Salivary Superoxide Dismutase Research Articles

Salivary antioxidents in relation to caries severity among a group of young adults

Background: Saliva represents the body's stages of toxicological, hormonal, immunological, and markers of many infectious disease and disorders, so that it's an ideal tool for monitoring oral and systemic health.
 Antioxidants help the body's defensive system by reducing oxidative stress.
 
 Aims of the study: The study was directed to estimate the carious lesion experience (DMFS) in relation to salivary superoxide dismutase and total protein among adults by age and gender.
 
 Materials and methods: Caries experiences was assessed according to DMFS index, after investigation eighty peoples of an age 19-22 years for both genders. Stimulated salivary samples were together and chemically assessed to detect selected salivary antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, total protein), under standardized condition. Total protein and superoxide dismutase were measured by spectrophotometric examination.
 
 Results: With not-significant differences, total protein was found to be higher in the caries active group than in the caries free group, but salivary superoxide dismutase was the opposite. with statistically not-significant differences, females had a greater average of the salivary total protein than men, whereas men had a greater average of salivary superoxide dismutase than females. the first group (19-20 years) had a not-significant greater average salivary total protein and salivary superoxide dismutase than the second group (21-22 years).
 Conclusion: Salivary superoxide dismutase is the important factor in dental caries prevention. As a result, alterations in salivary content are crucial in the development and progression of dental caries.

Salivary Oxidative Stress Assessment in Tobacco Users with and without Potentially Malignant Disorders and Micronuclei Estimation using Fluorescent Microscopy

Abstract Background: Consumption of tobacco in either smoking or nonsmoking form produces free radicals, contributing to an increased risk of oral cancer as a result of oxidative stress. Biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes are responsible for tobacco-associated oral carcinogenesis. Due to the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, the promotion of carcinogenesis occurs in the cells. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) is an assembly of benign lesions with morphologically altered clinical or histopathological tissue that has a greater than normal risk of transforming into malignant lesions after diagnosis at a later date. Micronuclei are the goal site for early genotoxic events and are involved in carcinogenic events. Micronuclei in exfoliated cells are useful biomarkers in assessing cytogenetic damage. Early detection will help to devise appropriate treatment plans, thereby improving patient survival rates. Aim and Objectives: To estimate the salivary superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and the expression of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells of tobacco users before the onset of tobacco-induced oral lesions and correlating the same with patients with OPMDs to determine if this can be useful in predicting early malignant potential in subjects with habitual tobacco usage. Materials and Methods: The study included three groups. Group I – Tobacco users with OPMD (n = 50), Group II – Tobacco users without OPMD (n = 50), and Group III – Healthy controls (n = 50). Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was done for saliva samples for quantification of salivary SOD. Exfoliated buccal cells were smeared and stained with acridine orange stain and viewed under a fluorescent microscope for micronuclei estimation. Results: The study showed a significant difference in salivary SOD levels and increased micronuclei expression among tobacco users than healthy controls. Conclusion: Our study results revealed a gradual and steady decrease of SOD levels and increased micronuclei expression from healthy control to tobacco users without lesions and tobacco users with lesion, and this can be used as an effective noninvasive early diagnostic biomarker in assessing malignant progression in tobacco users. Furthermore, the evaluation of micronuclei estimation can serve as a simple, quick, and noninvasive chair-side procedure for regular oral cancer screening in patients with tobacco usage.

The Impact of Competitive Sports on Oral Health: Exploring Their Relationship with Salivary Oxidative Stress in Children.

