Salivary Adiponectin Research Articles

Serum and salivary adiponectin levels as predictive markers for diabetes mellitus in children with a family history of diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, metabolic condition marked by defects in insulin production, action, or both. Environmental and genetic factors can contribute to the onset of diabetes mellitus. Adiponectin, a hormone affecting pancreatic beta cell proliferation, has emerged as a potential indicator of diabetes risk. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate serum and salivary adiponectin levels as predictors of diabetes mellitus in children with/without a family history of diabetes mellitus. The study was conducted at Al-Zahra Hospital in Najaf city and included 125 children aged 5 to 16. Data on demographics, including name, age, and gender, were collected, and body mass index (BMI) was assessed. Serum and salivary adiponectin levels were measured and analyzed in relation to family history and BMI. Children with a family history of DM had high serum adiponectin (ADP) levels. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in children with first-degree relatives having a history of diabetes mellitus, except for cases involving mothers and other relatives with diabetes mellitus history (p<0.05). Furthermore, serum adiponectin levels were higher in obese children. Salivary adiponectin levels were significantly elevated in children with a maternal family history of diabetes (p=0.01), while no significant correlation was found with BMI. A significant negative correlation (r=-0.180, p=0.05) between salivary and serum adiponectin concentrations was observed. Compared to children with a normal, healthy weight, children with obesity had decreased salivary adiponectin levels and increased serum adiponectin levels.

Improvement of adiponectin in relation to physical performance and body composition in young obese males subjected to twenty-four weeks of training programs

Obesity and related metabolic diseases represent a worldwide health problem. The main factor predisposing to obesity is an unhealthy lifestyle including the lack of physical activity. A pivotal role in the etio-pathogenesis of obesity is carried out by adipose tissue, an endocrine organ secreting several adipokines involved in numerous metabolic and inflammatory processes. Among these, of particular importance is adiponectin, an adipokine involved in the regulation of insulin sensibility and in anti-inflammatory processes. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of 24 weeks of two different training programs polarized (POL) and threshold training (THR) on body composition, physical capacities and adiponectin expression. Thirteen male obese subjects (BMI: 32.0 ± 3.0 kg m-2) followed 24 weeks of two different training programs, POL and THR, consisting of walking or running (or a combination of the two methods) in their normal living conditions. Before (T0) and after the end of the program (T1), the assessment of body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance and the concentration of salivary and serum adiponectin was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. Although the results obtained did not show significant differences between the two training programs, body mass and body mass index decreased by a mean of −4.46 ± 2.90 kg and 1.43 ± 0.92 kg m−2 (P < 0.05). Fat mass decreased by −4.47 ± 2.78 kg (P < 0.05). V′O2max increased by a mean of 0.20 ± 0.26 L min−1 (P < 0.05) Also, we observed an increase in saliva and in serum of adiponectin concentrations at T1 compared to T0 by 4.72 ± 3.52 μg mL−1 and 5.22 ± 4.74 ng mL−1 (P < 0.05) respectively. Finally, we found significant correlations between Δ serum adiponectin and Δ Hip (R = −0.686, P = 0.001) and between Δ salivary adiponectin and ΔWaist (R = −0.678, P = 0.011). Our results suggest that a 24 weeks training program, independently from intensity and volume, induces an amelioration of body composition and fitness performance. These improvements are associated with an increase in total and HMW adiponectin expression in both saliva and in serum.

Salivary Adiponectin and Albumin Levels on the Gingival Conditions of Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: A Cohort Study.

