Salivary Secretory IgA Research Articles

The effect of 12-week high-dose Colostrum Bovinum supplementation on immunological, hematological and biochemical markers in endurance athletes: a randomized crossover placebo-controlled study

BackgroundBovine colostrum (COL) is assumed to be one of the strongest natural immune stimulants. Regular ingestion of COL may contribute to improved immune response in athletes exposed to high training loads.MethodsTwenty-eight endurance-trained males aged 31.1 ± 10.2 years (body mass 81.9 ± 9.0 kg; height 1.82 ± 0.06 m) completed this randomized double-blind placebo(PLA)-controlled crossover study aimed at investigating the effect of 12-week COL supplementation (25gCOL·day-1) on resting (REST), exercise-induced (POST-EX), and short-term post-exercise recovery (REC; 1 h after test exercise) changes in selected saliva and blood immunoglobulins (Ig), white blood cell (WBC) count and differential; as well as blood hematological, nutritional status and muscle damage indices. The protocol assumed 4 study visits – before/after supplementation with COL (COLPRE and COLPOST) and PLA (PLAPRE and PLAPOST). During testing sessions, incremental rowing test to exhaustion and swimming-specific performance test were introduced as exercise stimuli.ResultsAt COLPOST visit the secretory IgA (SIgA) concentration in saliva was significantly higher at POST-EX and REC compared to REST (p<0.05). COL supplementation had no effect on blood IgA, IgE, IgD, IgG, and IgM concentrations. Furthermore, after COL supplementation decrease of hematocrit at REC (p<0.05) was revealed.Conclusions12-week supplementation with 25 gCOL·day-1 in endurance-trained male athletes resulted in a favorable increase in post-exercise concentration of salivary SIgA. COL seems to be a potential stimulator of local immune defense after exercise-induced homeostasis disturbances. Nevertheless, the lack of effect on blood markers indicates the need for further research in the area of mechanisms underlying the effect of the supposed COL immunological capacity.

B cell senescence promotes age-related changes in oral microbiota.

In recent years, there has been increasing attention towards understanding the relationship between age-related alterations in the oral microbiota and age-associated diseases, with reports emphasizing the significance of maintaining a balanced oral microbiota for host health. However, the precise mechanisms underlying age-related changes in the oral microbiota remain elusive. We recently reported that cellular senescence of ileal germinal center (GC) B cells, triggered by the persistent presence of commensal bacteria, results in diminished IgA production with aging and subsequent alterations in the gut microbiota. Consequently, we hypothesize that a similar phenomenon may occur in the oral cavity, potentially contributing to age-related changes in the oral microbiota. Examination of p16-luc mice, wherein the expression of the senescent cell marker p16INK4a can be visualized, raised under specific pathogen-free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) conditions, indicated that, unlike ileal GC B cells, the accumulation of senescent cells in GC B cells of cervical lymph nodes increases with age regardless of the presence of commensal bacteria. Furthermore, longitudinal studies utilizing the same individual mice throughout their lifespan revealed concurrent age-related alterations in the composition of the oral microbiota and a decline in salivary IgA secretion. Further investigation involving Rag1-/- mice transplanted with B cells from wild-type or p16INK4a and p21Waf1/Cip1 -double knockout mice unveiled that B cell senescence leads to reduced IgA secretion and alteration of the oral microbiota. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanism of age-associated changes in the oral microbiota and open up possibilities of their control.

Exploring the impact of bubble type on sensory stimulation in drinks

This study explores the impact of various types of carbonation on sensory stimulation in the mouth, salivary secretion and the neurotransmitter substance P (SP), as well as body responses such as heart rate (HR) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). Three types of carbonation (one made using a soda machine, another carbonated with a gasifier, and the last commercial sparkling water) were used to produce different bubbles resulting in distinct sensory characteristics assessed by a trained panel. The impact of carbonation was measured by recording changes in salivary flow rate, SP levels, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), HR, and GSR in fifteen healthy participants. The results showed that the bubble type only affected the sensory perception of carbonation. Regardless of bubble type, carbonation increased salivary flow rate and SP values, SigA and HR. These characteristics are being sought to improve treatments for dysphagia or dry mouth. Therefore, these findings highlight the potential therapeutic application of carbonation in these situations.

