Saliva Wash Research Articles

α-Mangostin hydrogel film with chitosan alginate base for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) treatment: study protocol for double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Background: Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is a common ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa which is characterized by pain, and recurrent lesions in the oral cavity. This condition is quite painful, causing difficulty in eating, speaking and swallowing. Topical medications have been used for this condition, but the obstacle in using topical medications is the difficulty of achieving drug effects due to saliva wash out. This problem can be overcome by film hydrogel formulation which can protect the ulcer and reduce the pain to some extent. α-mangostin is a xanthone isolated from the rind of the mangosteen fruit. One of the activities of α-mangostin is anti-inflammatory effects, which operate through the characteristic mechanism of inhibiting the inflammatory response. This protocol study aims to investigate the efficacy of an α-mangostin hydrogel film with a chitosan alginate base for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) in comparison with a placebo over a period of 7days. Study design: This is a two-arm, double blinding, randomized controlled trial enrolling patients with RAS. The efficacy test of α-mangostin Hydrogel Film will be tested against the placebo. Patients with RAS will be allocated randomly into the two arms and the hydrogel film will be administered for 7days. The diameter of ulcer and visual analog scale (VAS) score will be used as the primary efficacy endpoint. The outcome measure will be compared between the two arms at the baseline, day 3, day 5, and at the end of 7days. Discussion: The purpose of this clinical research is to provide scientific evidence on the efficacy of α-mangostin hydrogel film with a chitosan alginate basis in treating recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The trial is expected to improve our capacity to scientifically confirm the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of α-mangostin compounds in a final formulation that is ready to use. Trial registration: NCT06039774 (14 September 2023).

Study of Generation of Singlet Oxygen in Human Saliva <i>in vitro</i> Under the Action of Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Radiation

Background. The development of new laser devices for use in the treatment of complex dental pathology and microsurgery of the oral cavity with unique parameters with the ability to generate nanosecond pulsed radiation in a quasi-monochromatic radiation band is necessary. The high peak output power per pulse allows laser light to penetrate deeper into biological media without significant heating. The possibility of excitation of singlet oxygen without the use of endogenous photosensitizers is an indisputable advantage of such laser generators.
 Aims study of singlet oxygen generation in human oral fluid in vitro depending on the parameters of nanosecond pulsed laser radiation with a wavelength of ~1265 nm.
 Methods. We used a laser device with a main infrared (IR) emitter with a wavelength approximately corresponding to the oxygen absorption maximum (~1265 nm) with the generation of nanosecond pulsed radiation. A study was carried out to study the generation of singlet oxygen in the human oral fluid and the washing out of the oral fluid by the fading of the trap in solutions under the action of laser radiation before irradiation, after 30 and 60 min. The laser radiation parameters were set as follows: power 1 W, nanosecond pulsed radiation with a pulse duration of 400 ns and a frequency of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 MHz in comparison with the continuous radiation mode.
 Results. It has been established that nanosecond laser radiation leads to the oxidation of a chemical singlet oxygen trap solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.05 M SDS) detergent in the oral fluid and saliva flushing from the oral cavity. In pulsed nanosecond modes, laser radiation is more efficient than in continuous mode. With an increase in the repetition frequency, an increase in the effect by an average of 10% compared to a lower frequency was observed and the effect with a maximum frequency of 2.0 MHz was almost 50% higher than when using continuous radiation in all studies. A decrease in optical density at 414 nm was reliably observed in samples with oral fluid washing, the effect was 0.07 0.01 for 60 min of exposure. In the oral fluid, the effect with the same parameters was slightly lower and amounted to 0.05 0.03.
 Conclusions. The rate of fading of the trap in the saliva wash turned out to be 1.3 times faster than in water with detergent, which may indicate the activation of photoacceptors and their oversaturation with oxygen when using aqueous dilution of the oral fluid. The maximum effect was observed when using laser radiation with a pulse repetition rate of 2.0 MHz.

Predictive modeling of phenolic compound release from nanofibers of electrospun networks for application in periodontal disease

Abstract Buccal drug delivery faces hurdles due to a lack of therapeutic efficiency resulting from saliva wash out. To meet this challenge, impregnated nanofibers with pharmaceutical agents could shorten total release duration as a result of higher surface area. Moreover, the electrospinning technique successfully functions in the field of nanofiber fabrication. Hence, in this study, composite nonwoven mesh containing Ziziphus jujuba extract was prepared by electrospinning, and release profile was studied in artificial saliva. The polymers used included chitosan and polyethylene oxide (PEO), which provided the desirable hydrophilicity that is essential for mucoadhesivity. Furthermore, the phenolic compound extracted from a plant namely Z. jujuba was used due to its oral healing effect. Morphology and chemical state of the composite film were also investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. Kinetic release of chitosan-PEO/phenolic compound nanofibers demonstrates a profile of Fickian diffusion dependency that delivered total phenolic ingredients in <75 min. The swelling behavior of composite type confirms Fickian diffusion and anomalous transport as a result of hydrophilic property of produced network and erosion mechanism on release phenomena, respectively. Results showed that impregnated electrospun patches of nanofibers can be promising for developing oral local drug delivery.