This study analyzed the salivary proteomics, adiponectin and albumin, related to weight loss and periodontitis in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. This study included fourteen patients with morbid obesity (body mass index, BMI > 40 kg/m2) who underwent bariatric surgery Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in System Health Public in Brazil. Data on demographic and anthropometric measures were extracted from medical records preoperatively and 6 and 12 months post-surgery. The variables assessed were: probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and stimulated whole-mouth saliva. In this study, saliva samples were analyzed by electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The ELISA kit was used to measure the MMP8 levels to determine potential markers for obesity. Adiponectin and albumin levels were also evaluated. Weight loss was associated with significant changes in patients' periodontal clinical data. Although 7 out of 10 periodontal patients showed an increase in salivary adiponectin levels after root planning treatment, when analyzed by Western blotting, the increase was not statistically significant (21.1 ± 4.8 to 26.3 ± 9.4 arbitrary units, p > 0.99). There was no correlation between albumin levels and salivary adiponectin pre-surgery, nor 6 months or 12 months after surgery. Weight loss was not improved by low-grade inflammation in bariatric patients, since albumin levels were similar between periods. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that is modulated by several factors, among which adiponectin plays an important role for the treatment of periodontal disease.

Serum and salivary adipokines in type 2 diabetes – Results of a pilot study in India

Background and aimsAssociation of serum and salivary adiponectin, apelin, visfatin and vaspin were studied in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among Asian Indians. Their concentrations in periodontitis were also studied. MethodsIn this cross-sectional analysis, men and women aged ≥35 years, with no history of diabetes, were screened for ≥3 risk factors for T2DM (n = 615). Eligible persons underwent a 75 gm oral glucose tolerance test and were categorized as Group A (Normal and Impaired Glucose Tolerant, n = 65) and Group B (Incident T2DM, n = 25). Screening for periodontitis was done. Saliva samples were collected in the morning. Participants refrained from food intake for about 2 hours prior to collection . Serum and saliva were stored for analysis. ResultsSerum adiponectin was low (p = 0.006) in T2DM and correlated with its salivary levels (r = 0.46, p < 0.001). Serum apelin levels were similar, but salivary concentrations were higher (p = 0.014) in T2DM. Higher serum (p = 0.016) and salivary (p = 0.03) visfatin levels were seen in T2DM. Vaspin levels showed no significant difference in the two groups, either in blood or saliva. Serum adipokines did not differ in the presence of periodontitis. In saliva, higher vaspin (p = 0.034) and lower visfatin (p = 0.018) concentrations were observed. ConclusionsThe selected adipokines were measurable in saliva, in lower concentrations. Salivary adiponectin and visfatin measurements may be useful in studies on T2DM.

Escalating Risk of Metabolic Syndrome Imparted by Salivary Biomarker in Obese Children

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a progressive loss of ß-cell function relative to insulin resistance. Once thought to be an adult disease, T2D has emerged as an increasingly prevalent health concern in obese youth, suggesting that early identification of those who are at high-risk for T2D is critical. Traditionally, either fasting glucose and/or 2-hr glucose concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test has been used to identify prediabetes (i.e., intermediate stage of T2D). However, the fact that multiple blood collections are required during the test hinders necessary screening of high-risk youth with obesity and metabolic syndrome, primarily due to the invasive methods (i.e., fear of needles). For this reason, there is increasing interest in salivary biomarkers that can identify metabolic abnormalities. Goodson et al. provided critical evidence for future use of salivary samples for T2D risk detection as investigating saliva-based inflammatory biomarkers in an at-risk population of children. A total of 744 children (mean age 11 years) were divided into 4 groups based on their weight status using the age- and sex-standardized BMI z-score: underweight, normal healthy weight, overweight, and obese (n=186 for each group). Fasting saliva samples were collected from all participants to examine 20 biomarkers and the biomarkers were analyzed on a Luminex 200 platform (Luminex Corporation, Austin, TX, USA). Of the 20 biomarkers tested, 16 showed no significant differences between obese and normal weight subjects. However, 4 biomarkers did show significant differences between obese and normal weight subjects. Salivary C-reactive protein (CRP), a pro-inflammatory biomarker, was 6 times higher in obese youth compared with their normal weight peers (median 435 pg/ml vs. 76 pg/ml, P&lt;0.0001) (Table 1). Salivary insulin and leptin showed a 3-fold increase in obese children compared with their normal weight counterparts. Salivary adiponectin (anti-inflammatory biomarker and indicator of insulin sensitivity) concentration was 30% lower in overweight (median 2,981 pg/mL) and obese (2,798 pg/mL) youth compared with normal weight (4,083 pg/ml, P&lt;0.0001) (Table 1). Biomarkers provide essential information for understanding the etiology of diseases, treatment, and early intervention. Saliva sampling has been introduced into research as a potential indicator of T2D risk and correlations between serum and saliva samples have been identified. In this study, 4 biomarkers were identified that exhibit significant change with increasing body weight in a pediatric population (Goodson et al., 2014). This suggests that saliva could be a useful blood replacement for the study of metabolic complications of obesity in children. In the face of COVID-19, this study is especially important in bringing awareness to the possible use of salivary biomarkers in determining potential risk for T2D and metabolic syndrome. With the limited in-person human research available currently, a new non-invasive, cost-effective, time-saving method is of the utmost importance in addition to the fact that at-home saliva collection is feasible for the research purpose (https://salimetrics.com/how-do-i-collect-saliva/). Although Goodson et al. proved the utility of the saliva analysis for T2D risk, a lack of validation data against blood samples is considered significant obstacle for a solid conclusion from this study. The saliva samples need to be compared to their respective blood samples in order to validate its reliability as novel biomarker. Furthermore, it would be germane to see if salivary biomarkers can be used for testing effectiveness of any prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and T2D in youth populations.