Effects of different exercise intensities or durations on salivary IgA secretion

PurposeThis study aimed to examine changes in salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) secretion at different intensities or durations of acute exercise.MethodsTwelve healthy untrained young males were included in randomized crossover trials in Experiment 1 (cycling exercise for 30 min at a work rate equivalent to 35%, 55%, and 75% maximal oxygen uptake [V˙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\dot{\ ext{V}}}$$\\end{document}O2max]) and Experiment 2 (cycling exercise at 55% V˙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\dot{\ ext{V}}}$$\\end{document}O2max intensity for 30, 60, and 90 min). Saliva samples were collected at baseline, immediately after, and 60 min after each exercise.ResultsExperiment 1: The percentage change in the s-IgA secretion rate in the 75% V˙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\dot{\ ext{V}}}$$\\end{document}O2max trial was significantly lower than that in the 55% V˙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\dot{\ ext{V}}}$$\\end{document}O2max trial immediately after exercise (− 45.7%). The percentage change in the salivary concentration of cortisol, an s-IgA regulating factor, immediately after exercise significantly increased compared to that at baseline in the 75% V˙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\dot{\ ext{V}}}$$\\end{document}O2max trial (+ 107.6%). A significant negative correlation was observed between the percentage changes in saliva flow rate and salivary cortisol concentration (r = − 0.52, P < 0.01). Experiment 2: The percentage change in the s-IgA secretion rate in the 90-min trial was significantly lower than that in the 30-min trial immediately after exercise (−37.0%). However, the percentage change in salivary cortisol concentration remained the same.ConclusionOur findings suggest that a reduction in s-IgA secretion is induced by exercise intensity of greater than or equal to 75% V˙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\dot{\ ext{V}}}$$\\end{document}O2max for 30 min or exercise duration of greater than or equal to 90 min at 55% V˙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\dot{\ ext{V}}}$$\\end{document}O2max in healthy untrained young men.

Effect of 1% H2O2 on Three Salivary Stress Biomarkers, Cortisol, Alpha-Amylase, and sIgA

BackgroundDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, several associations worldwide have been recommending the use of 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse before dental treatments to reduce viral load in saliva. This protocol is also employed in stress studies, especially in the context of dental treatment that uses salivary biomarkers as an indicator. However, the effect of 1% hydrogen peroxide as mouth rinse on salivary biomarkers remains unclear. ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the effects of 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse on 3 salivary stress biomarkers—salivary cortisol, salivary secretory IgA, and salivary α-amylase—both on chemical influence and mechanical irrigation. Materials and methodsNinety healthy participants with confirmed negative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction results for COVID-19 at most 2 days prior to the experiment were included in this study. All participants were randomly allocated into 3 groups: experimental (1% hydrogen peroxide solution), positive control (distilled water), and negative control (no mouth rinse). Saliva samples were collected before and after mouth rinsing with the respective solutions. Salivary biomarkers were analysed using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. ResultsSalivary cortisol and salivary α-amylase did not significantly differ before and after rinsing, whilst salivary sIgA levels decreased in all 3 groups. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the changes of these biomarkers across the 3 groups. ConclusionsThis study shows that using 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse for universal precaution does not alter the levels of these 3 salivary biomarkers.

Colostrum and Preterm Babies: A Systematic Review.

