Salivary IgE Research Articles

Clinical features of adult patients with allergic parotitis

BackgroundAllergic parotitis (AP), due to its non-specific symptoms, frequently poses a diagnostic challenge, leading to cases being overlooked or misdiagnosed by clinicians. ObjectiveThis study aimed to elucidate detailed clinical characteristics and common diagnostic indicators of AP. MethodsA comprehensive review and analysis of medical records was conducted from patients diagnosed with AP, encompassing demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, at the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2019 and March 2022. ResultsThe study enrolled 17 patients, evidenced by an average age of 36.00 ± 12.95 years. Common presentations of AP among the patients included notable symptoms such as parotid gland swelling, associated pain, and xerostomia. Ten patients had other atopic diseases. Palpation revealed the affected parotid glands to be soft and nodular, with an elevated local skin temperature. The unstimulated whole saliva flow rate was decreased. Ultrasonography demonstrated increased volume, reduced echo heterogeneity, and lymph node enlargement in the affected parotid glands. All cases observed increased serum salivary amylase and total IgE levels. Investigation of food allergens and inhaled allergen-specific IgE showed that all patients had suspected food allergies. Food provocation tests (FPT) induced AP in 13 cases, confirming the role of food allergens. ConclusionFood allergens are involved in the etiology of AP, underscoring the importance of comprehensive clinical evaluation, including symptoms, signs, and confirmatory auxiliary tests, such as FPT, for accurate diagnosis and differentiation from other salivary gland pathologies.

Could mosquito bites facilitate IgE sensitization to food and inhalant allergens?

We present an hypothesis that arthropod bites and stings can induce sensitization to concomitantly introduced food and inhalant allergens in human, and that contents of the sting and bite such as venom and saliva proteins act as adjuvants further facilitating sensitization. In food allergen sensitization, evidence presently supports the hypothesis that exposure through a disrupted skin-barrier is allergenic, and exposure to food proteins through ingestion is tolerogenic. Stinging and biting arthropods that breach skin barrier are known to provide IgE sensitization to their own venom and salivary allergens e. g. Hymenoptera and mosquito. Murine experiments have shown that content of venom from honeybee (phospholipase 2 (PLA2) and hyaluronidase) facilitate IgE sensitization to a concomitantly introduced food allergen in the skin. Conserved biomolecules in saliva and venom present in several arthropod species (e.g. PLAs and hyaluronidases) are suggested to play a role as adjuvants in sensitization to concomitantly presented allergens during arthropod stings and bites. Tick bites have been shown to provide IgE sensitization to tick salivary allergens and IgE sensitization to non-primate mammalian red blood cell allergen Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, causing allergy to non-primate red meat, termed Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS).Mosquitos may take up allergens such as pathogenesis related proteins (e.g. lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), and PR-10) when feeding on plant nectar and sap and may take up animal derived allergens such as immunoglobulins, serum albumins and lipocalins from feeding on blood. It is proposed that plant and animal allergens, important in human allergic disease are carried on mouthparts or in gut of mosquitos and transferred into the skin of a human host during a mosquito bite. We hypothesize that sensitization to common food and inhalant allergens can occur facilitated by a mosquito bite, possibly facilitated by adjuvant factors such as PLA2 and hyaluronidase in mosquito saliva. The hypothesis may provide insight into basic mechanisms in IgE sensitization.

Analysis of Relationship between EEG and Salivary IgE Under Step-Change Temperature Environments

Analysis of Relationship between EEG and Salivary IgE Under Step-Change Temperature Environments

Analysis of the relationship between thermal comfort and salivary IgE in healthy adults under abrupt temperature