Assessment of serum and salivary adiponectin levels in newly diagnosed Type II diabetes mellitus patients.

Background:Adiponectin, an adipocytokine, plays an important role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in obese and cardiovascular disease patients, with few studies having observed low plasma concentrations. Persistent low-grade inflammation, an important feature in T2DM and obesity, bears an indirect influence on insulin resistance and insulin secretion and is reflected by increased plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Thus, low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, adiponectin, depicts that inflammation could be the link between T2DM, obesity and adiponectin. Since these factors need to be explored to prevent or adequately treat T2DM, especially among Indian diabetics, this study was undertaken. Also of interest was to assess its salivary concentrations.Aim:This study aimed to assess serum and salivary adiponectin levels in newly diagnosed T2DM individuals along with postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and high-sensitivity-CRP (hs-CRP).Materials and Methods:Serum and salivary levels of adiponectin, PPBS, HbA1c and hs-CRP were assessed in 30 newly diagnosed T2DM (Group I) individuals and compared with 30 healthy individuals (Group II, healthy control). Glucose oxidase peroxidase, automatic analyzer, turbidimetric immunoassay and ELISA methods were adopted for PPBS, HbA1c, hs-CRP and adiponectin estimation.Results:Statistically significant decrease in mean serum (16.93 ± 3.86) and salivary (24.96 ± 8.21) adiponectin levels, were observed in Group I compared to Group II individuals with a p value of 0.00 and 0.04 respectively. In Group I individuals a significant p value of 0.02 was noted only between salivary adiponectin and PPBS. None of the other parameters correlated significantly with serum adiponectin levels.Conclusion:Decreased serum and salivary adiponectin levels in T2DM furthered the importance of its role in Indian T2DM. Decreased salivary adiponectin levels probably reflected salivary hypofunction. This being the preliminary study in saliva, more studies are required to emphasize its role both as a diagnostic marker and as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in T2DM.

Salivary amylase and adiponectin as potential non-invasive markers of glycaemic control in Malaysian type 2 diabetes mellitus participants

Salivary amylase and adiponectin as potential non-invasive markers of glycaemic control in Malaysian type 2 diabetes mellitus participants

Serum and salivary adiponectin dynamics in septic and non-septic systemic inflammation in a canine model