Colostrum from mothers is rich in immunomodulating bio-factors such as immunoglobulins (IgA), lactoferrin, and oligosaccharides and supports gut microbial and inflammatory processes. The support in these processes may provide some relief for infants who are born pre-term. Pre-term infants are more likely to develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), late-onset sepsis (LOS), and ventilator-acquired/associated pneumonia (VAP). Due to the components of colostrum, there may be incentives towards early administration for preterm infants. An extensive literature review was done using ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. Only meta-analyses and experimental studies were used. The search included the keywords 'colostrum and preterm' and 'colostrum and necrotizing enterocolitis'. The initial search generated 13,543 articles and was narrowed to 25 articles through comprehensive inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were significantly higher levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in pre-term infants given colostrum and a decrease in Moraxellaceae and Staphylococcaceae. Salivary secretory IgA increased following oral colostrum administration in pre-term infants along with downregulation of interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-8. It was also observed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and interferon-gamma (IFN-g) were significantly higher in the control group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of LOS, NEC, or VAP between pre-term infants receiving colostrum and those who did not. Secondary outcomes such as time to full enteral feeding were improved in pre-term infants receiving oral colostrum in addition to reduced hospital stays. Lastly, there was no difference in mortality between pre-term infants that received colostrum compared to those who did not.

Effects of 24-week prebiotic intervention on self-reported upper respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and markers of immunity in elite rugby union players

ABSTRACT Objectives Elite rugby union players face numerous physiological and psychological stressors which can increase upper respiratory and gastrointestinal illness risk, and in turn can compromise training and competitive performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of daily prebiotic supplementation on upper respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and markers of immune function in elite rugby union players. Methods Thirty-three elite rugby union players were randomly assigned to consume a prebiotic (2.8 g/day galactooligosaccharide) or placebo (2.8 g/day maltodextrin), daily for 168 days under double-blind conditions. Participants completed daily and weekly questionnaires for self-reported upper respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms respectively. Blood and saliva samples were collected at 0, 84, and 168 days for assessment of plasma TNF-α and CRP, and saliva IgA respectively. Results The prebiotic group experienced a 2-day reduction in upper respiratory symptom duration (P = 0.045). Gastrointestinal symptom severity and incidence were lower in the prebiotic group compared to the placebo group (P < 0.001, P = 0.041) respectively. Salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate was 42% greater in the prebiotic group compared to the placebo group at day 168 (P = 0.004), no differences in CRP and TNF-α were found (P > 0.05). Conclusion A 168-day dietary prebiotic intervention reduced the duration of upper respiratory symptoms and reduced the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in elite rugby union players. These findings suggest that seasonal prebiotic interventions may be beneficial for reducing illness in elite rugby union players, improving their availability to train and compete. Key points Elite athletes are susceptible to upper respiratory symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms which may impact upon training availability and competition performance. For the first time, this study shows that a dietary prebiotic intervention can reduce the duration of upper respiratory symptoms by 2 days in elite rugby union players. Dietary prebiotic supplementation can improve the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms experienced by elite rugby union players. Prebiotic supplementation was able to increase salivary IgA secretion after 168 days. These findings can inform practice suggesting that seasonal prebiotic use has the potential to modulate immune function and reduce illness in elite rugby union, which may improve a player’s availability to train and compete. The mechanisms by which prebiotics reduce URS and GIS require further research exploration.

Changes in nasal, pharyngeal and salivary secretory IgA levels in patients with COVID-19 and the possibility of correction of their secretion using combined intranasal and oral administration of a pharmaceutical containing antigens of opportunistic microorganisms.