The human body can directly exchange heat and air with the external environment through the respiratory system. Respiratory system immunity is the ability of the respiratory tract to resist pathogens entering via by the external microenvironment. There are many indicators of respiratory immunity, such as serum immunoglobulin IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgM levels. IgE has been found to change significantly with atmospheric temperature in the natural outdoor environment. The external microenvironment also includes the indoor artificial environment. In this study, IgE was used as an immunity indicator in healthy people. At the same time, three transient processes were set in the artificial climate chamber, from the low temperature environment of 15 °C in winter, to 18 °C, 24 °C and 30 °C. The correlation between the human immunity indicator IgE and thermal comfort was explored by combining forehead, core and mean skin temperatures. The results showed that in the process of temperature variations, the skin temperature was stable during 30 min and the forehead temperature was significantly correlated with subjective voting. When the temperature changed to the neutral ambient temperature of 24 °C, the IgE concentration increased significantly within 5 min. The IgE concentration was higher in a comfortable thermal environment at 24 °C. When the temperature suddenly deviated from the neutral temperature to 18 °C and 30 °C, the IgE concentration took a long time to change.

The association between severity of dental caries and salivary immunoglobulins in asthmatic adult patients

The salivary samples were collected adequately from 80 subjects distributed equally (40 asthmatic subjectsand 40 control subjects) of ages range between 20-60 years. This comparative survey was determining thecaries index(DMFT),Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus sobrinus ,salivary IgA and IgE. So this studyhave shown highly significant difference P ? (0.01) found in effect of age on salivary IgA in control adultsubjects and non-significant difference (P > 0.05) displayed in influence of age on salivary IgA. So thiscomparative investigation have demonstrated that non-significant difference (P > 0.05) found in influenceof age on salivary IgE to both groups of study. However, the correlation between age and salivary IgE is aweak negative relationship.

Detection of serum and salivary IgE and IgG1 immunoglobulins specific for diagnosis of food allergy

Given the growing incidence and prevalence of life-threatening food allergies, health concerns have raised new perspectives for in vivo and in vitro diagnostic methodologies, pointing to saliva as a promising material, already used to diagnose other pathologies. Based on the above considerations, this study aimed to verify the possible use of saliva for the detection of IgE and IgG1 in the diagnosis of food allergy. This was a randomized, cross-sectional clinical study with a quantitative approach, developed at a hospital referral center in allergy in the state of Ceará, from January to July 2015. The sample consisted of 36 children of both sexes, aged between 1 and 60 months, with a diagnosis of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) by the RAST test. Children hospitalized or under immunosuppressive drugs were excluded from the study. Serum and saliva samples of the participants were collected and subsequently subjected to the indirect immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) for the detection of specific serum and salivary immunoglobulins for food: corn, papaya, cow's milk, egg white, wheat, soybeans, peanuts, nuts, kiwi, cacao, fish, shrimp, bananas and tomatoes. For comparison of serum and saliva results, the T-test of independent samples and Mann-Whitney were adopted, for samples with normal and non-normal distribution respectively. A confidence interval of 95% was adopted for significant results. It was observed that 100% (n = 36) of the participants presented cow's milk allergy through the indirect ELISA, detecting IgE or IgG1 in serum and saliva. When serum IgE and IgG1 concentrations were compared, there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in 12 of the 14 foods evaluated. The same amount (n = 12) of non-significant differences (p > 0.05) was observed in the comparison of the 14 foods under IgE and IgG1 contractions in saliva. In the verification of the average values of IgE present in the serum and saliva of the foods, only cow's milk, fish and papaya showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Of the total food evaluated, only the average levels of IgG1 present in serum and saliva showed a significant value (p < 0.05) in banana and tomato. These findings indicate that the detection of IgE and IgG1 in saliva proves to be as efficient as in the serum. The use of the salivary technique for use in the diagnosis of food allergy is suggested.

