Salivary Immunoglobulin A Secretion Rate Research Articles

Acute Effects Of Different Exercise Modes On Salivary Iga And Plasma Cortisol Secretory Responses

Salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA) prevent bacterial attachment to the mucosal surfaces. High-intensity or long-term exercise causes a transient decrease in oral immune function through decreased salivary IgA secretion, and this response is associated with exercise-induced stress, such as cortisol. However, it is unclear whether differences in exercise modes affect salivary IgA and plasma cortisol secretory responses. PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to examine whether differences in exercise modes affect salivary IgA and plasma cortisol secretory responses to a single bout of exercise. METHODS:Seven healthy young males with no exercise habits participated in the study. Subjects randomly performed two conditions: moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) for 20 min cycle exercise at a work rate equivalent to 70% VO2max, and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, same total exercising volume to MICE) for 20 min cycle exercise, consisting of five 2 min bouts at 90% VO2max with 2 min active recovery at 50% VO2max. Saliva and blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 30 min after each exercise condition. The salivary IgA secretion rate was calculated from salivary IgA concentration and saliva volume per minute. RESULTS:In MICE, change in salivary IgA secretion rate at immediately after and 30 min after exercise was significantly lower than that before exercise (P < 0.05), but did not change in HIIE. In addition, the amount of change (area under the curve) in salivary IgA secretion rate in MICE was lower than that in HIIE (P < 0.05). Plasma cortisol concentration did not change in both MICE and HIIE. However, there was a significant negative correlation between salivary IgA secretion rate and plasma cortisol concentration in MICE (r = -0.544, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that the salivary IgA secretory response may differ with different exercise modes. In MICE, the reduced salivary IgA secretory response may be associated with the increase in systemic cortisol concentration. Supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (#19 K22828, M. Iemitsu)

The Effects Of Cardiorespiratory Fitness On Changes In Salivary Immunoglobulin A (siga) Following Maximal Exercise

Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels are recognized as a physiological marker of the health of the human mucosal immune system. Previous research has shown SIgA concentrations decrease immediately following high intensity and long duration exercise while moderate intensity exercise may result in an increase in SIgA levels. More recently, researchers have suggested that a person’s cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) may impact SIgA response following acute exercise. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of CRF on SIgA changes following maximal exercise. METHODS: Unstimulated saliva was collected from twenty-three (5 males, 18 females) healthy college students (mAge = 20.1 ± 1.2) before and 5 minutes after a VO2max test. Samples were measured for volume to determine salivary flow rate (SFR). Biochemical analysis was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine absolute SIgA concentrations. Additionally, SIgA secretion rate was computed from SFR and absolute SIgA concentrations. A median split was performed to establish a higher fitness group (HF) and a lower fitness (LF) group. RESULTS: The HF group (m = 50.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) was significantly different than the LF group (m = 38.2 mL·kg-1·min-1), t(21) = 4.67, p < .001. No differences were determined between changes in SIgA concentrations of the HF group (m = 398.9 μg·mL-1) and the LF group (m = 278.3 μg·mL-1). Moreover, there was no difference in changes in secretion rate between the HF (m = 148.1 μg·min-1) and LF (m = 175.5 μg/min) groups or SFR for the HF (m = -72.29 μg·min-1) and LF (m = 58.58 μg·min-1) groups. CONCLUSION: Cardiorespiratory fitness does not appear to affect the concentration, secretion rate or salivary flow rate of SIgA following maximal exercise.

Monitoring Training Load, Immune-Endocrine, Autonomic Nervous System Responses, and Swimming Performance in Women’s Water Polo

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purposes of the study were to: i) verify the variations in training load and the subsequent effects on swimming performance parameters, biochemical parameters, and autonomic nervous activity during a water polo season; ii) investigate the sensitivity of physiological markers in tracking training load and performance variations, and iii) verify the overreaching prevalence. Method: The training load of 20 female water polo players was monitored (using the session rating of perceived exertion method [sRPE], training monotony, and strain), and the lactate minimum speed (LMS), repeated sprint ability (RSA), plasma hormone and glutamine concentration, salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and heart rate variability (lnRMSSD) were evaluated during the season. Result: The training load parameters were higher in the competitive cycle (p ≤ 0.002). The LMS improved only in the general cycle from baseline (p = .015), while the RSA best time improved in the general (p = .002) and specific cycles (p = .012) from baseline and deteriorated in the competitive from general cycle (p = .008). The SIgA secretion rate presented a reduction only in the specific cycle from baseline (p = .032), while the lnRMSSD increased in the general (p = .038) and competitive (p < .001) cycles from baseline. Five athletes were diagnosed as overreaching state. Conclusion: Therefore, the physiological markers (i.e., plasma hormone and glutamine concentration, SIgA, and lnRMSSD) showed little sensitivity to detect changes in training load and swimming performance. The higher training loads applied in the competitive cycle seem to limit swimming performance gains.

