Salivary Vitamin Research Articles

The role of salivary vitamin D and interleukin-6 on non-scarring Alopecia.

Alopecia, or hair loss, is an emerging global disease. Its etiopathogenesis includes nutritional deficiencies, oxidative stress, and deficiency of physiological factors. Around 2% of the general population has the probability of developing alopecia at any one period. Vitamin D and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have a major role in alopecia. The present goal of research is to investigate the role of vitamin D and IL-6 in the saliva of patients with non-scarring alopecia. The study involved 51 cases of non-scarring alopecia and 50 healthy controls with an age range between 18 and 40 years. A detailed history and clinical examination were done. Salivary vitamin D and IL-6 were determined to compare within the groups. The average vitamin D level in cases (104.64 ± 46.95 pmol/L) was significantly lower as compared to controls (223 ± 12.03 pmol/L) (p < 0.001). Whereas the average amount of IL-6 was significantly higher (170.54 ± 63.68 ng/L) than the control group (56.38 ± 46.52 ng/L) (p < 0.001). No correlation of vitamin D level with IL-6 was detected in study subjects. Vitamin D significantly influences the development of non-scarring alopecia. Patients with non-scarring alopecia had low amount of vitamin D indicate its role in etiology of hair loss. IL-6 may cause a collapse of the hair bulb, having a significant part in the pathogenesis of alopecia indicating chronic inflammatory or autoimmune condition. This research will aid in diagnosing scalp disease using salivary biomarkers and improve the treatment of alopecia.

Association of Salivary Vitamin D and Vitamin C Levels with Dental Caries in Children: A Cross-sectional Study.

Dental caries is a prevalent chronic disease affecting children worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the association between dental caries and salivary levels of vitamin D and vitamin C in children. This cross-sectional research was conducted at RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, in children between the ages of 4 and 12 years, with a sample of 60 children divided into study and control groups based on the presence or absence of dental caries. Saliva samples were collected, and levels of vitamin D and vitamin C were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. The results showed that children without dental caries had higher salivary vitamin D and vitamin C levels compared to those with caries. These findings highlight the potential role of these vitamins in preventing dental caries in children and support the need for public health initiatives promoting optimal oral health through appropriate dietary habits and sun exposure. The clinical significance of the study lies in its potential to inform preventive strategies and improve oral health outcomes in children. By recognizing the association between salivary vitamin levels and dental caries, healthcare professionals can take proactive steps to promote better oral health and overall well-being in children worldwide. Padmanabhan V, Islam MS, Goud M, et al. Association of Salivary Vitamin D and Vitamin C Levels with Dental Caries in Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(7):773-776.

Serum and Non- Stimulated Whole Salivary 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D in Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome

The term burning mouth syndrome refers to burning sensation of the mouth that has no detectable cause. The symptoms do not follow specific anatomic pathway, also no known oral lesions or systemic disorders explain these symptoms. In addition to that no characteristic laboratory findings are detected. Evaluation of serum and non- stimulated whole salivary 25-Hydroxy vi tamin D concentrations in subjects with and without burning mouth syndrome. The study was carried out on 57 participants (28 with burning mouth syndrome and 29 without burning mouth syndrome). Non- stimulated whole saliva samples were obtained by expectoration. About 5 ml of blood were drown from each participant. The serum and salivary 25-Hydroxy vitamin D concentrations were measured by ELISA technology. No significant difference was detected between case and control groups in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration (120ng/ml and114ng/ml respectively) and in non- stimulated whole saliva 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration (0.6ng/ml and 0.78ng/ml respectively). There is no relationship between burning mouth syndrome and non- stimulated whole saliva or serum 25- hydroxy vitamin D concentration.