フッ化チタンアンモニウム溶液のエナメル質に対するう蝕抑制機序に関する研究

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism by which (NH4) 2TiF6 solution produces its cariostatic effect by means of comparing the artificial caries lesion formation on enamel after treatment with (NH4) 2TiF6 and APF solutions and determing the reaction products after treatment with (NH4) 2TiF6 solution.Human intact enamel was demineralized (Moreno, 1974) after treatment with (NH4) 2TiF6 and APF solution (9000ppmF-, pH 3.4) for 1hr following a synthetic saliva wash (Birkeland, 1973) for 24hr. The artificial caries-like lesions were investigated by polarized light microscopy, contact microradiography, SEM observation, EPMA, and X-ray diffractometry. A polarized light photomicrograph showed that control enamel surfaces had well-developed lesions, whereas the experimental surfaces had smaller lesions. After saliva wash and the formation of caries-like lesions, the SEM image showed that surfaces treated with (NH4) 2TiF6 solution has a tenacious coating. EPMA revealed the distribution of titanium and fluoride in the caries-like lesions of enamel treated with (NH4) 2TiF6 solution.Human enamel powder (passed through 200 mesh) was treated with (NH4) 2TiF6 solution (79.0 and 8.8 mM, pH 3.4) for 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 min. at 37°C. Each solution was filtered and analyzed for calcium, phosphate, titanium and fluoride.Gibbs' free energy was computed with respect to CaF2, Fap and Hap in the experimental solutions. Two mol HClO4 acid-insoluble product was determined with an analytical electron microscope. Organically extructed enamel powder was prepared to investigate the relationship between glaze and organic materials.In the experimental solution (79.0 mM) free F- increased for the first 10 min. and decreased slowly, and Ti4+ decreased for the first 10 min. and then kept almost constant. This result suggests that F- and Ti4+ are disassociated from [TiF6]2-and react with enamel independently. ΔG showed that experimental solutions were supersatulated with respect to CaF2 and Fap but not Hap. Acid-insoluble product, which was not formed in organically extructed enamel, contained titanium and phosphorus.Human enamel treated with (NH4) 2TiF6 solutions formed CaF2, Fap and glaze-like product containing titanium and phosphorus and organic materials. The glaze-like product has strong acid resistance and it may act a major inhibitor of caries formation.

フッ化チタンアンモニウム溶液によるエナメル質の耐酸性について

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of fluoride and titanium uptake in powdered enamel to the acquisition of acid resistance.Experiments were made in vitro by treatment with solution of (NH4) 2 TiF6 (9000 ppm of F, pH 3.4) or APF (acidulated phosphate fluoride solution) for 3 minutes at 37°C with powdered enamel (particle size 70-140 μm), and 24-hour washing with synthetic saliva or 1M KOH solution was used to distinguish the soluble and permanently bound fluoride. Chemical analyses were performed to determine fluoride, titanium, calcium, and phosphorus. Acid solubility of enamel was evaluated to determine the calcium released from powdered enamel into acetate buffer (pH 4.5). The reaction products were identified by X-ray diffractometry.A large amount of fluoride uptake, most of it in the form of CaF2, was found after application of APF. Synthetic saliva or KOH washing removed most of the fluoride from APF treated enamel, but (NH4) 2 TiF 6-treated enamel had lower levels of fluoride uptake and higher retention after both washings. These facts indicated that a higher level of more permanently bound fluoride formed in (NH4) 2 TiF6-treated enamel.Titanium in (NH4) 2 TiF6-treated enamel was resistant to synthetic saliva washing, but the KOH wash caused a partial release of titanium.The acid solubility test of fluoride-treated enamel showed the same degree of acid resistance before and after synthetic saliva wash. However, the KOH wash decreased an acid resistance of both types of fluoride-treated enamel. A decrease of acid resistance in APF-treated enamel may contribute to the release of alkali-soluble fluoride such as CaF2. In the case of (NH4) 2 TiF6, a decrease of acid resistance might be related to the titanium concentration in enamel. The release of fluoride and titanium from (NH4) 2 TiF6-treated enamel into 1MKOH solution suggests a hydrolysis of titaniumfluoride compound, which forms an organometallic bond with the enamel protein called“glaze”, rather than a release of CaF2.As the results, it is suggested that glaze-like substance is soluble in strong alkali such as 1MKOH soluion but stable in acid circumstances, and controls acquisition of acid resistance of powdered enamel.

Fluoride-uptake and fluoride-residual of fluoride-treated human root dentine in vitro determined by chemical, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses

The F concentration of dentine treated with acidulated F was significantly higher compared to that treated with neutral F, but there was no difference between the concentrations remaining after washing. Scanning electron microscopy revealed precipitations which did not disappear following washings with synthetic saliva until almost no fluoride was detected in the saliva wash. In addition to the X-ray reflections of CaF 2, formation of fluorapatite was evident by decrease in the a parameter of the hydroxyapatite phase. Intensive washing of the F-treated dentine with synthetic saliva ( pH = 7.4−7.5) led to a reappearance of hydroxyapatite probably mixed with (Cl.OH)-apatite.