This article explores the correlation between salivary biomarkers, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and their association with oral health for children in competitive sports. Saliva has emerged as a valuable resource for evaluating physiological and pathological conditions due to its non-invasive collection method and easy storage. This study examines the potential of GPX, TAC, and SOD as salivary biomarkers for assessing the impact of competitive sports on children's oral health. It discusses the potential implications of increased oxidative stress due to intense physical activity and the role of antioxidant defense mechanisms in maintaining oral health. In total, 173 children aged between 6 and 17 were divided into three groups, 58 hockey players, 55 football players, and 60 in the control group, and examined to assess their oral hygiene and dental and periodontal health. Saliva was collected, centrifuged, and the supernatant was analyzed for the relevant biomarkers. The findings seem to suggest that salivary biomarkers, like GPX, TAC, and SOD, might serve as indicators of the physiological response to competitive sports in children, as well as indicators of oral health, especially dental cavities, and periodontal disease. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the groups, with better values for athletes, regardless of age, sex, or activity type. Understanding the relationship between salivary biomarkers and competitive sports in children can have significant implications for monitoring and optimizing the health and performance of young athletes. Further research is needed to establish the specific associations between these biomarkers and the effects of several types and intensities of sports activities on oral health in children.

Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment on Salivary and Plasma Superoxide Dismutase Levels of Patients Suffering from Periodontitis.

Antioxidant capacity is frequently measured by evaluating superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration in body fluids. The aim of this study was to compare SOD concentrations in the saliva and plasma of patients with periodontitis to those measured in a group of patients with healthy periodontium, as well as to evaluate the influence of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on salivary and plasma SOD in periodontitis patients. For this purpose, 40 systemically healthy patients aged 30-70 years who had at least 20 teeth were recruited, 20 of whom had periodontitis, and 20 served as healthy periodontitis-free controls. In all participants, periodontal status was assessed via the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), papilla bleeding index (PIB), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), and the SOD concentration in both saliva and plasma was determined by conducting a commercial immunoenzymatic ELISA test. In periodontitis patients, periodontal indices and saliva and blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study, as well as 3 months after periodontal therapy, while in the control group, these data were gathered at the beginning of the study only. SOD values in the saliva of patients with periodontitis (0.244 U/µL) were statistically significantly higher compared with patients with healthy periodontium (0.017 U/µL). Moreover, periodontal therapy led to a statistically significant decrease in this marker in the saliva of patients with periodontitis (p = 0.023), which was comparable with that measured in the control group. On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were noted in plasma SOD values either between the two groups or at follow-up compared with baseline in the group with periodontitis. These findings suggest that the elevated salivary SOD in patients with periodontal disease may represent a mechanism of tissue protection against oxidative stress that occurs in response to periodontal disease.

Effectiveness of Combined Application of Cryosurgical Method and Local Ozone Therapy in Patients with Oral Leukoplakia

Introduction: The physical and chemical properties and biological effects of ozone that determine bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunocorrective effects are a direct prerequisite for the use of ozone therapy in the postoperative period of treatment of oral leukoplakia. This study aimed to establish the effectiveness of the combined use of cryosurgery and local ozone therapy in the complex treatment of patients with oral mucosa leukoplakia. Methods: Thirty-three patients (14 men and 19 women) with oral mucosa leukoplakia (verrucose form) aged 30 to 75 years old were examined. Cryodestruction of the lesion was carried out with liquid nitrogen using autonomous cryoapplicators made of porous titanium nickelide. After the treatment, all patients, depending on the type of postoperative treatment, were divided into 2 groups. In the main group, ozonated olive oil was additionally used by applying it to the mucous membrane around the focus of destruction. Patients in the comparison group were prescribed traditional anti-inflammatory treatment. A score assessment of clinical signs (pain syndrome, mucous membrane condition in the surgery area, nature of the wound discharge, and epithelization degree) at different stages of the postoperative period was performed. An enzyme immunoassay was used to assess the activity of superoxide dismutase. Results: In the main group, on the background of ozone therapy, there was a statistically significant decrease in the intensity of pain syndrome compared to the comparison group at all stages of the postoperative period: on the 5th day, this indicator was half as much as in the comparison group, and on the 14th day, pain completely disappeared (p < 0.05). Analysis of the state of the mucosa around the operative intervention area, as well as characteristics of the surrounding tissue edema, also confirmed a significant reduction in indicators against the comparison group at all stages of postoperative intervention, with complete recovery on the 14th day (p < 0.05). The highest rates of wound surface cleanup, granulation and epithelization were seen in the main group, with favorable ozone exposure on the 10th day relative to the data of the initial period. A significant difference relative to the comparison group was registered on the 7th, 10th and 14th day. It was revealed that the activity of salivary superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed a statistically significant increase from the first day in the patients of the main group, which remained on the 10th day, while the maximum SOD activity was registered on the 5th day after the surgery. The main group patients showed increased SOD activity at all stages of the study as compared to the comparison group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that patients with verrucous leukoplakia of the oral mucosa were more effectively treated using postoperative cryotherapy management alongside local ozone therapy.