Potential role of salivary vitamin D antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and interleukins in severity of dental caries: an exvivo study

IntroductionVitamin D performs various functions as a hormone by promoting calcium absorption but plays a major role in innate immunity,cell differentiation, cell maturation through its genomic effects via vitamin D receptor. The immune response also plays a major role in tooth surface and supporting structure destruction and playing a major factor in high caries formation. The inflammatory cytokines are released has proinflammatory cytokines and stimulate cells in disease process. Therefore, in the present study we have evaluated the association of salivary vitamin D, LL-37, interleukins 6 and 17A in various levels of severity of dental caries.MethodEthical approval was obtained (NU/CEC/2020/0339), 377 individuals reporting to department of conservative dentistry and endodontics, AB Shetty memorial institute of dental sciences were included based on inclusion criteria. The individuals were further divided into caries free(N = 105) and caries active(N = 272) based on their caries prevalence. The salivary were collected and evaluated for vitamin D, LL-37,IL-17A and IL-6.Results were statistically analysed with SPSS vs 22 (IBM Corp, USA). Normally distributed data were expressed as mean ± SD. Skewed data were expressed as median and interquartile range. To compare (mean) outcome measures between the two groups unpaired independent t-test was applied and for values in median IQR, Mann Whitney U test was used. All statistical analysis for P value were two-sided and significance was set to P ≤ 0.05.ResultsThe study showed that, the salivary vitamin D statistically decreased with increasing severity of caries which showed that vitamin D plays an important role in prevention of caries. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 was higher in caries free group but was not statistically significant, salivary IL-6 level was higher in caries active group but intergroup comparison did not show significant difference. Salivary IL-17A did not show statistically significant between caries active and caries free group.ConclusionThe salivary levels of vitamin D may play a vital role in prevalence of dental caries and its severity which can be a underlying cause in presence of other etiological factors.

Comparative Assessment of the Association between Salivary Vitamin D Levels and Early Childhood Caries Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Comparative Assessment of the Association between Salivary Vitamin D Levels and Early Childhood Caries Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Assessment of vitamin D levels in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma-A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess and compare the serum and salivary levels of Vitamin D in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with healthy controls. MethodThis cross-sectional study was carried out among 60 patients reporting to the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, and included patients with OPMDs, OSCC and healthy controls. The Vitamin D levels were estimated using the chemiluminescence immunoassay. One-way ANOVA was used to compare mean and statistical difference between the groups. Tukey's post HOC test calculated for inter group difference. Serum and salivary Vitamin D levels were corelated with Pearson's coefficient. The values of p < 0.005 was considered as significant. ResultsThe levels of Vitamin D were decreased in study group as compared to controls both in serum and saliva. (p < 0.001). Between serum and salivary Vitamin D levels, a strong association was discovered using the Pearson's coefficient value of 0.737 (p < 0.001) ConclusionIn this study, patients with both OPMDs and OSCC had Vitamin D insufficiency & deficiency. Vitamin D level assessment should be included as a standard component of routine investigations for these individuals.

PECULIARITIES OF THE COURSE OF COVID-19 IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AS A FUNCTION OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY AGAINST PERTUSSIS

