Salix koreensis, etc., and ultimately changed to a Salix koreensis dominated forest. In order to study the relationship between the succession process of the abandoned rice paddies and riparian vegetation, information on riparian vegetation was collected in the same watershed as the abandoned rice paddies investigated. Riparian vegetation tended to be distributed in the order of grasslands consisting of Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, P. arundinacea, etc., shrubland dominated by Salix gracilistyla, S. integra, etc., and a S. koreensis community dominated forest by reflecting the flooding regime as far away from the waterway. The result of stand ordination based on the riparian vegetation data also reflected the trend. From this result, we confirmed that the temporal sequence of the vegetation change that occurred in the abandoned rice fields resembled the spatial distribution of the riparian vegetation. Consequently, succession of the abandoned rice fields restored the riparian forest, which has almost disappeared in Korea and other Asian countries that use rice as their staple food.

Principal bioclimatic variables of ten dominant plant species in Korea wetland using the Maxent model

Wetland is valuable ecosystem mainly driven by the plants that constructs it. However, despite the vulnerability of plants to climate change, its impacts are yet to be fully understood. To extensively understand the impact of climate change on wetland plants distribution in the future, the physical and climatic characteristics of the distribution should be quantified. Therefore, this study compared the physical and bioclimatic models of ten dominant wetland plants (Hydrilla verticillata, Persicaria thunbergii, Phragmites australis, Potamogeton distinctus, Salix gracilistyla, Salix koreensis, Scirpus tabernaemontani, Trapa japonica, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia) to investigate the practical variables for describing their distribution through the Maxent model. Through this process, we identified the preferred range in each variable for each species. The results also revealed that bioclimatic models were more accurate for drawing plants distribution maps compared to the physical model under the Korean condition. Given the model complexity that working officials might feel and the database deficiency in Korea, this study will help to reflect plant movements in the Wetland Protection Act using simple variables.

Discovery of a cryptic species, Erysiphe salicina sp. nov., and reconstruction of the phylogeny of powdery mildews on Populus and Salix spp.

Recently performed phylogenetic-taxonomic analyses of species belonging to Erysiphe sect. Uncinula on willows (Salix spp.) demonstrated a much higher diversity than previously assumed. Phylogenetic analyses and morphological examinations of Chinese Erysiphe collections on Salix abscondita (= S. raddeana), S. sinica and S. taraikensis, all belonging to Salix subgen. Vetrix sect. Vetrix, revealed an additional cryptic species which is described as Erysiphe salicina. The new species is morphologically and phylogenetically distinguished from all other powdery mildew species. The phylogeny of the new species and closely related species on Populus and Salix spp. (Salicaceae) was reconstructed and discussed using a combined alignment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and partial 28S rDNA sequences. The present phylogenetic analyses suggest that the recently described E. salicicola (on Salix gracilistyla in Republic of Korea) has to be reduced to synonymy with E. salicis-gracilistylae comb. nov. (≡ Uncinula salicis-gracilistylae).

Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Erysiphe adunca complex (Erysiphaceae, Helotiales) on poplars and willows

Erysiphe adunca s. lat. is a common powdery mildew species, distributed almost worldwide, on hosts of Populus and Salix species. Based on its wide host range and distribution as well as its strong morphological variations, E. adunca s. lat. was previously divided into several species or, alternatively, into varieties. However, comprehensive phylogenetic examinations on the putative monophyly of this species or the existence of a possible E. adunca species complex have not been conducted based on combined morphological and molecular approaches. In this study, we retrieved rDNA (ITS and LSU) sequences of 22 powdery mildew specimens on Populus and Salix spp. collected in China, Germany, Iran, Japan, Russia, and the United States and conducted morphological examinations of these and additional specimens. The morphological and molecular data obtained clearly indicate that E. adunca is a species complex comprised of at least four species., viz., E. adunca s. str. (on Populus spp. in Asia, Europe, and North America), E. capreae, including E. pseudoregularis as a new synonym (on Salix spp., particularly on species in Salix subgen. Vetrix sect. Vetrix in Asia, Europe, and North America), the reinstated E. salicis (on Salix spp. belonging to various subgenera of Salix in Asia and Europe), and E. mandshurica (which has been confirmed as a species of its own on Populus spp., in Asia). In addition to the clear phylogenetic differentiation, the morphology of the asexual and sexual morphs of E. adunca s. str., E. capreae and E. salicis is easily distinguishable. Sequences retrieved from collections on Salix gracilistyla (Uncinula salicis-gracilistylae), a species that was previously considered a variety of Uncinula adunca and Erysiphe adunca, formed a small subclade within the E. salicis clade and are now referred to as Erysiphe salicis var. salicis-gracilistylae comb. nov. Alphitomorpha adunca; Erysiphe capreae and E. salicis are epitypified, and a neotype is designated for Alphitomorpha obtusata, with ex-epitype sequences and, in the latter case, an ex-neotype sequence.