Adaptation to a ketogenic diet modulates adaptive and mucosal immune markers in trained male endurance athletes.

This study examined the effect of short-term adaptation to a ketogenic diet (KD) on resting and post-exercise immune markers. Using a randomized, repeated-measures, crossover design, eight trained, male, endurance athletes ingested a 31-day low carbohydrate (CHO), KD (energy intake: 4% CHO; 78% fat) or their habitual diet (HD) (energy intake: 43% CHO; 38% fat). On days 0 and 31, participants ran to exhaustion at 70% VO2max . A high-CHO (2g·kg-1 ) meal was ingested prior to the pre-HD, post-HD, and pre-KD trials, with CHO (~55g·h-1 ) ingested during exercise, whereas a low-CHO (<10g) meal was ingested prior to the post-KD trial, with fat ingested during exercise. Blood and saliva samples were collected at pre-exercise, exhaustion, and 1hour post-exhaustion. T-cell-related cytokine gene expression within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whole-blood inflammatory cytokine production were determined using 24-hour multi-antigen-stimulated whole-blood cultures. Multi-antigen-stimulated PBMC IFN-γ mRNA expression and the IFN-γ/IL-4 mRNA expression ratio were higher at exhaustion in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P=0.003 and P=0.004); however, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression were unaltered (P>0.05). Multi-antigen-stimulated whole-blood IL-10 production was higher in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P=0.028), whereas IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, and IFN-γ production was lower in the post-HD compared with pre-HD trial (P<0.01). Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion rate was higher in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P<0.001). In conclusion, short-term adaptation to a KD in endurance athletes may alter the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cell cytokine response to a multi-antigen in vitro and SIgA secretion rate.

Influence of Periodizing Dietary Carbohydrate on Iron Regulation and Immune Function in Elite Triathletes.

Sleeping with low carbohydrate (CHO) availability is a dietary strategy that may enhance training adaptation. However, the impact on an athlete's health is unclear. This study quantified the effect of a short-term "sleep-low" dietary intervention on markers of iron regulation and immune function in athletes. In a randomized, repeated-measures design, 11 elite triathletes completed two 4-day mixed cycle run training blocks. Key training sessions were structured such that a high-intensity training session was performed in the field on the afternoon of Days 1 and 3, and a low-intensity training (LIT) session was performed on the following morning in the laboratory (Days 2 and 4). The ingestion of CHO was either divided evenly across the day (HIGH) or restricted between the high-intensity training and LIT sessions, so that the LIT session was performed with low CHO availability (LOW). Venous blood and saliva samples were collected prior to and following each LIT session and analyzed for interleukin-6, hepcidin 25, and salivary immunoglobulin-A. Concentrations of interleukin-6 increased acutely after exercise (p < .001), but did not differ between dietary conditions or days. Hepcidin 25 increased 3-hr postexercise (p < .001), with the greatest increase evident after the LOW trial on Day 2 (2.5 ± 0.9 fold increase ±90% confidence limit). The salivary immunoglobulin-A secretion rate did not change in response to exercise; however, it was highest during the LOW condition on Day 4 (p = .046). There appears to be minimal impact to markers of immune function and iron regulation when acute exposure to low CHO availability is undertaken with expert nutrition and coaching input.

Salivary Immunoglobulin A Secretion Rate During Peak Period Conditioning Regimens in Triathletes.