Although extensive research has been conducted on the role of local immunity in patients with SARS-CoV-2, little is known about the production and concentrations of secretory IgA (SIgA) in different mucosal compartments. This article aims to assess the secretion of SIgA in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and saliva of patients with COVID-19 and to investigate the possibility and efficiency of correction of their secretion using combined intranasal and oral administration of a pharmaceutical containing antigens of opportunistic microorganisms. This study included 78 inpatients, aged between 18 and 60 years, who had confirmed COVID-19 with moderate lung involvement. The control group (n=45) received basic therapy, and the treatment group (n=33) was additionally administered the bacteria-based pharmaceutical Immunovac VP4 from day 1 to day 10 of hospitalization. SIgA levels were measured by ELISA at baseline and on days 14 and 30. No systemic or local reactions associated with Immunovac VP4 were reported. We observed a statistically significant reduction in the duration of fever and hospitalization in patients who received Immunovac VP4 compared with those from the control group (p=0.03 and p=0.05, respectively). Changes over time in SIgA levels in nasal swabs were found to be significantly different in the two treatment groups (F=7.9, p[78.0]<0.001). On day 14 of observation, patients in the control group showed a statistically significant reduction in SIgA levels from baseline (p=0.02), whereas patients in the Immunovac VP4 group had stable SIgA levels (p=0.07). On day 30 after the start of treatment, there was a statistically significant increase in SIgA levels in the Immunovac VP4 group compared with baseline (from 77.7 (40.5-98.7) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8-156.7) μg/L; p=0.05) and the levels measured on day 14 (from 60.2 (23.3-102.9) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8-156.7) μg/L; p=0.03). The control group showed a statistically significant decrease in levels of nasal SIgA (to 37.3) on day 30 (p=0.007 for comparison with baseline values and p=0.04 for comparison with levels measured on day 14). Changes over time in SIgA levels measured in pharyngeal swabs were also different between the two treatment groups, and this difference reached statistical significance (F=6.5, p[73.0]=0.003). In the control group, this parameter did not change throughout the study (p=0.17 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 14 and the baseline values, and p=0.12 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 30 and the baseline values). In the Immunovac VP4 group, there was a statistically significant increase from baseline in SIgA levels on study day 30: from 1.5 (0.2-16.5) μg/L to 29.8 (3.6-106.8) μg/L (p=0.02). Changes over time in salivary SIgA did not show a significant difference between study groups (F=0.3, p[66.3]=0.75). As part of combination therapy, the bacteria-based immunostimulant agent Immunovac VP4 increases SIgA levels in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and induces clinical improvement. Induced mucosal immunity is central to the prevention of respiratory infections, particularly in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome.

Thermal stress, hydration, and salivary and respiratory stress markers in curling players performing a match in the cold.

Curling is a target-based team sport played in a cold environment. The type of stress curling players face during a curling match remains to be determined. In the present study, 16 Japanese curling players performed a practice curling match (six ends lasting 90 min), wherein the following variables were documented: core and skin temperatures, heart rate, thermal sensation and comfort, urine-specific gravity, body fluid loss, salivary cortisol, α-amylase activity, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and fractionated exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO, a respiratory stress marker). Pre-match resting core temperature was 37.24 ± 0.31°C, which increased up to 37.73 ± 0.41°C during the match (p < 0.001). Facial skin temperatures decreased after the match (all p ≤ 0.015), whereas finger skin temperatures remained unchanged (p ≥ 0.375). Thermal discomfort increased following the match but thermal sensation remained unchanged. Following the match, players lost 0.29 ± 0.15 L body fluid (sweat, respiratory evaporation, and urine), which was nearly compensated by fluid ingestion of 0.22 ± 0.13 L (p = 0.119). Nevertheless, urine-specific gravity increased from 1.021 ± 0.010 to 1.024 ± 0.008 after the match (p = 0.012), with 31% and 50% players being dehydrated at pre- and post-match, respectively. Salivary cortisol decreased (p < 0.001) after the match without changes in salivary SIgA, α-amylase activity, and FeNO (all p ≥ 0.113). Therefore, during a curling match, the core temperature and thermal discomfort increase, whereas the face skin temperature decreases. Additionally, players may undergo dehydration before the match, which could be exacerbated after the match.