Effect of [EMIM]Ac Recycling on Salix gracilistyla Miq. Pretreatment for Enzymatic Saccharification

Recycling of ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [EMIM]Ac) after the pretreatment of Salix gracilistyla Miq. was conducted and the effect of the recycling number on the enzymatic saccharification yield was investigated. Enzymatic saccharification was performed using an enzyme cocktail (Acremonium cellulase and Optimash BG) at 50 °C for 72 h. All recycled [EMIM]Ac samples showed a lower amount of water soluble fraction than pure [EMIM]Ac. On increasing the recycling number from 1 to 4, the amount of water soluble fraction decreased from 18% to 15%. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the products pretreated with recycled [EMIM]Ac showed cellulose I crystalline polymorph. The crystallinity of the product pretreated with recycled [EMIM]Ac was 47-49%, which was lower than 33% of that with pure [EMIM]Ac. The yields of glucose and xylose decreased in the pretreatment with recycled [EMIM]Ac compared to that with pure [EMIM]Ac.

Extrusion process to enhance the pretreatment effect of ionic liquid for improving enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass

Extrusion process using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]Ac) in co-solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was conducted to improve the pretreatment effect on the enzymatic saccharification of pussy willow (Salix gracilistyla Miq.). The use of a twin screw extruder capable of continuous processing increased the solid loading to 50% in [EMIM]Ac and its co-solvent DMSO. The water-soluble fraction was increased by increasing the [EMIM]Ac amount in co-solvent and the extrusion temperature but decreasing the screw rotating speed and solid loading. The surface morphologies of the extruded product showed remarkable disruption of the cell wall structures and fibrillation with increasing amounts of [EMIM]Ac in co-solvent. With increasing [EMIM]Ac amount in co-solvent and extrusion temperature and with decreasing screw rotating speed and solid loading, the crystalline structure of cellulose was more disrupted, resulting in the increase in saccharification yield. The highest yield of glucose and xylose was 99.0% and 99.5%, respectively, from the pretreated products using only [EMIM]Ac under solid loading of 15% at 160 °C extrusion temperature and 5 rpm screw rotating speed. The initial saccharification rate was faster in the pretreated product precipitated in alcohol and acetone than in water.

Pretreatment with [EMIM]Ac/DMAc co-solvent to improve enzymatic saccharification of pussy willow (Salix gracilistyla Miq.)

Pretreatment of Salix gracilistyla Miq. with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]Ac) together with N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as a co-solvent achieved an improvement in enzymatic saccharification yield in comparison to the raw material without pretreatment. The effects of the [EMIM]Ac/DMAc ratio (7:3, 5:5, and 3:7), pretreatment temperature (80 to 140°C), and pretreatment time (1 to 3 h) on enzyme saccharification were investigated. Acremonium cellulase and Optimash BG were used as the enzyme cocktail. With addition of DMAc to [EMIM]Ac, the viscosity of the co-solvent was drastically decreased. With increasing pretreatment temperature and time, the water soluble fraction increased at all [EMIM]Ac/DMAc ratios. The cellulose crystallinity also increased with increasing amount of DMAc in the co-solvent but decreased with increasing pretreatment temperature. The yields of glucose and xylose increased with increasing [EMIM]Ac amounts in the co-solvent, varying from 72.8% to 84.3% and 75.3% to 88.1%, respectively, for all [EMIM]Ac/DMAc ratios. These values were markedly higher than the glucose and xylose yields of 25.7% and 8.4%, respectively, obtained with DMAc alone and comparable to the 86.7% and 83.9% yields, respectively, obtained with [EMIM]Ac alone. The highest glucose and xylose yields obtained under the investigated pretreatment conditions were 84.3% and 88.1%, respectively.