Salivary superoxide dismutase activity in smokeless tobacco consumers and non-consumers: A biochemical study.

Tobacco can alter the antioxidative capacity of saliva, and it is the first fluid that is exposed to tobacco. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the first line defense antioxidant that plays an important protective role against peroxidation of lipids, converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide, and decreases the toxic effects of free radicals. The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the levels and activity of SOD in the saliva of smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumers and non-consumers. Total of 64 individuals were divided into two groups (study and control) with 32 patients each. The patients were divided into two groups-Group I: 32 healthy individuals who do not consume SLT (control group) and Group II: 32 individuals who consume SLT for a period more than 1 year (study group). Saliva samples were collected for analysis from both the groups. The results of this study showed that antioxidant salivary SOD enzyme activity in tobacco chewers is higher in comparison to non-chewers. The present study enlightens us to the possible relationship between SOD enzyme levels, oxidative stress, and tobacco habit. In initial or early stages, antioxidant levels increase, thereby showing an evidence of endogenous activity. But as the duration of the habit increases, there is decrease in the body's defense mechanism, and the level of SOD starts to fall resulting in oral lesions. This will help in establishing the reliability of SOD in saliva as a potential biomarker of oxidative stress in tobacco chewers. Further, it may also help in establishing the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of premalignant lesions and oral cancer.

Salivary oxidative stress level among tobacco chewers and smokers: A comparative Study.

Tobacco contains various toxic contents which produce oxygen-free radicals that damage oral tissues. Since saliva encounters tobacco, it has antioxidant defense system and also can serve as a biomarker for oral diseases. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate salivary oxidative stress levels among smokers and chewers. Unstimulated saliva from 240 males who visited tobacco cessation clinic for the first time was collected. Standard protocol was followed to collect saliva and assess salivary antioxidant levels from 80 participants with the habit of smoking, smokeless, and both (smoking and smokeless) tobacco users. The collected data were statistically analyzed. The mean salivary superoxide dismutase and malonyldialdehyde levels were significantly high for participants with both habits (P < 0.000). There was a significant high reduction of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in participants with both habits (P < 0.000). Both smoking and smokeless tobacco modify salivary antioxidant activity. The estimation of salivary oxidative stress can serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for oral tissue damage and dysplasia. Furthermore, they can function as early biomarkers in preventing dysplastic changes in the oral cavity.

Salivary Antioxidants Levels in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is one of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa, which exact pathogenesis remains unknown. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species could play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. This study aimed to compare the salivary levels of uric acid, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and albumin in the patients with oral lichen planus and healthy subjects. Thirty patients with oral lichen planus and 30 healthy subjects, who were matched for age and sex, were enrolled in this case-control study. The salivary concentration of uric acid, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and albumin were examined in these individuals using the spectrophotometry and coulometric technique. The data were analyzed through Mann-Whitney test and T test by SPSS software (ver. 19). Salivary uric acid and albumin levels in patients with oral lichen planus and healthy controls were not statistically different (p > 0.05); however, the concentrations of salivary superoxide dismutase in OLP patients (660.4 ± 266.4 U/g protein) and healthy controls (935.73 ± 561.9 U/g protein) were significantly different (p < 0/05). Also, salivary glutathione peroxidase levels in healthy controls (1049.98 ± 964.56 mU/mL) were remarkably higher than OLP patients (244.12 ± 170.78 mU/mL) (p < 0/001). The salivary superoxide dismutase concentration, as an indicator of antioxidant system, in OLP patients was significantly higher than healthy subjects. The glutathione peroxidase levels in these patients were remarkably lower than healthy controls. It is suggestive that these markers could be effective in pathogenesis of OLP.