Matsumoto M, Satoh, K, Kushi, H, Hamuro, K, Sakurai, M, Saito, H, Tanaka, R, Saito, T, Kohda, N, and Hamada, K. Salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate during peak period conditioning regimens in triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1389-1396, 2021-Triathletes often feel unwell during the conditioning period (peak period) leading up to a race. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors relevant to the condition of athletes and their impact on mucosal immune responses and the salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion rate. This study recruited college student triathletes (33 men and 7 women) who participated in an Olympic distance race. For each subject, the salivary IgA rate was measured continuously for 1 month before the race (peak period). Data on physical activity during the peak period were calculated in metabolic equivalents, and the relationships between these factors and the salivary IgA secretion rate were evaluated. The average amount of physical activity was highest during the 2- to 3-week period before the race, at 744.7 ± 51.5 kcal expended per day. In subjects who, on average, expended more than 1,000 kcal·d-1 in physical activity between 12 and 14 days before the race, the salivary IgA secretion rate was significantly reduced compared with the value at 1 week before the race (p < 0.05). On the day before the race, a further reduction was observed (p < 0.1). The salivary IgA secretion rate was decreased by high-intensity exercise during the peak period in advance of a race; this was associated with a loss of optimal condition just before the race.

Intensified Training Period Increases Salivary IgA Responses But Does Not Affect the Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms in Prepuberal Rhythmic Gymnasts

This study examined the effect of a 4-week intensified training (IT) period, followed by a 2-week tapering period (TP), on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), salivary cortisol, and the severity of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms in 23 rhythmic gymnasts [12.1 (2.6) y; 143.9 (13.7) cm; 37.2 (9.4) kg]. Saliva sampling was conducted at pre- and post-IT, and post-TP (analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-21) questionnaire was completed daily to analyze the severity of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. The session rating of the perceived exertion was used to determine the internal training load and the acute:chronic workload ratio. A higher SIgA concentration [SIgAabs (μg/mL); F = 7.6; P = .001] for post-IT [234 (104)] versus pre-IT [173 (91)], and post-TP [182 (70)], and a higher SIgA secretion rate [SIgArate (μg/min); F = 3.4; P = .04] for post-IT [69 (28)] versus pre-IT [55 (27)], and post-TP [58 (22)] were observed. No significant change was observed for cortisol (F = 0.81; P = .45) or for the severity of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms (χ2 = 2.81; P = .24). Internal training load was higher during IT (vs TP; effect size = 2.37). The acute:chronic workload for the IT weeks varied from 1.2 (0.3) to 1.4 (0.3). These results suggest that a 4-week IT may temporarily augment the oral mucosal immunity, and an acute:chronic workload of 1.2-1.4 seems to be a safe approach to periodized training loads in youth rhythmic gymnasts.

Salivary immunoglobulin A in healthy adolescent females: effects of maximal exercise, physical activity, body composition and diet.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute maximal exercise (VO2max test) on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) responses in adolescent females. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between resting SIgA levels and VO2max, physical activity, body composition, and diet. Fifty healthy female adolescents completed a laboratory-based VO2max test, assessment of body composition via hydrodensitometry, a validated physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-A), and a three-day food diary. Unstimulated saliva was collected before, and 5 and 120 minutes after VO2max testing. Absolute SIgA (µg/mL) concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Secretion rate of SIgA (µg/min) was calculated by multiplying absolute SIgA concentration by saliva flow rate (SFR, µL/min). A significant increase in absolute SIgA concentration (146.8±59.2 µg/mL) was noted immediately after VO2max testing (P<0.05) and returned to pre-exercise levels (120.1±54.1 µg/mL) by 120-min post-exercise (P>0.05). No significant VO2max test effects were observed for SIgA secretion rate and SFR (P>0.05). VO2max values (41.92±6.36 mL/kg/min) were correlated with body fat percentage (r=-0.59; P<0.01), PAQ-A total score (r=0.48; P<0.01), and acute changes in absolute SIgA levels (r=0.28; P<0.05). No significant associations were observed between dietary measures and resting SIgA levels or SFR (P>0.05) except for dietary fiber which correlated with resting absolute SIgA concentration (r=0.29; P<0.05). Findings indicate that acute graded maximal exercise results in a transient increase in absolute SIgA concentration and that these changes are associated with individual VO2max values.