Flora and Species Diversity of Riparian Zones at Yongheung Stream, Hapcheon-gun Province, Korea

The aim of this study was to analyze the flora and species diversity of Yongheung Stream, a small stream in Korea. The stream was divided into 3 compartments for convenience. Sampling with quadrats (plots of a standard size) can be used for most plant communities. The upper region was a total of 59 taxa, including 17 families, 47 genera, 52 species, and 7 varieties. Naturalized plants were 15 species. The total transformed Braun-Blanquet value and r-NCD at middle area were 162 and 1,800.0, respectively. The middle region was a total of 59 taxa, including 17 families, 47 genera, 52 species, and 7 varieties. Naturalized plants were 15 species. The total transformed Braun-Blanquet value and r-NCD at middle area were 162 and 1,800.0, respectively. Riverbed area was dominated by the distribution of three willow species (Populus euramericana, Salix gracilistyla, and Salix koriyanagi) at middle region. The low region was a total of 55 taxa, including 16 families, 43 genera, 47 species, and eight varieties. Naturalized plants were 20 species. The total transformed Braun-Blanquet value and r-NCD at middle area were 155 and 1,755.6, respectively. Invasion of natural ecosystems by exotic plant species is recognized as a major threat to biodiversity at Yongheung Stream.

Flora and Species Diversity of Riparian Zones at Yongheung Stream, Hapcheon-gun Province, Korea

The aim of this study was to analyze the flora and species diversity of Yongheung Stream, a small stream in Korea. The stream was divided into 3 compartments for convenience. Sampling with quadrats (plots of a standard size) can be used for most plant communities. The upper region was a total of 59 taxa, including 17 families, 47 genera, 52 species, and 7 varieties. Naturalized plants were 15 species. The total transformed Braun-Blanquet value and r-NCD at middle area were 162 and 1,800.0, respectively. The middle region was a total of 59 taxa, including 17 families, 47 genera, 52 species, and 7 varieties. Naturalized plants were 15 species. The total transformed Braun-Blanquet value and r-NCD at middle area were 162 and 1,800.0, respectively. Riverbed area was dominated by the distribution of three willow species (Populus euramericana, Salix gracilistyla, and Salix koriyanagi) at middle region. The low region was a total of 55 taxa, including 16 families, 43 genera, 47 species, and eight varieties. Naturalized plants were 20 species. The total transformed Braun-Blanquet value and r-NCD at middle area were 155 and 1,755.6, respectively. Invasion of natural ecosystems by exotic plant species is recognized as a major threat to biodiversity at Yongheung Stream.

Physiological Responses Against Salt Stress of Salix gracilistyla

in vitro studies on salt torerance was carried out with Salix gracilistyla. Shoot growth of plants treated with NaCl showed statistically significances among different levels of concentration(0~200 mM) on 1/2MS medium. Plant growth was not grown at in higher concentration than 75 mM and plants were dead over 150 mM Nacl Browned leaf was observed from 14 days at higher concentration than then 75 mM NaCl, and chlorophyll content was dramatically decreased. Main roots and rootlet in same concentrates(75 mM) or high NaCl treatment were changed the color to black. The proline and sugar contents were dramatically increased in the higher than 75 mM NaCl treatments after 14 - 15 days. To determine NaCl and minerals in salt stressed plants, leaf, stem and root of in vitro plant were subjected to ICP analysis. Na content was increased with culture days in all three parts. These results suggest that S. gracilistyla can be used vegetative restoration in coastal wetlands reclaimed.

Calorific Value Characteristics of Short Rotation Coppies Trees for Biomass Resourcification - Based on Salix gracilistyla -

As the short rotation coppices (SRC), Salix spp., poplar and yellow poplar, they demonstrate fast growth and asexual propagation ability. Despite the rapid growth characteristics, for use as tree biomass materials, calorific value has not been extensively studied. In this study, it investigated the calorific values belonging to Salix spp., poplar and yellow poplar with particular emphasis on S. gracilistyla., S. gracilistyla and S. caprea showed greater calorific values than those measured with other species(4,546.6 cal g-1 and 4,539.6 cal g-1 respectively). Calorific values were demonstrated to the higher content of xylem tissue. S. gracilistyla from Wonju, YW1-1 and WJ2-9 showed the higher calorific values than other groups and clones. The present results demonstrate higher calorific value and low ash content, and these will be selected asappropriate species and clones for biomass production purpose.