Coronavirus disease remains one of the most serious diseases in the world. The percentage of severe and fatal cases inchildren is lower than in adults. The search for biomarkers of disease severity continues. There is evidence of heterologousimmunity between the causative agent of coronavirus infection and some other infectious agents. Both Bordetella pertussis and SARS-CoV-2 cause damage to the respiratory system. It should be noted that the incubation period and transmission mechanism are similar for these two microorganisms. Pertussis vaccinations are given in childhood.The purpose of the study is to fi nd the charcteristics of the course of COVID-19 in school-aged children depending on thestate of humoral immunity against pertussis toxin, assessing their level of immunoglobulin G against pertussis.Material and methods. 92 pediatric patients aged 6 to 17 years were studied, including 30 children without signs of thedisease in the control group and 62 children with manifestations of laboratory- confi rmed COVID-19. The clinical features of the disease and laboratory indicators (C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cells, D-dimer) were evaluated, as well as the levels of free salivary cortisol and vitamin D. According to the severity of the disease, 3 groups were formed: the fi rst – 20 children with a mild course of COVID-19, the second – 33 patients with a moderate course of the disease, the third – 9 with a severe course of the disease.All children were tested for immunoglobulin G (Ig G) to pertussis toxin by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (VIROTECHB. pertussis PT Ig G ELISA, Rüsselsheim, Germany). The result was considered negative (no increase in the titer of specifi c class G antibodies to pertussis toxin), borderline, and positive (there is an increase in the titer of immunoglobulin G to pertussis toxin). Statistical analysis was performed using the program «Stat Plus» (Shapiro- Wilk test, mean  SD (standard deviation) with correct distribution of characteristics; median, upper and lower quartiles with incorrect distribution, Chi-square test, Man-Whitney test, Fisher’s test).The study was conducted in accordance with the rules of patient safety and ethical principles of scientifi c medical researchinvolving human subjects (2000). The permission to conduct this study was given by the Bioethics Commission (Protocol No. 61 of 13.11.2020). The parents (legal representatives) of the patients gave their written consent to the conduct of this study.This study is a fragment of research work «An Integrated Approach to Symptom Control, Long- Term Prognosis in the Context of Comorbid Pathology in the Clinic of Internal Diseases and Family Doctor Practice» (state registration No. 0118U000361).Results. The mean age of the patients was 11.573.82 years. The study groups did not diff er in sex (x2=4.97, p=0.174) andage (p=0.490) composition. The level of humoral immunity against pertussis toxin diff ered signifi cantly between the study groups. A positive and borderline result for the presence of specifi c immunoglobulin G to tetanus toxin was found in 75.86 % of children without signs of disease. At the same time, only 41.51 % of children with COVID-19 manifestations had a positive and borderline result (p=0.005). A positive and borderline result for the presence of specifi c immunoglobulin G to tetanus toxin was seen in 66.67 % of children with mild infection, 33.33 % of patients with moderate disease, and only 12.50 % of patients with severe disease (X2=16.91, P=&lt;0.001).Children with a negative result for immunoglobulin G to pertussis toxin have signifi cantly higher WBC count (1.3-fold), ESR(2.4-fold), D-dimer (3.4-fold), and CRP (1.5-fold) compared to patients with positive and borderline levels of these antibodies.In children with a negative result, there was a 6.25-fold increase in salivary free cortisol (p&lt;0.001) and a 2.0-fold decrease invitamin D levels (p&lt;0.001).Conclusions. In children with COVID-19 manifestations, there was a signifi cantly higher percentage of negative test resultsfor the presence of IgG to pertussis toxin compared to the control group, indicating a lower level of humoral immunity to tetanus in this group of patients. In children with mild disease, there was a signifi cantly higher percentage of positive and borderline test results for the presence of IgG to pertussis toxin (indicating a higher level of humoral immunity against this pathogen) compared to the groups of children with moderate and severe disease. The absence of specifi c immunoglobulins G to pertussis toxin is associated with an increase in the level of pro-infl ammatory markers (leukocyte count, ESR, CRP) and D-dimer, which also indicates a more severe course of COVID-19. Patients who are negative for pertussis toxin antibodies have elevated cortisol levels as a marker of stress and decreased vitamin D levels. Both biologically active substances are involved in the immune response to infectious agents and may serve as additional non-specifi c markers of COVID-19 severity. Therefore, low humoral immunity to pertussis contributes to the increase in COVID-19 severity in childhood.

Role of vitamin D for orthodontic tooth movement, external apical root resorption, and bone biomarker expression and remodeling: A systematic review.

: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the correlation between vitamin D levels and the rate of tooth movement, external apical root resorption, bone biomarker expression, and bone remodeling. : Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were systematically searched from inception until 14th March 2023 to identify studies investigating the correlation between orthodontic tooth movement and vitamin D in animals and humans. The quality assessment was made in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. : Overall, 519 records were identified, and 19 were selected for the qualitative synthesis. Eleven studies investigated the effect of local administration (injections in the periodontal ligament, to the gingiva distal to the teeth, or submucosae palatal area) and systemic administration (oral supplementation) of vitamin D on tooth movement, external apical root movement, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and bone remodeling factors. The remaining eight studies investigated the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and salivary vitamin D levels on bone turnover markers and tooth movement. : The findings of this systematic review support that vitamin D3 local injections might increase the rate of tooth movement via the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kB/osteoprotegerin axis. However, the non-uniform study designs and the different protocols and outcome methods make it challenging to draw reliable conclusions.