Human salivary protein-derived peptides specific-salivary SIgA antibodies enhanced by nasal double DNA adjuvant in mice play an essential role in preventing Porphyromonas gingivalis colonization: an in-vitro study

BackgroundWe previously showed that fimbriae-bore from Poryphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), one of the putative periodontopathogenic bacteria specifically bound to a peptide domain (stat23, prp21) shared on statherin or acidic proline-rich protein 1 (PRP1) molecule of human salivary proteins (HSPs). Here, we investigated whether the nasal administration of DNA plasmid expressing Flt3 ligand (pFL) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 as double DNA adjuvant (dDA) with stat23 and prpr21 induces antigen (Ag)-specific salivary secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies (Abs) in mice. Further, we examined that stat23- and prpr21-specific salivary SIgA Abs induced by dDA have an impact on Pg-binding to human whole saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads (wsHAPs).Material and methodsC57BL/6N mice were nasally immunized with dDA plus sta23 or/and prp21 peptide as Ag four times at weekly intervals. Saliva was collected one week after the final immunization and was subjected to Ag-specific ELISA. To examine the functional applicability of Ag-specific SIgA Abs, SIgA-enriched saliva samples were subjected to Pg binding inhibition assay to wsHAPs.ResultsSignificantly elevated levels of salivary SIgA Ab to stat23 or prp21 were seen in mice given nasal stat23 or prp21 with dDA compared to those in mice given Ag alone. Of interest, mice nasally given the mixture of stat23 and prp21 as double Ags plus dDA, resulted in both stat23- and prp21-specific salivary SIgA Ab responses, which are mediated through significantly increased numbers of CD11c+ dendritic cell populations and markedly elevated Th1 and Th2 cytokines production by CD4+ T cells in the mucosal inductive and effector tissues. The SIgA Ab-enriched saliva showed significantly reduced numbers of live Pg cells binding to wsHAPs as compared with those in mice given double Ags without dDA or naïve mice. Additionally, saliva from IgA-deficient mice given nasal double Ags plus dDA indicated no decrease of live Pg binding to wsHAPs.ConclusionThese findings show that HSP-derived peptides-specific salivary SIgA Abs induced by nasal administration of stat23 and prp21 peptides plus dDA, play an essential role in preventing Pg attachment and colonization on the surface of teeth, suggesting a potency that the SIgA may interrupt and mask fimbriae-binding domains in HSPs on the teeth.

Intake of Lactobacillus paragasseri SBT2055 improves subjective symptoms of common cold during winter season in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group comparative study.

Lactobacillus paragasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) has been reported to show immunostimulating effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of LG2055 on the subjective symptoms of the physical condition in healthy adults. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparative study, Japanese individuals aged 20-64 years were recruited. A total of 200 participants were randomly divided into two groups by an independent controller (LG2055 and placebo groups; 100 participants per group). Drinkable yogurts containing LG2055 or lacking LG2055 (placebo) were used as test samples. The participants ingested one bottle of the test sample once a day for 12 weeks. A daily physical health questionnaire survey (about common cold symptoms) was performed as the primary outcome, and immunological and oxidative stress markers in saliva and serum were evaluated as secondary outcomes. In total, 198 participants completed the scheduled intake of the test samples, and five participants were excluded from the final analysis. Consequently, 193 participants (LG2055 group, n = 97; placebo group, n = 96) in the Per-Protocol Set were included in the efficacy analysis. The cumulative days of each symptom were evaluated, and the LG2055 group showed a significantly higher ratio of "without symptom" in runny nose, plugged nose, sneezing, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, feeling tired, and fever than the placebo group, indicating that the incidence rates of common cold symptoms were lower in the LG2055 group. Additionally, changes in the salivary secretory IgA levels were significantly higher, and the serum derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites levels were significantly lower in the LG2055 group. Our study revealed that intake of LG2055 decreased common cold symptoms and improved immune parameters in healthy adults. This suggests that LG2055 contributes to the maintenance of physical conditions by improving the host immune system. [https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm], identifier [UMIN000045901].