Effects of Prolonged Exercise in the Heat and Cool Environments on Salivary Immunoglobulin A among Recreational Athletes

This study aims to determine the effects of prolonged exercise in the heat (31°C) and cool (18°C) environments on salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) among recreational athletes. Thirteen healthy male participants (age: 20.9 ± 1.3 years old) were recruited and randomised in this cross-over study. In this study, participants performed the exercise trials in the heat environment at 31°C first followed by another exercise trial in the cool environment trial at 18°C or vice versa with one week of recovery period. Physiological parameters (heart rate, body weight changes and oxygen uptake) as well as room temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Cool water (3 ml.kg -1 body weight) was given to the participants at every 20 min during both exercise trials. Saliva samples were collected to calculate the saliva flow rate and analysed for salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentrations and secretion rate. Paired t-test and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were performed to analyse the data. The results revealed that saliva flow rate, SIgA concentration, and SIgA secretion rate did not significantly different between exercise trial in the heat and in the cool environments. However, prolonged exercise significantly decreased (p < 0.05) saliva flow rate in both trials with the values return to baseline 1 h post exercise. Salivary IgA concentration and secretion rate were not affected by prolonged running. As a conclusion, SIgA responses did not affected by ambient/room temperature. In addition, prolonged exercise with adequate fluid intake during exercise did not supress SIgA responses thus may not increase infection risk among athletes.

Influence Of Training Load On Heart Rate Variability And Salivary Cortisol In Elite Badminton Players

In order to make athletes good form for a competition, it is necessary to continuously monitor their physical condition. Recent studies suggest that measuring heart rate variability (HRV) would be efficient to evaluate physical condition. It has not been shown, however, whether HRV indices are influenced by changes in training load toward a competition in elite athletes. PURPOSE: To examine influence of training load on HRV indices as well as salivary cortisol concentration (SCor), salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate (SIgA) and subjective feeling of fatigue in elite athletes. METHODS: Eleven Japanese badminton national team players (22.5±3.0 yrs) participated in the study. Data were collected during an 8-day badminton national team training camp. As it was immediately followed by a major international competition, the main purpose of the training camp was to make the players in good form for the competition. Training load was quantified by Training Impulse (TRIMPs). Every morning, beat-to-beat heart rate (HR) was recorded for 5 minutes. Spectral analysis was used to calculate spectral power in the high-frequency (HF: 0.15-0.40Hz) band which represents parasympathetic autonomic activity. Saliva samples were collected to measure SCor and SIgA. The subjects were also asked to estimate subjectively perceived fatigue on a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: As training intensity and duration both decreased in the course of the training camp, TRIMPs in the second half (Day5-8) of the training camp significantly decreased from that in the first half (Day1-4) (325.9±71.9 vs. 223.2±47.6 a.u., p<0.01). In response to the decrease in TRIMPs, HF significantly increased whereas HR and SCor significantly decreased from the first to the second half (HF: 1032.5±557.7 vs. 2217.7±1354.4 msec2, p<0.01, HR: 56.8±5.5 vs. 53.2±4.6 beats/min, p<0.01, SCor: 0.50±0.11 vs. 0.43±0.08 ug/dl, p<0.05). In contrast, no significant change was observed in SIgA and subjective feeling of fatigue (SIgA: 140.2±72.1 vs. 122.2±65.6 ug/min, subjective feeling of fatigue: 54.0±12.1 vs. 61.2±15.4 mm). CONCLUSION: HF, HR and SCor would be efficient indices for elite athletes to objectively monitor the influence of training load on physical condition. Supported by The Descente and Ishimoto Memorial Foundation for the Promotion of Sports Science.

Salivary IgA Response and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms During a 21-Week Competitive Season in Young Soccer Players

Sports training and competition are significant sources of stress, especially for young athletes. It is well known that physiological and psychological stressors induce neuroendocrine responses that could modulate immune system function. However, to date, little is known about the immune responses of young soccer players during a competitive season. Therefore, this study examined the effects of a 21-week competitive season divided into preseason, competitive season, and detraining on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, and salivary cortisol in preadolescent male soccer players. Thirty-four young soccer players agreed to participate, and 26 (12.9 ± 0.2 years) completed the entire study. The investigation period was structured as follows: a 12-week preparatory training phase (preseason training), a 7-week competitive and a 2-week detraining phase. Resting saliva samples were taken to determine cortisol and SIgA responses. The players were required to complete a weekly log during the entire investigation reporting every sign or symptoms consistent with URTI. A significant increase in SIgA secretion rate and a decrease in URTI symptoms were observed after the 2-week detraining period (p < 0.05). No change was observed for cortisol during the study. These results indicate that training and competition demands affect the mucosal immune responses of young athletes. In addition, a short-prophylactic period (2-week detraining period) after a competitive period may attenuate mucosal immunosuppression related to URTI symptoms. Sport coaches should monitor markers of mucosal immune function to minimize illness that ultimately might lead to a decrease in performance.