Association, diagnostic accuracy and optimal threshold of salivary IGF-1 and vitamin DBP levels for estimation of pubertal growth spurt: A cross sectional study

To determine the association of salivary IGF-1 and vitamin D Binding Protein with cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI) across the pubertal stages and to determine the diagnostic accuracy and optimal threshold of these biomarkers for estimation of pubertal growth. Cross-sectional observational study. Material and methods. All patients in the age group of 8-23 years from the Outpatient Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial orthopaedics, between the period of July 2020 to December 2020 meeting the eligibility criteria were included. Lateral cephalograms obtained from the patients were divided into pre pubertal, pubertal & post pubertal groups based on CVMI by Baccetti et al. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected by a swab-based method & analyzed with ELISA. Ninety-four participants were divided in three stages: prebubertal (30), pubertal (33), post pubertal (31). A significant difference was observed in the salivary IGF-1 & DBP across the three stages. Post-hoc test revealed significantly higher mean salivary IGF-1 & DBP in pubertal group than in pre & post-pubertal group. Receiver operator characteristic curve revealed excellent diagnostic accuracy for salivary IGF-1with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.962, satisfactory for vitamin DBP with AUC of 0.831 and poor diagnostic accuracy for age with AUC of 0.536. Youden index revealed the optimal threshold to be 3.96ng/ml and 124.13pg/ml for salivary IGF-1 and vitamin DBP respectively. The levels of Salivary IGF-1 and Vitamin DBP increased during C3 and C4 stages. Compared to vitamin DBP diagnostic accuracy of salivary IGF-1 was excellent and an optimal threshold of 3.96ng/ml can be utilized to distinguish pubertal & non-pubertal participants.

Investigating the applicability of polar fabric phase sorptive extraction for the HPLC quantitation of salivary vitamin B12 following administration of sublingual tablets and oral sprays.

In this study, a simple and rapid fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) protocol combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was developed for the monitoring of salivary vitamin B12 levels. Different sol-gel coated cellulose and polyester membranes were evaluated and sol-gel Carbowax 20M coated polyester membranes were chosen for the selective extraction of the target analyte from saliva samples. Face-centered central composite design (FC-CCD) was employed for the investigation and optimization of sample volume, extraction time and stirring rate, while the other experimental factors were investigated using the classical one-factor-at-a- time" (OFAT) method. Validation of the FPSE-HPLC-UV method was conducted according to the FDA guidelines for bioanalytical methodologies. The lower limit of quantification for vitamin B12 was 0.10μgmL-1 and the linear range was 0.10-10.0μgmL-1. The relative recoveries for intra-day and inter-day studies were 87.5-113.8% and 88.2-119.2%, respectively. The relative standard deviation was better than 8.2% in all cases, demonstrating good method precision. The sol-gel Carbowax 20M coated FPSE membranes were found to be reusable for up to 25 times. Finally, the proposed scheme was successfully employed for the quantitation of salivary vitamin B12 at different time points following the administration of sublingual tablets and oral sprays.

Serum and Salivary Vitamin B12 Levels among Iron Deficiency Anemia Patient with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Introduction: We aimed to evaluate serum and salivary vitamin B12 levels in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with and without recurring aphthous ulcers (RAS). Methods: Study participants were divided into three groups, clinically healthy control group (n = 25), an IDA patient with RAS (n = 25), and an IDA without RAS (n = 25). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to assess the serum and salivary B-12 levels blindly. Data analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey’s post hoc test using R software. Result: There were statistically significant differences regarding serum and salivary B12 levels among study groups (P&lt;0.001). All pairwise comparisons showed significant differences regarding serum (P&lt;0.001) and salivary (P ≤ 0.002) B12 levels. Conclusion: The Control group (396 ± 18.2 pg/mL) was within the normal serum level of vitamin B12 (200-900 pg/mL), while in IDA with RAS (111 ± 15.4 pg/mL) and IDA without RAS (145 ± 57.2 pg/mL) serum level of vitamin B12 is lower than the normal range and significantly lower than the control group.

Six-month follow-up of salivary antioxidant defense outcomes of individuals using medicated toothpaste.