Alterations of serum and saliva oxidative markers in patients with bronchial asthma

Backgrounds The development of asthma is highly affected by exposure to exogenous and endogenous oxidative molecules, but the impact of this exposure on the pathophysiology of asthma has received little attention. Objectives Evaluating group of selective oxidative stress markers as a tool in the management of asthma disease. Methods In comparison with matched healthy controls, levels of the oxidant and antioxidant markers: lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA), Total glutathione (tGSH), Uric acid (UA), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT) superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in serum and saliva of different asthma groups. Results All oxidative markers in serum and saliva of asthma patients showed significant alterations from normal healthy controls (P < 0.05), except the salivary SOD (P = 0.441). Their levels in serum were significantly correlated with asthma severity (P < 0.05), and the distinguishing between childhood and adult asthma was significantly accomplished by GPx, SOD, TAC markers (P < 0.05). However, in patients with childhood asthma no significant differences were detected between the levels of GPx, CAT, UA, MDA in serum and saliva samples (P > 0.05). Conclusion Determination of the oxidative markers GPx, CAT, UA in serum or saliva can distinguish asthma from healthy states. The serum levels of UA and TAC are highly effective in monitoring asthma severity, while the salivary GPx, CAT, UA, MDA are beneficial in the management of childhood asthma. Discrimination of the age factor between asthma groups can be achieved by testing GPx, SOD, TAC in serum.

Evaluation of Salivary Superoxide Dismutase Levels in Oral Submucous Fibrosis – A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder with areca nut being the main etiological agent. Increased risk of malignant potential of OSMF necessitates the early diagnosis of the condition. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) scavenges oxygenated free radicals and can be used as a potential biomarker for oral cancer detection.&#x0D; Objectives: The present study was conducted to estimate and compare salivary SOD levels in patients with OSMF and healthy controls and to compare its levels in different clinical and functional stages of OSMF.&#x0D; Methodology: The study group (Group 1) included 30 patients of OSMF, and the control group (Group 2) was formed by age and sex-matched healthy individuals. Salivary SOD levels were determined by Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) chloride method. The levels of salivary SOD were compared between the two groups and the data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using independent sample t-test and one way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.&#x0D; Results: The mean salivary SOD in the study group was 0.583 IU/mL and 0.864 IU/mL in control group and the difference was found to be statistically significant. Thus, the patients with OSMF had significantly lower levels of salivary SOD compared to the controls.&#x0D; Conclusion: The decrease in the salivary SOD levels in patients with OSMF suggests the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of OSMF and initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. Thus, it can be used as a prognostic marker for early detection of carcinoma in patients with OSMF and thereby, improving the quality of life patients.

Estimation of salivary superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase individuals with and without tobacco habits

Context: Tobacco usage is associated with the derailment of antioxidant status. Salivary studies for diagnostic potential as a biofluid. Saliva may provide acumen into disease pathogenesis. Aims: To determine the influence of tobacco on salivary superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) enzyme levels in individuals with and without tobacco habits. Settings and Design: One mL of unstimulated whole saliva was collected, centrifuged immediately at 2000 RPM, and stored at 4°C for analysis. The supernatant was aspirated and assayed. Methods and Material: Eighty males subjects aged 25–40 years were selected and included 20 controls, 20 smokers, 20 chewers, and 20 with both habits. The saliva samples were collected and SOD, GPX, CAT levels were analyzed using UV spectrophotometric assay. Statistical Analysis Used: Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison taking the probability value of P ≤ 0.05 as statistically significant using SPSS 20.0 version. Results: SOD, CAT, GPX enzyme levels in the saliva were significantly lower in those with tobacco habit than in the controls (P Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of saliva as an easy noninvasive tool in diagnosing patients who are more prone to precancerous lesions and conditions, and its importance in patient education and motivation programs for tobacco habit cessation.