Comparison of salivary IgA secretion rate collected by the aspiration method and swab method.

Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) is used as an immunity marker, as saliva can be easily collected, noninvasively with little stress. However, several saliva collection methods can be used. Our comparison between samples collected using different methods demonstrated that the salivary IgA secretion rate in samples collected using an aspiration method was significantly correlated with that in samples collected using a swab method. Moreover, the significant circadian variation in salivary IgA secretion rate in the aspirated saliva suggested that the aspiration method does not suppress salivary IgA secretion rate variability compared with the swab method. Therefore, the aspiration method should be considered as the preferable saliva collection method.

Monitoring stress tolerance and occurrences of upper respiratory illness in basketball players by means of psychometric tools and salivary biomarkers

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the possible relationships between stress tolerance, training load, banal infections and salivary parameters during 4 weeks of regular training in fifteen basketball players. The Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes' questionnaire (sources and symptoms of stress) and the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey were used on a weekly basis. Salivary cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) were collected at the beginning (before) and after the study, and measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ratings of perceived exertion (training load) were also obtained. The results from ANOVA with repeated measures showed greater training loads, number of upper respiratory tract infection episodes and negative sensation to both symptoms and sources of stress, at week 2 (p &lt; 0.05). Significant increases in cortisol levels and decreases in SIgA secretion rate were noted (before to after). Negative sensations to symptoms of stress at week 4 were inversely and significantly correlated with SIgA secretion rate. A positive and significant relationship between sources and symptoms of stress at week 4 and cortisol levels were verified. In summary, an approach incorporating in conjunction psychometric tools and salivary biomarkers could be an efficient means of monitoring reaction to stress in sport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Effect of Acupuncture on Salivary Immunoglobulin a after a Bout of Intense Exercise

In the field of athletics, acupuncture has been used for treatment of injury, reduction of fatigue and management of physical condition. However, there is little information on the effect of acupuncture on the immune function in response to exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acupuncture treatment on the mucosal immune function after a single period of intense exercise by measuring salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA). 12 healthy men (23.6+/-SEv 0.3 years) participated in this study with a crossover design. The subjects exercised on a bicycle equipped with an ergometer at 75% VO(2)max for 60 min. Acupuncture treatment was applied at LU6, LI4, ST36 and ST6, for 30 min after the exercise. The control treatment was rest without acupuncture and that the order of the treatment was randomised. We measured parameters including saliva flow rate, SIgA concentration, SIgA secretion rate, heart rate and plasma catecholamine concentration all before the exercise and at 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 24 h after the exercise. The visual analogue scale for self-perceived tiredness and the profile of mood states questionnaires were recorded before the exercise and at 24 h after the exercise. Intense exercise-induced decrease of SIgA levels was attenuated by the acupuncture treatment. In contrast, the subjective fatigue score and psychological measurement were not affected by the acupuncture. Acupuncture treatment may attenuate the decrease in SIgA level induced by intense exercise.

Salivary IgA secretion rate in young and elderly persons

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the dominant immunoglobulin isotype on all mucosal surfaces where it acts as a first line of defense against microbial invasion. Recent investigations suggest that secretory IgA (sIgA) concentrations vary over the day due to a range of variables including dietary factors, daily mood, and exercise. In this study, salivary IgA was determined by ELISA in samples of 48 persons grouped as “young” (20–30 years old) and “elderly” (60–80 years old). Unstimulated, stabilized morning and afternoon saliva was collected during 7 consecutive days. Saliva flow, total proteins, sIgA concentrations, and sIgA secretion rates were determined. The main finding was that saliva flow and sIgA secretion rate were significantly lower in the elderly than in the young. Salivary IgA secretion rate was found to be independent of total proteins secreted in all samples. There is individual variability within a particular age group. It was also found that stress and daily events influence the sIgA secretion rate.