The objective of this study was to study the effect of medicated toothpaste on oral health, a 6-month follow-up. Four hundred and twenty-seven participants were screened and followed up for 6 months. The intraoral examination was performed to record caries, gingival bleeding, and plaque index. Saliva collected was evaluated for pH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Vitamin C level for 6 months, and data were analyzed. On the usage of medicated toothpaste with herbal extract for 6 months, the salivary pH levels were increased, the interquartile range for plaque, and the gingival bleeding index decreased. The percentage change in salivary TAC, MDA, and Vitamin C levels in the caries-free group of subgroup I was 174.8, 58.06, and 59.98, respectively, in subgroup II was 133.3, 52.08, and 58.51, and in subgroup III was 63.77, 45.11, and 47.77. The percentage change in salivary TAC, MDA, and Vitamin C levels in the caries-active group of subgroup I was 136.62, 57.27, and 72.83, subgroup II was 108.59, 37.50, and 61.55, and in subgroup III was 35.62, 30.82, and 54.10, respectively. The salivary pH levels increased on the usage of medicated toothpaste with herbal extract; plaque and the gingival bleeding index scores were decreased. The salivary antioxidant defense was increased in individuals using medicated toothpaste with herbal extracts which signifies an improvement in overall oral health in the 6-month follow-up.

Salivary Biomarkers (Vitamin D, Calcium, and Estrogen Hormone) in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis

Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease that weakens bones by lowering mineral density and causing micro-architectural degradation of bony tissue. Aim: This study was conducted to examine the use of vitamin D, calcium, and estrogen levels in saliva as biomarkers for early detection of osteoporosis. Materials and Methods: Ninety postmenopausal women were divided into three groups based on T-scores from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. The groups consist of 30 women with osteoporosis, 30 women with osteopenia, and 30 women serving as controls. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to look for vitamin D and estrogen in the saliva by specific vitamin D3 and estradiol kits. Calcium concentrations were measured by a colorimetric method. Results: The level of salivary biomarkers (vitamin D, calcium, and estrogen) showed a clear distinction between the groups analyzed. Salivary estrogen and vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with osteoporosis compared to those with osteopenia and controls. The highest concentration of calcium was found in the osteoporosis group’s saliva compared to the other groups. Conclusion: The results highlight the significance of vitamin D, calcium, and estrogen in saliva as a simple, noninvasive biomarker in diagnosing postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Salivary vitamin D3 in relation to dental caries among pregnant women in Baghdad city

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a problem for pregnant women, and it affects general and oral health. This problem increases as vitamin D requirements increase during pregnancy. This study was conducted among pregnant women in urban and rural areas in order to assess the relation between salivary vitamin D3 and dental caries. Materials and methods: In this comparative cross-sectional study, all women participating were attending the primary Health Care Centers in Baghdad city in AL-Karkh sector, they were with age ranged from (15-44) years old. The total number 90 pregnant women in the second trimester only which include: The first group consists of (45) pregnant women attendance seeking dental treatment in urban areas, The second group consists of (45) pregnant women attendance seeking dental treatment in rural areas. Collection of the unstimulated saliva was done according to Tenovuo (1996). After that the clinical examination of Dental caries DMFT/S was performed according to the world health organization in (2013). Results: The findings of this study revealed that the percentage of pregnant women in the age range of 15–29 years was higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas. While those in the age range of 30–44 years were higher in the urban areas. Regarding the age, the percentage of dental caries experience was increased with age. Regarding the area, the percentage of dental caries was higher in the urban area than in the rural area. The highest mean value of DMFT was found in the urban area, with no significant differences. While the highest mean value of DMFS was found in the rural areas with no statistically significant difference, except the FS, where was statistically significant and higher in the urban areas. The mean value of salivary vitamin D3 was found to be higher in rural areas than in urban areas, although statistically non-significant. The correlation between dental caries experience (DMFT/S) and salivary vitamin D3 level was statistically non-significant among urban and rural pregnant women, except in the urban areas where the DMFS was found to be significant with salivary vitamin D3. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, there was a non-significant negative correlation between dental caries and salivary vitamin D3 among pregnant women in urban and rural areas. Except, the correlation between dental caries experience by surfaces and salivary vitamin D3 was negative and significant among urban pregnant women.