Salivary enzymatic antioxidant activity and dental caries: A cross-sectional study.

Oxidative stress has been identified as a predisposing factor for dental caries. Saliva, as a rich source of antioxidants, plays an essential role in the protection against dental caries. Salivary enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of salivary enzymatic antioxidant activity with different levels of dental caries in children. In this cross-sectional study, 90 healthy children aged 7-12 years (36 girls, 54 boys) were investigated. Demographic information was gathered and dental examinations were provided for all participants. Then, unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected in the morning. The salivary SOD, CAT and GPx activity was measured spectrophotometrically. For statistical analysis, Spearman's correlation test, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used with the SPSS for Windows software, v. 16. Our results showed no significant correlation between SOD, CAT and GPx and the decayed, missing, filled teeth index for permanent/primary dentition (DMFT/dmft). The CAT activity was elevated in proportion to the number of decayed teeth. The SOD activity showed a positive correlation with the frequency of tooth brushing. The activity of SOD, CAT and GPx was higher in boys than in girls. An inverse relationship between enzymatic antioxidant activity and age was also observed. Although enzymatic antioxidants had no positive correlation with DMFT/dmft, they were positively correlated with the number of decayed teeth and the improvement of oral hygiene.

Salivary antioxidant enzymes associated with oral toxicity in haematopoietic cell transplantation: An observational study.

In haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), oral mucositis and xerostomia are related to conditioning-related oxidative stress. The role of salivary antioxidant enzymes in oral toxicity is poorly described. The aim of this study was to verify the association between salivary antioxidant enzymes and oral mucositis and xerostomia in HCT. Saliva from autologous and allogeneic HCT patients (n = 77) was selected before conditioning (T0), during the neutropenia period (T1) and after marrow engraftment (T2). Salivary flow, total salivary proteins, and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities were measured. There were no significant differences in salivary flow, total salivary proteins and catalase at the three HCT time points. Glutathione reductase levels were reduced at T1 compared to T0 (P=.013) and T2 (P=.001). Superoxide dismutase levels were increased from T0 to T2 (P=.013). Neither of these enzymes was associated with oral mucositis. Increased superoxide dismutase levels were associated with xerostomia frequency. Levels of this enzyme also showed significant correlation with days of xerostomia in T2 (ρ=.40, P=.002). Salivary antioxidant enzymes changed before and during early periods after HCT. The increase in salivary superoxide dismutase suggested partial activation of the salivary antioxidant system and was associated with xerostomia.

Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Treatment for Periodontal Disease in Older Adults.

Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the main causes of tooth loss and is related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Although different treatments have been proposed in the past, the vast majority do not regenerate lost tissues. In this sense, the use of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DPMSCs) seems to be an alternative for the regeneration of periodontal bone tissue. A quasi-experimental study was conducted in a sample of 22 adults between 55 and 64 years of age with PD, without uncontrolled systemic chronic diseases. Two groups were formed randomly: (i) experimental group (EG) n = 11, with a treatment based on DPMSCs; and a (ii) control group (CG) n = 11, without a treatment of DPMSCs. Every participant underwent clinical and radiological evaluations and measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) by tomography. Saliva samples were taken as well, to determine the total concentration of antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipoperoxides, and interleukins (IL), before and 6 months after treatment. All subjects underwent curettage and periodontal surgery, the EG had a collagen scaffold treated with DPMSCs, while the CG only had the collagen scaffold placed. The EG with DPMSCs showed an increase in the BMD of the alveolar bone with a borderline statistical significance (baseline 638.82 ± 181.7 vs. posttreatment 781.26 ± 162.2 HU, p = 0.09). Regarding oxidative stress and inflammation markers, salivary SOD levels were significantly higher in EG (baseline 1.49 ± 0.96 vs. 2.14 ± 1.12 U/L posttreatment, p < 0.05) meanwhile IL1β levels had a decrease (baseline 1001.91 ± 675.5vs. posttreatment 722.3 ± 349.4 pg/ml, p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that a DPMSCs treatment based on DPMSCs has both an effect on bone regeneration linked to an increased SOD and decreased levels of IL1β in aging subjects with PD.