Salivary Immunoglobulin A, E, and G4 Levels Specific to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in Allergic Rhinitis Patients Treated With Subcutaneous Immunotherapy.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR). During the course of AIT, many biomarkers in body fluids change. It is necessary to find effective indicators of AIT. To examine levels of salivary immunoglobulin A, E, and G4 (IgA, IgE, and IgG4, respectively) specific to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp-IgA, Dp-IgE, and Dp-IgG4, respectively) and their changes in AR patients undergoing subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). This study included 82 patients with AR sensitized only to Dp and 14 healthy controls. Among patients with AR, 30 patients were not treated with specific immunotherapy (group A), while the remainder (n = 52) received house dust mite SCIT in the up-dosing phase (n = 27; group B) or the maintenance treatment phase (n = 25; group C). Dp-IgA, Dp-IgE, and Dp-IgG4 levels in the saliva were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical symptoms, concomitant medication, and the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire score were recorded and correlated with immunoglobulin levels. Salivary Dp-IgG4 and Dp-IgA levels were significantly lower in AR patients than in healthy controls ( P < .001 for both), while Dp-IgE levels were significantly higher ( P < .001). SCIT resulted in sustained increases in Dp-IgG4 and Dp-IgA in the maintenance phase compared to the up-dosing phase ( P < .001 for both), whereas Dp-IgE only increased in the up-dosing phase ( P = .004, P < .0125). There was no correlation between the different salivary immunoglobulins and clinical scores during SCIT. This study shows that allergen-specific IgE levels are increased in the saliva of sensitized patients, suggesting that measuring salivary IgE testing should be further considered for the diagnosis of AR. Moreover, allergen-specific IgA and IgG4 in the saliva, which may play protective roles against allergy, may serve as objective indicators for evaluating treatment response to SCIT. However, none of the immunoglobulin reflects subjective symptoms.

Correlation Between Serum and Salivary House Dust Mite Specific Immunoglobulins in Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Patients and Non-Allergic Rhinitis Matched Controls

Background and objectives: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterised by inflammation of the nasal mucosa associated with IgE mediated immune response to specific allergens. Studies have shown that the most commonly implicated aeroallergens in AR are house dust mites. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) and Blomia tropicalis (Bt) are the three most common mite species in Malaysia. Previous studies have reported the presence of high IgE and non-IgE antibodies in both serum and saliva samples of AR patients, but the correlation between them is not clear. The objective of this study was to determine the levels and correlation of mite specific IgE and IgA against D. farinae and B. tropicalis in serum and salivary samples of AR patients and nonallergic rhinitis matched controls. Methods: A total of 205 adults were studied, they included 103 with AR and 102 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Among the 103 AR patients, 20 had concomitant asthma. Indirect ELISA was used to measure the levels of serum and salivary IgE and IgA respectively. Results: Correlation between the serum and salivary antibody levels was analysed using Spearman correlation test, while the differences between groups were analysed using Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal Wallis test. Serum IgE and IgA levels against D. farinae and B. tropicalis were higher in AR patients. Salivary IgA against D. farinae and salivary IgE against B. tropicalis were significantly higher in AR patients. Serum and salivary IgE levels were positively correlated with serum and salivary IgA levels in AR subjects against both mite species. There was no significant difference in antibodies levels between asthmatic AR and non-asthmatic AR to both mite species in serum and saliva samples. Antibodies levels were not correlated with severity of signs and symptoms in AR patients. Conclusion: The presence of high IgA level in saliva might be a potential investigation tool to test for allergic rhinitis when blood sampling is not an option.

Effects of Transfer Point Glucan #300 Supplementation on Children exposed to Passive Smoking - Placebo-driven Double-blind Clinical Trials

In this study, we focused on the effect of β-glucan supplementation of children with chronic respiratory problems. We measured the levels of cortisol, salivary IgE and cotinine in 56 children and evaluated the effect of 30 day supplementation with 100 mg/day oral dose of yeast-derived β-glucan. Our results showed strong decrease of cotinine and cortisol levels in saliva of β-glucan-supplemented children. The increase of total salivary IgE levels in both groups was not statistically significant. The positive effects of complex cura tive treatment using β-glucan were accompanied by increased physical endurance and by significant reduction of negative clinical problems of affected children.

Salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian smokers with periodontitis

To determine the levels of salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis. Sixty-nine individuals were recruited into this study after obtaining informed consent. They were subdivided into three groups that consisted of 20 (aged 46 ± 11 years) cigarette smokers with periodontitis (S+P); 24 (40 ± 12 years) smokers without periodontitis (S-P); and 25 (53 ± 11 years) non-smokers with periodontitis (NS+P). An oral and maxillofacial surgeon used radiographs for periodontal probing for the diagnosis of periodontitis. The smokers included subjects who smoked at least six cigarettes per day and all the periodontitis patients were newly diagnosed. About 5 mL of unstimulated saliva was expectorated by each subject into plain sample bottles. Salivary immunoglobulin levels were estimated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Student's t test was used to determine significant differences between the means. Values of P < 0.05 were regarded as significant. No significant differences were observed in the mean salivary levels of the immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE) when S+P was compared with S-P. Mean salivary levels of IgA (520.0 ± 155.1 ng/mL vs 670.0 ± 110 ng/mL, P = 0.000) and IgM (644.5 ± 160.0 ng/mL vs 791.4 ± 43.7 ng/mL, P = 0.000) were significantly lower in the S+P compared with NS+P group. Salivary IgA (570.4 ± 145.6 ng/mL vs 670.0 ± 110 ng/mL, P = 0.008) and IgM (703.1 ± 169.3 ng/mL vs 791.4 ± 43.7 ng/mL, P = 0.012) levels were significantly lower in the S-P compared with NS+P group. Only one (5%) periodontal patient had detectable levels of salivary IgE (0.20 IU/mL). Similarly, only one smoker (4.17%) had detectable levels of salivary IgE (0.04 IU/mL) and two non-smokers (9.52%) had detectable levels of IgE (0.24 IU/mL). Our study suggests that reduced salivary IgA and IgM levels in smokers with periodontitis could enhance increased susceptibility to periodontitis.

Salivary immunoglobulin classes in Nigerian cigarette smokers: Indication for increased risk of oral diseases

Cigarette smoking is a worldwide social epidemic and it is one of the main causes of preventable death and disability. Gingivitis, periodontitis, pocket depth, attachment loss, alveolar bone loss, and tooth loss are some of oral pathologies commonly found in cigarette smokers. The aim of this study was to explore, for the first time among Nigerians, the interplay between components of cigarette smoke and salivary levels of immunoglobulin classes so as to provide oral immunological based reasons for oral diseases in cigarette smokers. In this case-control study, 5 mL of unstimulated saliva was collected in plain sample bottles from 24 active smokers who smoke at least 6 sticks of cigarette per day and 21 sex and age-matched non-smokers who were apparently healthy. The samples were spun and supernatant stored at -20°C until assayed. The immunoglobulin levels of the samples were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Student's t-test (unpaired) was used to determine significant differences between the two groups. P values less than 0.05 was considered significant. No significant differences were observed in the mean salivary levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE. Only IgM was significantly lower in smokers compared with non-smokers (P = 0.038). The proportion of smokers with detectable level of salivary IgE was lower compared with controls. Our study showed that there is decreased salivary IgM in smokers. This observation suggests that reduced salivary immunoglobulin level of IgM might be involved in the pathogenesis of oral diseases in cigarette smokers.

Salivary IgA and IgE levels in healthy subjects: relation to age and gender

It has been reported that the immune system undergoes age and gender changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the age- and gender-dependent changes of salivary IgA and IgE levels among healthy subjects. A total of 203 healthy individuals (aged 1-70 years) were enrolled in the study. Two milliliters of saliva were collected from all participants, and salivary IgA and IgE levels were measured by the ELISA technique. Mean salivary IgA levels were significantly higher in subjects aged 11-20 years as compared to subjects aged 1-10 years (P < 0.01). Mean salivary IgA levels increased with age up to the age of 60 years, and then slightly decreased in subjects aged 61-70 years. The frequency of subjects with detectable levels of salivary IgE and mean salivary IgE levels gradually increased with age, with maximum levels being observed in the 31-40 years age group and not changing significantly thereafter. The mean levels of salivary IgA and IgE in adults were significantly higher than those observed in children (P < 0.00001 and P < 0.05, respectively). No significant differences were observed between men and women regarding both salivary immunoglobulins. These results showed age-dependent changes of the salivary IgA and IgE levels. Gender had no effect on the salivary levels of IgA and IgE.