Co-relation of salivary calcium and vitamin D with dental caries - an ex-vivo study

Introduction and Aim: Calcium and vitamin D3 play a pivotal role in many biological functions like hard tissue mineralization and tooth formation. Both are dietary elements with a known concentration in the saliva, therefore directly affecting the rate and progression of dental caries. The aim of the study was to compare the salivary vitamin D and calcium levels in caries active and caries free adult patients. Materials and Methods: Tarson’s saliva collection tubes were used to collect 5 ml of saliva samples from 110 patients. The supernatant obtained from the centrifuged saliva was stored at -4°C. Analysis of calcium levels was done using the Arsenazo method. Commercially available vitamin D Elisa kit (Epitope diagnostics) was used for the analysis of vitamin D levels. Results: The mean salivary vitamin D levels were higher in the caries free group (66.57mg/dl) when compared to the caries active group (56.43mg/dl). The mean salivary calcium level was elevated in the caries free group (27.09mg/dl) when compared to the caries active group (6.84 mg/dl). Conclusion: The filtrates in saliva play a major role in the occurrence of dental caries through a demineralization and remineralization cycle. Vitamin D in saliva causes a decrease in bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation through the protective role of peptides, causing decreased demineralization of the tooth surface and increased level of free calcium ions in the saliva.

Association of periodontitis with vitamin D and calcium levels: a meta-analysis

Introduction: Low levels of vitamin D have been linked to raised periodontal inflammation, a higher concentration of periodontopathogens, greater periodontal destruction, and more severe periodontitis. This study aimed to assess the influence of vitamin D and calcium levels on periodontitis. Material and methods: A search for studies on vitamin D, calcium, and periodontal disease was conducted in the following databases: PubMed (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library), Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus. For continuous outcomes, the estimates of effects of an intervention were expressed as mean differences (MD), using the inverse variance (IV) method with 95% confidence intervals. The meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 software. Results: Thirty-one studies with 14,340 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Periodontitis patients had mean vitamin D concentrations significantly lower than controls without the disease (p&lt;0.001). Likewise, these patients showed significantly lower serum vitamin D concentrations (p&lt;0.001) and higher salivary vitamin D concentrations, although without reaching statistical significance (p=0.70). Regarding calcium levels, periodontitis patients had significantly higher salivary levels than controls (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: Low vitamin D and high calcium levels are associated with an increased periodontitis risk.

Salivary vitamin D levels among OSCC and normal Indian patients.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma comprises nearly 90% of all Oral cancers. Recent studies on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma are done with a focus on identification of factors that affect the outcome of treatment, one of which is vitamin D levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D3 levels in patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Normal Population with saliva as a biomarker. The study sample comprised of 40 subjects, of whom 20 were patients diagnosed with OSCC and 20 healthy subjects. The salivary samples obtained were assessed using Vitamin D3 ELISA kit. The mean salivary Vitamin D3 levels were 39.09 ng/dl among OSCC patients and 44.49 ng/dl among healthy subjects. Salivary Vitamin D levels in OSCC patients were found to be significantly less compared to the healthy controls. More than 90% of cancers of the oral cavity are Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Recent studies are done with a focus on identification of factors affecting the treatment of cancer, one of which is vitamin D levels. The aim of the study was to evaluate salivary vitamin D3 levels in patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and in Normal Population. 40 patients were selected for the study. Salivary samples collected were assessed using Vitamin D3 ELISA Kit-EDI Total 25-OH Vitamin D EIA Kit to detect the salivary vitamin D levels. Mean Salivary Vitamin D3 levels were found to be 39.09 ng/dl in OSCC patients and 44.49 ng/dl in healthy subjects. A salivary Vitamin D level in OSCC patients was found to be significantly less compared to the healthy controls. Decreased Vitamin D3 levels in patients with OSCC indicate that Vitamin D3 deficiency increases the rate of cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis & metastasis in patients with OSCC. Vitamin D level is likely to reduce the severity of the disease and hence Vitamin D supplementation for OSCC patients in the early stages of treatment and after treatment can be done to enhance the prognosis.