Adiponectin is a 30 kDa protein hormone that has anti-atherogenic properties, being an insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory molecule. Salivary adiponectin concentrations correlate positively with serum, thus, saliva was indicated as appropriate biofluid for its measurement in different clinical situations. However, inflammation was indicated as main confounding factor when evaluating the usefulness and the reliability of determination of salivary adiponectin. The aim of the present report was to evaluate the dynamics of salivary and serum adiponectin in systemic non-septic and septic inflammation using a dogs as a model. Forty bitches were enrolled. Seventeen dogs were healthy (group I, non-septic) and 23 bitches were diagnosed with pyometra (group II, septic). Ovariohysterectomy was performed for all animals. Saliva and blood samples were collected before (D0) and 3 (D3) and 10 (D10) days after ovariohysterectomy. At D0, Group I showed higher serum and salivary adiponectin than group II, although statistical significance was only detected in salivary adiponectin between the two groups at D0 (P = 0.001). In serum, adiponectin was higher on D0 than on D3 and tended to reach pre-surgery values on D10 in both groups. Salivary adiponectin showed similar behaviour to serum in Group I, while in group II salivary adiponectin concentrations were lowest on D0 and tended to increase on D3 and D10. The data obtained in present study describe for the first time the comparative behavior of salivary adiponectin in non-septic and septic inflammation. Salivary, and not serum, adiponectin seemed to mimic better the inflammatory and general health status.

Taste Receptor Cells in Mice Express Receptors for the Hormone Adiponectin.

The metabolic hormone adiponectin is secreted into the circulation by adipocytes and mediates key biological functions, including insulin sensitivity, adipocyte development, and fatty acid oxidation. Adiponectin is also abundant in saliva, where its functions are poorly understood. Here we report that murine taste receptor cells (TRCs) express specific adiponectin receptors and may be a target for salivary adiponectin. This is supported by the presence of all three known adiponectin receptors in transcriptomic data obtained by RNA-seq analysis of purified circumvallate (CV) taste buds. As well, immunohistochemical analysis of murine CV papillae showed that two adiponectin receptors, ADIPOR1 and T-cadherin, are localized to subsets of TRCs. Immunofluorescence for T-cadherin was primarily co-localized with the Type 2 TRC marker phospholipase C β2, suggesting that adiponectin signaling could impact sweet, bitter, or umami taste signaling. However, adiponectin null mice showed no differences in behavioral lick responsiveness compared with wild-type controls in brief-access lick testing. AAV-mediated overexpression of adiponectin in the salivary glands of adiponectin null mice did result in a small but significant increase in behavioral lick responsiveness to the fat emulsion Intralipid. Together, these results suggest that salivary adiponectin can affect TRC function, although its impact on taste responsiveness and peripheral taste coding remains unclear.

Does metabolic control affect salivary adipokines in type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Adipokines produced by adipose tissue initiate pro-inflammatory events and contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the metabolic status on the level of salivary adipokines in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. A total of 239 individuals, including 161 T2DM patients and 78 healthy (H) controls, participated in the study. The metabolic control status was evaluated in each person. Periodontal measurements were recorded. Periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA), periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) and the total dental index (TDI) were calculated. The salivary adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and vaspin levels were determined. The T2DM patients had higher periodontal parameters and adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-6, and vaspin levels as compared with the H controls (p < 0.05). As the metabolic control worsened, periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) increased. When covariates (age, gender, body mass index - BMI, education level, smoking, dental visit and tooth brushing frequency) were adjusted, only the TNF-α and vaspin levels were significantly higher in the T2DM patients (p < 0.05). In the T2DM patients, positive correlations were found between the TNF-α level and the percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP%), PPD, PESA, and PISA, and between the adiponectin level and PISA. Moreover, there was a negative relationship between the salivary volume and TDI. While the correlations IL-6-TNF-α, vaspin-triglycerides and vaspin-tooth brushing frequency were positive, the statistically significant associations vaspin-IL-6 and vaspin-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were negative (p < 0.05). The severity of periodontal disease increases as the metabolic control status worsens. The levels of salivary adipokines were changed by T2DM, while being independent from the metabolic control.

Associations of salivary adiponectin and body fat percentage to depression, anxiety and stress

Associations of salivary adiponectin and body fat percentage to depression, anxiety and stress

Salivary adiponectin, but not adenosine deaminase, correlates with clinical signs in women with Sjögren's syndrome: a pilot study.