Emotional responses of piglets under long-term exposure to negative and positive auditory stimuli

The stress caused by sound is inevitable. The stress caused by noise and the positive effects of music can affect the endocrine of animals and their welfare. In this study, a total of 72 hybrid piglets (Large White × Duroc × Min pig) were randomly divided into 3 groups, including music (Mozart K.448, 60–70 dB), noise (recorded mechanical noise, 80-85 dB), and control (natural background sound, <40 dB) groups. S-IgA (secretory immunoglobulin A), IL-6 (interleukin-6), IL-8 (interleukin-8), and positive emotion-related behaviors were used as indicators to discuss whether noise induced stress and inflammation in piglets or whether music could have positive effects. Six hours of auditory exposure were given daily (10:00–16:00), which lasted for 56 days. Behavioral responses of the piglets were observed, and the concentrations of salivary S-IgA and serum IL-6 and IL-8 were measured. The results showed that the concentration of S-IgA increased in the noise and control groups on the 57th day (P < 0.05); S-IgA concentration in the music group was unchanged after long-term music exposure. The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 showed that long-term noise exposure might lead to stress and inflammation in piglets. Tail-wagging and play behaviors of the piglets in the music group were significantly greater than those in the noise and control groups, which implied that long-term music exposure improved the emotional state of the piglets in a restricted and barren environment.

Application of Lactobaillus salivarius WB21 to the Oral Care of Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Comparative Study.

Objective: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover comparative study was conducted in a healthy older population to assess the usefulness of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 (WB21) ingestion for oral self-care. Methods: The study population included 33 healthy older individuals who were randomly divided into two groups (A and B). Group A consumed WB21 tablets during the first two months and placebo tablets during the following two months. Group B consumed placebo tablets during the first two months and WB21 tablets during the following two months. Before and after ingestion, oral examination, mouth odor test, and saliva collection were performed a total of four times. In addition, health conditions were obtained from a questionnaire survey at the study’s midpoint. Results: Two people in group A and one person in group B dropped out of the study. Thus, 15 people in group A and 15 people in group B were included in the analysis. Over two months of WB21 ingestion, salivary secretory IgA increased significantly (p = 0.047) and tongue coating score decreased significantly (p = 0.013). The plaque index, bleeding on probing, and mouth odor levels (H2S and CH3SH concentrations) did not change. During the 6-month study period, no caries, deterioration of periodontitis, or changes in oral health or systemic subjective symptoms were observed. Conclusion: Continuous ingestion of WB21-containing tablets may promote self-care of the teeth and mouths of healthy older adults. Trial registration: R000028335 (UMIN-CTR).

Acute Effects Of Different Exercise Modes On Salivary Iga And Plasma Cortisol Secretory Responses

Salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA) prevent bacterial attachment to the mucosal surfaces. High-intensity or long-term exercise causes a transient decrease in oral immune function through decreased salivary IgA secretion, and this response is associated with exercise-induced stress, such as cortisol. However, it is unclear whether differences in exercise modes affect salivary IgA and plasma cortisol secretory responses. PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to examine whether differences in exercise modes affect salivary IgA and plasma cortisol secretory responses to a single bout of exercise. METHODS:Seven healthy young males with no exercise habits participated in the study. Subjects randomly performed two conditions: moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) for 20 min cycle exercise at a work rate equivalent to 70% VO2max, and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, same total exercising volume to MICE) for 20 min cycle exercise, consisting of five 2 min bouts at 90% VO2max with 2 min active recovery at 50% VO2max. Saliva and blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 30 min after each exercise condition. The salivary IgA secretion rate was calculated from salivary IgA concentration and saliva volume per minute. RESULTS:In MICE, change in salivary IgA secretion rate at immediately after and 30 min after exercise was significantly lower than that before exercise (P < 0.05), but did not change in HIIE. In addition, the amount of change (area under the curve) in salivary IgA secretion rate in MICE was lower than that in HIIE (P < 0.05). Plasma cortisol concentration did not change in both MICE and HIIE. However, there was a significant negative correlation between salivary IgA secretion rate and plasma cortisol concentration in MICE (r = -0.544, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that the salivary IgA secretory response may differ with different exercise modes. In MICE, the reduced salivary IgA secretory response may be associated with the increase in systemic cortisol concentration. Supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (#19 K22828, M. Iemitsu)