FOK l Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Risk of Dental Caries: A Case-Control Study.

The prevalence of dental caries in individuals who practice good oral hygiene increasingly indicates that other etiological factors, such as genetic factors, may be responsible for occurrence of caries, and its prevalence in younger individuals, such as adolescents, is an early manifestation of their genetic makeup. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the correlation of various genetic factors with the occurrence of dental caries in populations. Thus, this study assessed the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2228570) in the vitamin D receptor gene and dental caries susceptibility. After obtaining ethical approval (NU/CEC/2020/0339), 377 adults, aged 18–40 years, were included in this study. Among the participants consenting to participate, salivary samples were collected, and an oral examination was conducted using the World Health Care Oral Health Survey Format 2013. The DMFT and PUFA index scores were recorded along with basic demographic details. The subjects were categorized as caries-free (controls, DMFT = 0) and caries-active (cases). The case group was further divided into the high-risk group (DMFT ≤ 10), moderate-risk group (DMFT = 4–9), and low-risk group (DMFT = 1–3). Saliva samples were used for vitamin D level analysis and DNA isolation. Polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using Fok1 digestion was performed on the isolated DNA. Salivary vitamin D levels were markedly higher in the caries-free group than in the caries-active group (p < 0.001). The T allele of rs2228570 was significantly associated with having active caries, while the C allele was associated with being caries-free. Individuals with the rs2228570 TC genotype had 2.814-fold increased likelihood, and individuals with the TT genotype had 3.116- fold increased likelihood of being caries-active. This finding is important in terms of patient counselling, as well as possibly in terms of prevention and treatment of caries.

BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT-OXIDANT INDEX IN ORAL POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT DISORDERS AND ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

The aim of present work was to evaluate and compare the salivary levels of nitric oxide, vitamin C, Total Sialic acid and GSH in cases of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and healthy controls. The mean nitric oxide level was 27.34±5.51 μmol/l in OSCC group, 22.5±2.33 μmol/l in OPMD group and 10.11±0.88μmol/l in control group. The glutathione reductase activity in control patients was found to be 0.0915 U/ml under optimal pH, temperature and Km. In OPMD group, the GR activity was found to be 0.0515 U/ml. Similarly, the activity in the OSCC group was found to be 0.0292 U/ml. The total sialic acid (TSA) in the saliva of control patients was found to be 41.241±5.3312μg/mL. In the case of OPMD patients, it was 64.25±4.33μg/mL and in the OSCC patients it was, 79.60±6.93 μg/mL., The levels of salivary vitamin C and glutathione were significantly reduced and those of nitric oxide and sialic acid were raised in patients having OPMD’s and oral squamous cell carcinoma. The anti-oxidant to oxidant index (AOI) was measured between NO and vitamin C; NO and GSH; total sialic acid and vitamin C and lastly, total sialic acid and GSH. Thus, the findings of the present study indicate that estimation of Vitamin C, NO, GSH and sialic acid can be suitably used and could assist in the early diagnosis of potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer using saliva.

Decentralized vitamin C & D dual biosensor chip: Toward personalized immune system support

Combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has put the spotlight on nutritional support of the immune system through consumption of vitamins C and D. Accordingly, there are urgent demands for an effective on-the-spot multi-vitamin self-testing platform that monitors the levels of these immune-supporting micronutrients for guiding precision nutrition recommendations. Herein, we present a compact bioelectronic dual sensor chip aimed at frequent on-the-spot simultaneous monitoring of the salivary vitamin C and D dynamics. The new bioelectronic chip combines a new electrocatalytic vitamin C amperometric assay along with competitive vitamin D immunoassay on neighboring electrodes, to perform selective and cross-talk free detection of both vitamins in a 10-μL saliva sample within 25 min. The distinct vitamin C or D temporal profiles obtained for different individuals after vitamin supplementation indicate the potential of the new bioelectronic chip strategy for enhancing personalized nutrition towards guiding dietary interventions to meet individual nutrition needs and promote immune system health.