To evaluate salivary adiponectin and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in women suffering from Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Salivary adiponectin and ADA were measured in patients with SS (n = 17) and compared to their values in healthy controls (n = 13) and patients suffering from drug-induced xerostomia (non-SS sicca group; n = 19). A clinical history was made for each patient, patients were examined clinically, and xerostomia inventory (XI) was performed. Salivary adiponectin corrected by total protein was higher in patients with SS than in healthy individuals (P < 0.05) or patients with non-SS sicca (P < 0.01) and correlated with XI (r = 0.555; P < 0.05). Salivary ADA was higher in patients with SS and non-SS sicca compared to controls (P < 0.05 in both cases). The results of the present study indicate that adiponectin and ADA are increased in the saliva of patients with SS. Salivary adiponectin corrected by total protein can be a potential biomarker of SS. NCT03156569.

Salivary Adiponectin and Leptin Levels are Increased in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Gingival Inflammation.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance with first onset or diagnosis in pregnancy. This study evaluated clinical and biochemical parameters in a possible association between GDM and gingival inflammation. A total of 87 pregnant women - 44 with GDM and 43 without (NGDM) - were included. Subgroups were created according to gingival inflammation. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were recorded. Age, anthropometric variables and baby weight (g) were all statistically significantly higher in the GDM group (p < 0.0001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), saliva, serum leptin and adiponectin levels were similar in the GDM and NGDM groups (p = 0.605, p = 0.662, p = 0.737, and p = 0.596, respectively). Salivary adiponectin levels were statistically significantly higher in the two subgroups with gingivitis compared to those with clinically healthy periodontium (p < 0.01). Serum adiponectin levels were statistically significantly higher in the NGDM subgroup with gingivitis than the NGDM group with clinically healthy periodontium (p < 0.05). Statistically significant positive correlations were found between PD, PI, BOP and saliva adiponectin levels in the GDM group (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were also found between clinical periodontal parameters and saliva, serum levels of adiponectin in the control group without GDM (p < 0.05). The higher salivary adiponectin levels in the gingivitis groups suggest that gingival inflammation is more likely to influence local inflammatory parameters both in the presence and absence of GDM. Further larger-scale studies are required to better clarify the possible interactions between gingival inflammation and GDM.

Salivary adiponectin concentration in healthy adult males in relation to anthropometric measures and fat distribution.

Body fat content, fat distribution, and adiponectin level are important variables in the development of obesity related complications. Anthropometric indices may provide an economic and faster method in measuring the risk for complications through their predictive effect of fat distribution and adiponectin concentration. We aimed to determine, which of the waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) may be the best predictor for the total fat percentage (WF), visceral fat level (VF), and subcutaneous whole-body fat (SCWBF). We aimed also to investigate the potential use of the anthropometric measures and fat distribution as predictors for the salivary adiponectin level in the healthy adult males. A total of 88 adult males aged between 18-25 years with a wide range of BMI were studied. Anthropometric indices were measured using standardized methods and salivary adiponectin level was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In path analysis of the Structural Equation Model (SEM) using IBM@SPSS AMOS, version22, BMI and WC, but not WHR, were strong predictors for WF and SCWBF (p<0.05). BMI but not WC was a strong predictor for VF (p<0.001). WF was strong predictor for SCWBF (p<0.001), but not for VF. BMI, WC, WHR, WF, VF, and SCWBF were poor predictors of the salivary adiponectin level. BMI is the best predictor for the total body fat and fat distribution. However, WHR seems to be of a little value and the salivary adiponectin level independent of BMI and body fat in healthy adult Malay males.