Immunologic mechanisms in mosquito allergy: correlation of skin reactions with specific IgE and IgG antibodies and lymphocyte proliferation response to mosquito antigens.

Allergic reactions to mosquito bites are a common problem. Although IgE-mediated hypersensitivity has been reported, other immunologic mechanisms may be involved. To study the relationship between skin bite reactions and immunologic parameters. Forty-one subjects were experimentally exposed to mosquito (Aedes vexans) bites. Immediate and delayed skin reactions were traced at 20 minutes and 24 hours, respectively, after the bites. Sera were analyzed for mosquito salivary gland-specific IgE (mosquito-IgE) and IgG (mosquito-IgG) by ELISA. Lymphocyte proliferation assays with mosquito extract were also performed. One of 41 subjects had only a delayed skin reaction to the bite, 23 had both immediate and delayed reactions, 6 had only immediate reactions, and 11 had no reaction. The mean mosquito-IgE and -IgG concentrations were higher in the subjects with immediate reactions than in those without immediate reactions (P < .007). The mean lymphocyte proliferation stimulation index was higher in the subjects with delayed reactions than in those without delayed reactions (P < .015). Further, both mosquito-IgE and -IgG levels correlated with skin immediate and delayed reactions (P < .04), while lymphocyte proliferation indices only correlated with skin delayed reactions (P < .006). Inverse correlations were found between the size of skin reactions and the number of years lived in Canada (P < .04), but not with age. These results indicate that IgE-, lymphocyte- and, probably, local IgG immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivities are involved in mosquito allergy. Naturally acquired desensitization to mosquito bites occurs during long-term exposure.

Salivary IgE in allergic patients and normal donors.

A prospective study was conducted on 73 allergic patients and 14 normal volunteers in order to measure the IgE concentration in both serum and saliva, and analyze salivary IgE according to the characteristics of the allergic disease. IgE was more frequently detected in saliva from allergic patients than from normal subjects, but its concentration was not significantly higher in the allergic group. The IgE concentration in saliva was not related to serum IgE or to the type of syndromes of the allergic disease, but increased with the symptoms during the pollen season in patients suffering from pollen-induced rhinitis and conjunctivitis.

Remarkable Increases of Salivary IgE Levels in Allergic Syndromes

Serum and salivary IgE levels were tested by indirect ELISA in patients with allergic contact dermatitis and allergic asthma or rhinitis. The remarkable increases of salivary IgE (from 928.4% mean augmentation in allergic asthma or rhinitis to 2686.2% in allergic contact dermatitis) suggest the idea of using saliva in IgE titration.

Variation in levels of immunoglobulins A, G and E in human saliva

These immunoglobulins were quantitated in 303 individuals belonging to 37 negroid and 26 caucasoid American families. Levels varied widely from individual to individual and frequency distributions were skewed toward the low levels. IgA was detected in all individuals except three children; two of whom were young and the third deficient in serum IgA. No salivary IgG was detected in 10 per cent of individuals, including both adults and children. IgA levels increased throughout life; IgG increased up to the teens and then leveled off; salivary IgE, like serum IgE, peaked before 10 years of age. Concentration of total salivary protein increased throughout life. Salivary immunoglobulin and protein concentrations were generally similar in negroids and caucasoids, only a difference in IgE levels was significant. The amount of all three classes of immunoglobulins was positively correlated with the corresponding class of serum immunoglobulins. Offspring-parent and sib-sib comparisons revealed that genetic factors contribute significantly to the variation in salivary immunoglobulins, but the heritability estimates were less uniform than those for serum immunoglobulins.