Is Salivary Busulfan the Cause of Oral Mucositis and the Changes in Salivary Antioxidant Enzymes After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation?

To determine whether the busulfan (Bu) present in saliva during hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) conditioning correlates with oral mucositis and the changes in salivary antioxidant enzymes. Bu levels in the plasma and saliva of 19 patients who received HCTs were quantified. Salivary flow and salivary superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were measured during HCT. For the toxicity analysis of salivary Bu, an in vitro assay was conducted by exposing human keratinocytes to artificial saliva containing Bu. Plasma and salivary Bu concentrations were very similar (rho = 0.92, P < 0.001). Salivary Bu concentration correlated with the degree of oral mucositis severity (rho = 0.391, P = 0.029) and was inversely proportional to salivary superoxide dismutase and catalase activities (rho = -0.458, P = 0.036; rho = -0.424, P = 0.043, respectively). Cells exposed to Bu-containing saliva had fewer viable cells (P < 0.01) and more apoptotic cells (P = 0.001) than those exposed to non-Bu-containing saliva. Bu found in saliva during HCT conditioning was correlated with severe oral mucositis and the reduction in salivary antioxidative activity. Furthermore, Bu can be toxic to keratinocytes.

Effect of levetiracetam drug on antioxidant and liver enzymes in epileptic patients: case-control study.

There is a limited amount of data regarding levetiracetam (LEV), an antiepileptic drug. This study was conducted to assess the effect of LEV on antioxidant status and liver enzymes. In this case-control study, 33 epileptic patients under treatment with LEV for at least 6 months were compared with 35 healthy subjects. We measured serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), salivary superoxide dismutase (SOD), alanine aminoteransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminoteransferase (AST) levels in both groups. Dietary intakes were collected using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The level of TAC in the healthy subjects was significantly higher than it was in the patients (P=0.02), but the mean of ALT (P=0.02) and AST (P=0.03) was significantly higher in the patients in comparison with the controls. Mean salivary SOD showed no difference between the two groups. In the patients, the duration of drug use was inversely correlated with serum TAC (p=0.04) and had a direct correlation with ALT (p=0.01) and AST (p=0.03.). The results of our study indicated that LEV increased liver enzymes Also, treatment with this drug did not improve oxidative stress, but this could be due to the different in the dietary antioxidant intake. Routine screening of the liver and antioxidant enzymes in patients with chronic use of LEV is recommended.

Saliva profiles in children with congenital heart disease.

The low salivary pH and buffering capacity are caused by using heart failure medications. For this reason oral health should be supported in cardiac patients, it is necessary that they attend dental clinics for regular follow up. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the salivary oxidative stress markers and salivary pH, salivary buffering capacity, salivary flow rate and dental caries of children with congenital heart disease (CHD). This cross sectional study was carried out with 42 CHD and 42 healthy children. The participants' gender, age, general health and medications, and caries scores (dfs/ DMFS) were written down, then their unstimulated saliva samples were collected. These specimens were evaluated in terms of the salivary secretion rate, salivary buffering capacity, pH, protein levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl, protein thiols, total sialic acid. Both groups showed caries at similar levels. The salivary pH and buffering capacity were significantly less in the children with CHD than in the controls. The levels of TBARS and protein carbonyl were significantly higher in the children with CHD than in the controls. There was not any significant difference relating to the mean salivary secretion rate, protein levels, SOD, FRAP, protein thiols and total sialic acid. The elevated TBARS and protein carbonyl levels in the patients with CHD were observed as an indicator of the free radical damage leading to oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress status in hypertensive patients on amlodipine treatment