Co-solvent system of [EMIM]Ac and DMF to improve the enzymatic saccharification of pussy willow (Salix gracilistylaMiq.)

AbstractA co-solvent system consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]Ac)/N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) with different mass ratios was tested to improve the enzymatic saccharification of pussy willow (Salix gracilistylaMiq.). This system effectively lowered the viscosity and increased the biomass loading in the system. The water-soluble fraction obtained from the pure [EMIM]Ac remained constant or increased slightly as the amount of DMF was increased to 70%. At [EMIM]Ac/DMF ratios of 5/5 and 3/7, longer pretreatment times and higher temperatures increased the water-soluble fraction. The crystallinity of the pretreated product was increased by increasing amounts of DMF. The yield of enzymatic saccharification by means of this co-solvent system was comparable to that based on a pure [EMIM]Ac pretreatment, even though the glucose yield was slightly lower in case of DMF amount >70%. Expectedly, longer pretreatment times and higher temperatures improved the yield of enzymatic saccharification.

Clarifying Affiliations of Salix gracilistyla Miq. Cultivars and Hybrids

Salix gracilistyla Miq., japanese pussy willow or rosegold willow, is an ornamental shrub commonly cultivated for its prominent display of catkins in early spring. Verification of stocks of willows in the North American landscape nursery trade revealed that another name—Salix chaenomeloides Kimura—is associated frequently with plants similar to S. gracilistyla. Morphological analyses conducted during this study have shown that the S. chaenomeloides binomial is misapplied often to S. gracilistyla, its cultivars and hybrids. A comparison of the diagnostic characters of S. gracilistyla and S. chaenomeloides is presented to explain the differences between these taxa and to promote the adoption of the correct names. Five cultivars of S. gracilistyla valued for their early spring catkin displays, variegated foliage, and pendulous habits, and two cultivars of a hybrid origin are summarized. Also, two new ornamental cultivars called Salix ‘Winter Glory’ and Salix ‘Rabbit’s Foot’ are described.

수변 완충식생대 조성을 위한 경안천 하류유역의 강변식생 실태 진단

AbstractA landcover map watershed of downstream reach in the Gyungan stream was made by using the existing land use map and interpreting satellite images and aerial photos. Based on the map, we analyzed land use patterns of this basin. Broad-leaved forest occupied the largest area among landscape elements established in this watershed. The total area of the zone designated as the waterside district by the central government was 4.7km 2 , and broad-leaved forest occupied the largest area as 33.9% in this zone. Therefore, the area did not meet the qualifications of riparian zones. Riparian vegetation established in the Gyungan stream watershed was composed of Phragmites communis,Miscanthus sacchariflorus,Salix gracilistyla,Salix koreensis. But terrestrial vegetation elements such as Ambrosia trifida,Ailanthus altissima,Robinia pseudoacaciaalso appeared in this area. On the other hand, Phragmites japonica, Salix gracilistyla,Salix koreensis,Salix integra,Ulmus davidianaand so on appeared in the riparian zone the reference streams. Differently from the vegetation established on the reference streams, terrestrial vegetation elements appeared frequently in the Gyungan stream watershed. This result would be due to that the Gyungan stream watershed is exposed to excessive human interferences. Key words:Landscape structure, Land use type, Reference stream, Riparian vegetation

Predicting the Potential Habitat, Host Plants, and Geographical Distribution of Pochazia shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) in Korea

In 2014, surveys were conducted in Korea to study the geographical distribution, host plants, and potential habitats of Pochazia shantungensis. The occurrence of P. shantungensis was confirmed in 43 cities and counties nationwide, and identified for the first time in Gyeongsangbuk-do. P. shantungensis has a wide range of diverse host plants comprising 113 species in 53 families, including crops, fruits, and forest trees. Since the hemipteran was first reported in Korea, 138 species from 62 families have been identified as P. shantungensis host plants. This insect feeds on the following major host plants: Malus pumila, Aralia elata, Styrax japonicus, Salix gracilistyla, Broussonetia kazinoki, Albizia julibrissin, Ailanthus altissima, Castanea crenata, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Cornus officinalis. Potential habitat was analyzed in the present study using the Maxent model with 12 variables (8 climate, 1 land cover, 1 forest type, 1 ecological zoning, and 1 distance). The model ROC AUC was 0.884, indicating a high accuracy. In the present study, precipitation of warmest quater, mean temperature of warmest quarter, forest type, and land cover were the most significant factors affecting P. shantungensis distribution, and habitat.