Relationship between salivary adiponectin, IGF-1, obesity and breast cancer

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if adiponectin and IGF-1 salivary concentrations are altered in combination with the presence of obesity and breast cancer. The null hypothesis is that there are no significant adiponectin and IGF-1 concentration alterations secondary to the presence of obesity and/or carcinoma of the breast.Methods: There were two groups of test subjects: healthy controls (n = 20) and individuals diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 20). The two cohorts were further stratified into four groups. These included subjects who are healthy and of normal BMI (n = 10); are healthy but have an elevated BMI (n = 10); have breast cancer and a normal BMI (n = 10); and have cancer and an elevated BMI (n = 10). The presence and concentration of adiponectin and IGF-1 was determined using the ELISA methodology.Results: The investigation revealed a significant increase in mean adiponectin levels in subjects with cancer compared to the controls (t = -2.57; p &lt; .01). Individuals that were diagnosed with breast cancer and were obese exhibited the highest concentrations (F = 5.13; p &lt; .005) of adiponectin. Adiponectin concentrations were also found to be correlated to IGF-I levels (r = 0.05; p &lt; .001).Conclusion: Salivary adiponectin levels were significantly higher among cancer group. There were no significant differences between the cancer and control groups for IGF-I levels.

Adiponectin: Serum-saliva associations and relations with oral and systemic markers of inflammation

This study addresses gaps in our understanding about the validity and utility of using salivary adiponectin to index serum adiponectin levels. Matched blood and saliva samples were collected on a single occasion from healthy adults (n=99; age 18–36 years, 53% male). Serum and saliva was assayed for adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα), and saliva was also assayed for markers of blood contamination (transferrin), total protein (salivary flow rate) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). We examined the extent to which salivary adiponectin was associated with serum adiponectin, and the influence of potential confounders on the serum-saliva correlation, including age, sex, body mass index, and markers of inflammation, oral health, salivary blood contamination, and flow rate. Findings revealed a modest serum-saliva association for adiponectin, and strong positive associations between salivary adiponectin and salivary levels of inflammatory cytokines, MMP-8, transferrin, and total protein. By contrast, salivary adiponectin was not related to serum levels of inflammatory activity. The magnitude of the serum-saliva association was strengthened when controlling for total protein in saliva, blood leakage into oral fluid, salivary inflammatory cytokines, and MMP-8. The pattern of findings extends our understanding of salivary adiponectin and its potential use as an index of circulating adiponectin levels.

Salivary and serum adiponectin and C‐reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health

Adiponectin is produced by adipose cells and is considered an anti-inflammatory molecule. In contrast, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation and used as a risk marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of interest was the relationship of these two biomarkers to oral health and CVD risk. This investigation examined these two molecules in serum and unstimulated whole saliva of patients within 48 h of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to control subjects. We hypothesized a differential response in these biomolecules resulting from the heart attack that would be affected by both the body mass index and oral health characteristics of the individuals. Significantly lower adiponectin levels were observed in the serum of patients with AMI. Serum adiponectin in both groups and salivary adiponectin in patients with AMI decreased with increasing body mass index. Oral health was significantly worse in patients with AMI, and both serum and salivary adiponectin were elevated with better oral health in control subjects. Serum CRP levels were increased in patients with AMI regardless of their oral health, and both serum and salivary CRP were significantly elevated in S-T wave elevated patients with MI. These initial data provide evidence relating obesity and oral health to salivary and serum analyte levels that occur in association with cardiac events. Relationships have been described between CVD risk and periodontal disease. Additionally, various systemic inflammatory biomarkers appear to reflect both the CVD risk and the extent/severity of periodontitis. Our findings indicated that oral health and obesity contribute to altering levels of these salivary and serum analytes in association with cardiac events. The potential that serum and/or salivary biomarkers could aid in evaluating CVD risk requires knowledge regarding how the oral health of the individual would impact the effectiveness of these biological measures.

Blood Flow Restriction Fails to Alter Adiponectin Response to an Acute Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Session

Blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-intensity resistance training has been shown to improve muscle strength and hypertrophy, providing a potential important training tool for those incapable of completing more intense resistance training. Adiponectin appears to play a role in exercise-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity and inflammatory state, however little is known regarding the effects of BFR and low-intensity resistance training on adiponectin following exercise. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of bilateral BFR on the salivary adiponectin response to a single session of low-intensity leg press exercises. METHODS: Thirteen healthy males and females aged 18-28 yrs completed two low-intensity resistance exercise sessions (control and BFR) in randomized order with 5-7 d between trials following screening and the determination of 1-RM. Blood pressure cuffs were placed in the uppermost potion of each thigh and were inflated just enough to keep them from falling off the legs (control) or to 90 to 100 mm Hg (BFR). The low-intensity resistance exercise session consisted of four sets of leg press (30 reps first set and 15 reps for following three sets) at 30% 1-RM at 30 reps/min with 30 s of rest between each set. Salivary samples were collected from 3-4 h fasted subjects at baseline, immediately after, and 30 min after the end of exercise for the determination adiponectin concentration. RESULTS: Salivary adiponectin concentration did not significantly increase from baseline (4.2 ± 2.0 ng/ml) to post exercise in the control condition (9.4 ± 6.7 and 2.5 ± 0.6 ng/ml, immediately and 30 min post, p > 0.05). While BFR appeared to result in higher salivary adiponectin concentrations after exercise, they did not change significantly from baseline nor were they significantly different from control at corresponding time points (6.9 ± 3.5, 17.4 ± 13.1, and 4.4 ± 2.1 ng/ml, baseline, immediately and 30 min post, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Bilateral BFR combined with low-intensity leg press exercise is not sufficient to produce a significant increase in post exercise salivary adiponectin. Future studies should evaluate whether BFR combined with low-intensity resistance exercise sessions with a greater volume of work have the potential of increasing the adiponectin response.

Evaluation of salivary adiponectin profile in obese patients

Obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease significantly risen worldwide, especially among children. Adipokines, secreted from adipose tissue, are hormones involved in various cellular processes such as energy metabolism and inflammation. Among the others, adiponectin is gaining increasing interest for its insulin-sentitizing, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. This adipokine undergoes different post-translational modifications, after which it circulates as oligomers of high, medium and low molecular weight (HMW, MMW, LMW); HMW are the most biologically active oligomers. Serum adiponectin levels as well as the amount of its oligomers are inversely correlated to BMI and closely associated with obesity and related diseases. In this study, we analyzed total adiponectin expression and its oligomeric profile in saliva samples from 27 obese compared to 27 age- and sex-matched controls. Moreover, we compared adiponectin oligomerization between serum and saliva samples. The analysis of the different adiponectin oligomers reveals a slightly higher expression of total, HMW and LMW salivary adiponectin in obese patients compared to controls. Finally, FPLC analysis evidenced that HMW oligomers in saliva have a higher molecular weight than in serum confirming the presence of more complex oligomers in saliva, previously identified as super HMW (S-HMW). Saliva is considered a potential source of novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of metabolic disorders. The assessment of total adiponectin and its oligomeric profiles in saliva samples may represent a promising biological marker for the analysis of metabolic diseases.

Measurement of salivary adiponectin concentrations in dogs

Measurement of salivary adiponectin could improve understanding of this adipokine's physiology, and its role in various clinical conditions. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the utility of a human adiponectin ELISA kit for measurement of salivary adiponectin in dogs, to compare serum and salivary adiponectin concentrations in a healthy dog population, and to evaluate possible effects of tooth-cleaning on serum and salivary adiponectin concentrations in dogs. For analytical validation, precision, accuracy, and lower limit of quantification of the assay were determined with saliva samples. In addition, adiponectin concentrations were quantified in serum and saliva samples from 24 healthy dogs, and from 7 dogs with mild gingivitis before and after a tooth-cleaning procedure. The validation assays for salivary adiponectin had all coefficients of variation <15%, and recovery ranged from 85% to 120%. In the linearity test, interference was observed when measuring adiponectin in saliva, but this was solved by diluting samples 1:4. In healthy dogs, salivary and serum adiponectin concentrations were positively correlated (r=.650; P=.009). After the tooth-cleaning procedure, salivary adiponectin concentration increased on day 0 (P=.004), but by day 14, concentrations were less than prior to the procedure (P=.041). The human adiponectin ELISA kit can be used for precise and accurate salivary adiponectin measurement in dogs. Salivary adiponectin increased 24hours after tooth-cleaning, possibly due to acute inflammation or adiponectin leakage from the blood after gingival trauma.