The Effects Of Cardiorespiratory Fitness On Changes In Salivary Immunoglobulin A (siga) Following Maximal Exercise

Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels are recognized as a physiological marker of the health of the human mucosal immune system. Previous research has shown SIgA concentrations decrease immediately following high intensity and long duration exercise while moderate intensity exercise may result in an increase in SIgA levels. More recently, researchers have suggested that a person’s cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) may impact SIgA response following acute exercise. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of CRF on SIgA changes following maximal exercise. METHODS: Unstimulated saliva was collected from twenty-three (5 males, 18 females) healthy college students (mAge = 20.1 ± 1.2) before and 5 minutes after a VO2max test. Samples were measured for volume to determine salivary flow rate (SFR). Biochemical analysis was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine absolute SIgA concentrations. Additionally, SIgA secretion rate was computed from SFR and absolute SIgA concentrations. A median split was performed to establish a higher fitness group (HF) and a lower fitness (LF) group. RESULTS: The HF group (m = 50.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) was significantly different than the LF group (m = 38.2 mL·kg-1·min-1), t(21) = 4.67, p < .001. No differences were determined between changes in SIgA concentrations of the HF group (m = 398.9 μg·mL-1) and the LF group (m = 278.3 μg·mL-1). Moreover, there was no difference in changes in secretion rate between the HF (m = 148.1 μg·min-1) and LF (m = 175.5 μg/min) groups or SFR for the HF (m = -72.29 μg·min-1) and LF (m = 58.58 μg·min-1) groups. CONCLUSION: Cardiorespiratory fitness does not appear to affect the concentration, secretion rate or salivary flow rate of SIgA following maximal exercise.

Distinct Immunological Profiles Help in the Maintenance of Salivary Secretory IgA Production in Mild Symptoms COVID-19 Patients.

BackgroundRelevant aspects regarding the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the systemic immune response to this infection have been reported. However, the mucosal immune response of the upper airways two months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with mild/moderate symptoms is still not completely described. Therefore, we investigated the immune/inflammatory responses of the mucosa of the upper airways of mild/moderate symptom COVID-19 patients two months after the SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison to a control group composed of non-COVID-19 healthy individuals.MethodsA cohort of 80 volunteers (age 37.2 ± 8.2), including non-COVID-19 healthy individuals (n=24) and COVID-19 patients (n=56) who presented mild/moderate symptoms during a COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil in November and December of 2020. Saliva samples were obtained two months after the COVID-19 diagnosis to assess the levels of SIgA by ELISA and the cytokines by multiplex analysis.ResultsSalivary levels of SIgA were detected in 39 volunteers into the COVID-19 group and, unexpectedly, in 14 volunteers in the control group. Based on this observation, we distributed the volunteers of the control group into without SIgA or with SIgA sub-groups, and COVID-19 group into without SIgA or with SIgA sub-groups. Individuals with SIgA showed higher levels of IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-13, and IFN-α than those without SIgA. In intergroup analysis, the COVID-19 groups showed higher salivary levels of IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, and IFN-α than the control group. No statistical differences were verified in the salivary levels of IL-6 and IFN-β. Lower IL-12p70/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios were found in the control group without SIgA than the control group with SIgA and the COVID-19 group with SIgA.ConclusionWe were able to present, for the first time, that associations between distinct immunological profiles can help the mucosal immunity to maintain the salivary levels of SIgA in COVID-19 patients two months after the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Monitoring Training Load, Immune-Endocrine, Autonomic Nervous System Responses, and Swimming Performance in Women’s Water Polo