식생에 의한 하안 퇴적과 침식 경감

본 연구에서는 현지조사를 통해 식생의 하안 퇴적과 침식 경감을 판단하였다. 달뿌리풀은 임계유속 1.0 m/s-1.2 m/s을 기준으로 0.2 m 정도의 하안 퇴적과 0.3 m-0.4 m의 침식 경감 기능을 발휘하였다. 갈대는 임계유속 0.6 m/s-0.7 m/s을 기준으로 0.1 m-0.4 m의 하안 퇴적과 0.2 m-0.3 m의 침식 경감 기능을 발휘하였다. 갯버들은 임계유속 1.2 m/s-1.4 m/s을 기준으로 0.1 m-0.2 m의 하안 퇴적과 0.4 m-0.5 m의 침식 경감 기능을 발휘하였다. 물억새는 임계유속 0.6 m/s-0.7 m/s을 기준으로 0.1 m-0.4 m의 하안 퇴적과 0.1 m-0.2 m의 침식 경감 기능을 나타내었다. 조사 대상 식생 중 갯버들이 가장 높은 하안 침식 경감 기능을, 물억새가 가장 낮은 침식 경감 기능을 발휘하였다. 그러나 현지조사 결과 대상 식물종 모두 하안 퇴적 및 침식 경감 기능을 발휘함으로써 안정하도 형성에 기여함을 알 수 있었다. This paper presents the field investigation of deposition and erosion relief of a riverfront using vegetation. The results obtained were as follows: Phragmites japonica showed 0.2 m of deposition and 0.3 m-0.4 m of erosion relief of river front by the critical velocity of 1.0 m/s-1.2 m/s. P. communis showed 0.1 m-0.4 m of deposition and 0.2 m-0.3 m of erosion relief by the critical velocity of 0.6 m/s-0.7 m/s. Salix gracilistyla showed 0.1 m-0.2 m of deposition and 0.4 m-0.5 m of erosion relief by the critical velocity of 1.2 m/s-1.4 m/s. Miscanthus sacchariflorus showed 0.1 m-0.4 m of deposition and 0.1 m-0.2 m of erosion relief by the critical velocity of 0.6 m/s-0.7 m/s. S. gracilistyla had the greatest role, while M. sacchariflorus had the lowest role for erosion relief. These results showed that aquatic plants had an effective role in sustaining a stable channel.

갯버들(Salix gracilistyla)의 관리를 위한 종자 발아와 유묘의 생장 특성 연구

갯버들(Salix gracilistyla)의 관리를 위한 종자 발아와 유묘의 생장 특성 연구

Roles of Aquatic Plants on Erosion Relief of Stream Bed

Roles of the vegetation to mitigate the erosion of the stream bed or to facilitate the deposition of the fine sediments by the species of the aquatic plants were presented. Field investigation on the estimation of the change of the bed level and the estimation of the flow characteristics were performed. The results showed that Phragmites japonica has the mitigation function of 0.3m-0.4m of the erosion in the range of higher than 1.0m/s of flow velocity at the vegetated region. Phragmites communis has the mitigation function of 0.2m-0.3m of the erosion in the range of higher than 0.7m/s of flow velocity at the vegetated region. Salix gracilistyla has greater role than Phragmites japonica and Phragmites communis to sustain the stable channel. It has the mitigation function of 0.4m-0.5m of the erosion in the range of higher than 1.4m/s of flow velocity. Miscanthus sacchariflorus has a weak role compared with that of Phragmites japonica and Salix gracilistyla, but it has still function for sustaining the stable bed. From these results, the vegetation has effective roles to mitigate the erosion or to facilitate the deposition of the stream bed. Keywords—Aquatic plants, Phragmites japonica, Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Salix gracilistyla.