Background: Oxidative stress may contribute to the etiology of hypertension in humans. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense mechanisms, causing damage to biological macromolecules and dysregulation of normal metabolism and physiology. Amlodipine as an antihypertensive agent is a long-acting calcium channel blocker that dilates blood vessels and improves blood flow. The aim of this study was to assess the oxidative stress in hypertensive patients on Amlodipine treatment through the assessment of salivary Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a marker of oxidative stress.&#x0D; Material and method: 60 individuals were included in this study, divided into two groups; the first group composed of 30 hypertensive patients on Amlodipine antihypertensive agent. The second group, the control group, composed of 30 healthy subjects without any systemic disease and with almost healthy oral hygiene. Intraoral examination was done for each individual and salivary samples were collected with the salivary flow rate (F/R) which was calculated in ml per minute and pH was measured by pH meter. Salivary MDA and SOD were analyzed by using ELISA kit based on the principle of competitive enzyme immunoassay technique; the concentrations of markers were measured by spectrophotometer at 450nm in a microplate reader.&#x0D; Results: Salivary MDA was significantly higher in hypertensive patients compared to control, while salivary SOD was significantly lower in patients than control group. Salivary flow rate and pH was significantly lower in patients as compared to the control group.&#x0D; Conclusions: There is a relation between oxidative stress and hypertension. Salivary MDA and SOD can be used as potential marker for monitoring patients with Hypertension.&#x0D; Keywords: hypertension, Oxidative stress, Amlodipine, MDA and SOD

Evaluation of the Status of Salivary Antioxidants in Dental Caries.

Dental caries is a communicable and the most prevalent infectious disease worldwide. Salivary oxidative stress and antioxidants may play a pivotal role in caries prevention, progression and pathogenesis. In this study, salivary superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and uric acid levels were evaluated in dental caries. One hundred male and female students in two groups (n=50) were subdivided into caries-active and caries-free (25) groups. Whole saliva samples were collected in the morning, and the salivary antioxidant levels were measured by a spectrophotometric assay. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The caries-active group had higher peroxidase, uric acid, catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels, and lower superoxide dismutase level as compared to the caries-free group. The comparison between males and females showed lower peroxidase, catalase and uric acid levels and higher glutathione peroxidase levels in the female group. The caries-active group had altered salivary antioxidant levels. Therefore, it was concluded that salivary antioxidants have significant effects on oral and dental health.

Associations between the phenotype and genotype of MnSOD and catalase in periodontal disease

BackgroundPeriodontal disease is an inflammatory disease in which pathogenic infections trigger a series of inflammatory responses and redox regulation. The hypothesis of this study was that a host’s redox regulation, as modified by genetic polymorphisms, may affect periodontal disease activities (including the plaque index (PlI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and pocket depth (PD)) during periodontal therapy.MethodsIn total, 175 patients diagnosed with periodontitis were recruited from the Department of Periodontology, Taipei Medical University Hospital. Both saliva samples and clinical measurements (PlI, BOP, and PD) were taken at the baseline and at 1 month after completing treatment. Salivary manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase, and corresponding genetic polymorphisms (MnSOD, T47C, rs4880 and Catalase, C-262 T, rs1001179) were determined. The extent of change (Δ) of MnSOD or catalase was calculated by subtracting the concentration after completing treatment from that at the baseline.ResultsSubjects who carried the Catalase CC genotype had significantly higher salivary MnSOD or catalase levels. The MnSOD genotype had a significant effect on the percentage of PDs of 4~9 mm (p = 0.02), and salivary ΔMnSOD had a significant effect on the PlI (p = 0.03). The Catalase genotype had a significant effect on the PlI (p = 0.01~0.04), but the effect was not found for the mean PlI or PD. There was a significant interaction between the MnSOD genotype and salivary ΔMnSOD on PDs of 4~9 mm. After adjusting for gender, years of schooling, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, subjects with ΔMnSOD of < 0 μg/ml or Δcatalase of < 0 μg/ml had significantly higher 5.58- or 5.17-fold responses to scaling and root planing treatment.ConclusionsThe MnSOD T47C genotype interferes with the phenotype of salivary antioxidant level, alters MnSOD levels, and influences the PD recovery. MnSOD and catalase gene polymorphism associated with phenotype expression and susceptibility in periodontal root planing treatment responses.