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purposes of the study were to: i) verify the variations in training load and the subsequent effects on swimming performance parameters, biochemical parameters, and autonomic nervous activity during a water polo season; ii) investigate the sensitivity of physiological markers in tracking training load and performance variations, and iii) verify the overreaching prevalence. Method: The training load of 20 female water polo players was monitored (using the session rating of perceived exertion method [sRPE], training monotony, and strain), and the lactate minimum speed (LMS), repeated sprint ability (RSA), plasma hormone and glutamine concentration, salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and heart rate variability (lnRMSSD) were evaluated during the season. Result: The training load parameters were higher in the competitive cycle (p ≤ 0.002). The LMS improved only in the general cycle from baseline (p = .015), while the RSA best time improved in the general (p = .002) and specific cycles (p = .012) from baseline and deteriorated in the competitive from general cycle (p = .008). The SIgA secretion rate presented a reduction only in the specific cycle from baseline (p = .032), while the lnRMSSD increased in the general (p = .038) and competitive (p < .001) cycles from baseline. Five athletes were diagnosed as overreaching state. Conclusion: Therefore, the physiological markers (i.e., plasma hormone and glutamine concentration, SIgA, and lnRMSSD) showed little sensitivity to detect changes in training load and swimming performance. The higher training loads applied in the competitive cycle seem to limit swimming performance gains.

The Effect of Massage on Salivary Secretory Iga Level in Preterm Infants

The Effect of Massage on Salivary Secretory Iga Level in Preterm Infants

Upper respiratory tract symptom risk in elite field hockey players during a dry run for the Tokyo Olympics

ABSTRACT The primary aim of this study was to examine if biomarker and/or self-reported data could predict upper respiratory tract symptom (URTS) risk in elite field hockey players. The secondary aim was to investigate the effect of the additional stressor ‘repeated heat exposure’ on measures of thermoregulation and immunity. A prospective cohort repeated measures study design was used to collect URTS, household illness, self-reported wellness, biomarker and thermoregulatory data from elite male field hockey players (n = 19), during an 8-week training and competition period that simulated the preparatory and competition phases of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Heat response testing (HRT) was performed at the beginning of the study period, following heat acclimation (HA) and following an intensified competition period (ICP) played in hot and humid conditions (27–37°C and 53–80% relative humidity). Univariate frailty analysis demonstrated that illness in players' households (Hazard ratio (HR: 4.90; p < 0.001)) and self-reported stress (HR: 0.63; p = 0.043) predicted players' risk for URTS. Additionally, low baseline resting salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration predicted players' “potential” URTS risk (p = 0.021). The additional stressor “repeated heat exposure” was found to facilitate partial thermoregulatory adaptation without attenuating resting immune functions. In conclusion, lifestyle and behavioural factors (i.e. household illness and stress) influenced players risk for URTS more so than sport-related stressors. Furthermore, repeated heat exposure did not appear to compromise players resting immunity. To assess athletes’ risk for URTS, baseline screening of SIgA concentration and regular monitoring of self-reported lifestyle and behavioural data are recommended. Highlights Self-reported illness in players’ households and higher self-reported stress significantly predicted increased upper respiratory tract symptom risk. Low baseline salivary secretory immunoglobulin A concentration predicted players “potential” URTS risk. Repeated heat exposures facilitated partial thermoregulatory adaptation without altering resting immunity.

Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil.

Interactions between parasites during co-infections are often complex and can impact immunization and treatment programmes, as well as disease outcomes and morbidity. However, little is known about these interactions and the mechanisms involved. In this study, a coproparasitological survey was carried out in school-age children living in endemic areas of parasitic infection in the state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. Anti-helminth-specific and total secretory immunoglobulin-A (SIgA) levels were measured in stool and saliva samples and were compared in children presenting monoparasitism, polyparasitism (helminths and/or intestinal protozoa) and no infections. The survey showed that protozoa were more prevalent than helminths, and that there was a high frequency of polyparasitism in the studied population, mainly from combinations of protozoan species. Although less frequent, combinations between species of protozoa and helminths were also observed. The levels of salivary SIgA in these co-infected individuals were lower than the average observed in infections with helminths alone. Although the children participating in this survey were asymptomatic, and it was, therefore, not possible to evaluate the impact of salivary SIgA reduction on the diseases, and the study highlights the need for further investigations of co-infections by intestinal parasites and the effects on immune response induced by the interactions between different parasites.