Salient Reasons Research Articles

Influences on the Decision to Euthanize a Compromised Pig.

The decision to euthanize a compromised pig can be challenging for pig farmers and veterinarians. To understand more about the challenges in Germany, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted. Based on a hybrid design, the responses of 39 veterinarians and 62 pig farmers were analyzed to generate a list of common clinical signs associated with the euthanasia of sows, fatteners, and piglets. Moreover, a set of influences on the farm, due to economic and personal considerations, were found to shape the decision-making process. The two most salient reasons outlined for the delay of timely euthanasia were uncertainty and misinterpretation of the chance for healing. The lack of valid clinical signs or a sound justification was most frequently mentioned as a challenge to the general decision-making process. In summation, this study highlights the need to generate a valid taxonomy for clinical signs that includes their development in a compromised pig over time. Future studies should elaborate on the justification of euthanasia decisions to facilitate the resolution of ethical dilemmas among the involved pig farmers and veterinarians. Lastly, the results suggest that clinical reasoning and consultation skills should be included when decision-making behavior is to be trained.

Identification and prioritization of risks for new entrants in automobile sector using Monte Carlo based approach

The automotive industry serves as a crucial support system for the economies of industrialized nations in their pursuit of international market competitiveness. Despite this industry's importance, most developing countries face the challenge of acquiring a reasonable economic position at the global level in the automotive sector for various reasons. The most salient reasons include inconsistent government policies, multiple taxes, investor insecurity, political instability, and currency devaluation. Identifying risks is crucial for a new entrant in the already-established automotive industry. The researchers have used multiple (qualitative and quantitative) techniques to identify and prioritize risks in setting up manufacturing plants. The efforts to tackle these identified risks are undertaken at the domestic and government levels to smoothen the establishment of industry. The risks are first identified, in the current study, by reviewing the previous literature and conducting interviews of the various stakeholders (automotive dealers, managers, and customers). Then this study uses Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach and develops a risk exposure (high, medium, or low) matrix for the automotive industry of Pakistan. The findings reveal that the depreciation of local currency against the foreign exchange, oligopoly nature of competition, and low market acceptability of new entrants due to their products' image are the most critical risks the automobile industry faces. These findings will help automotive research institutes in developing national policies that specifically aim to support new players in the automotive industry, particularly in addressing high-priority hazards. The results may also provide valuable insights for new participants seeking to identify and address the key challenges in the Pakistani automotive industry before entering it.

Exploring Volunteer Turnover Reasons, Intentions, and Behavior

Volunteer involving organizations (VIOs) play a vital role in many societies. Yet, turnover among volunteers remains a persistent struggle and VIOs still do not have a good understanding of why volunteers leave. In response, we employed a mixed-methods approach to explore why volunteers consider leaving. By coding textual responses of Australian State Emergency Services and Scouting volunteers ( n = 252 and 2235) on an annual engagement survey, we found seven overarching reasons to consider leaving these VIOs: Conflict, high demands and/or low resources, lack of fit, lack of inclusion, personal commitments and circumstances, poor communication and organizational practices, and poor leadership. When contrasted to the reasons that employees leave organizations for, the lack of inclusion and poor communication and organizational practices seem to be uniquely salient reasons that volunteers consider leaving for. Subsequently, guided by the Proximal Withdrawal States theory and using quantitative data from the Scouts sample, we investigated how reasons to consider turnover can predict turnover intentions and turnover behavior. First, volunteers in different withdrawal states cited different potential turnover reasons. For example, volunteers who ‘wanted to stay, but felt they had to leave’ cited personal commitments and circumstances more frequently than those in different withdrawal states. Second, we found that reasons to consider turnover explained little variance in turnover behavior one year later.

Computational and Problem-Solving Skills in Mathematics of AIMS Students

Life is an arena of problems. A human child has to meet and solve problems as he grows; problems on his physical surroundings, his intellectual associations, and in his social contacts. These dilemmas grow in number and complexity as we age. His success in life is, in large measure, determined by the capacity and competence to solve them. Mathematics is a subject of problems and studying Mathematics is different from studying other subjects because it is learned by doing and solving boundless problems. For this reason, the efficiency and ability in solving problems are guarantees for success in learning this kind of subject. The researchers, being Mathematics instructors, observed that the students find difficulty in solving Mathematics problems. The researchers generally identified the salient reasons for this kind of conflict namely: poor background in algebra, poor verbal and contextual understanding, and poor logical ability. Conclusively, a direct relationship can be inferred between the problem-solving skills of students and the salient factors affecting the specified ability. From this observation, the researchers want to conduct an immediate action in order to quench this growing phenomenon. Seventy-five (75) or 63.0% of the respondents are graduates of private schools while 44 or 37.0% are graduates of public schools. On computational skills, the respondents can perform the four basic operations in real numbers, apply the properties of equalities of real numbers as well and derive formulas from a given equation. On problem solving skills, the result indicates that respondents are not good in problem solving which involves plane and solid figure. Recommendations were arrived at to enhance the computational and problem-solving skills of the students.

Epistemic Arguments for a Democratic Right to Silence

Abstract While much ink has been spilt over the political importance of speech, much less has been dedicated to the political importance of silence. This article seeks to fill that gap. We propose the need for a robust, democratic right to silence in public life and argue that there are politically salient epistemic reasons for recognising that right. We begin by defining what silence is and what a robust right to silence entails. We then argue that the right to silence offers two politically salient epistemic benefits. The first is that, if the right to silence is maintained, we can avoid the epistemic harm that may be caused when an individual is compelled to lie in public. The second is that the right to silence can protect marginalised individuals against the epistemic injustices that may arise when others are likely to misconstrue their speech.

Permanent or temporary homes?

Abstract Questions surrounding mobility and migration are often connected to matters of language, citizenship, socio-economic status and class that are inherently unequal between developed and less-developed nation states. Scholars of geography and demographics have conceptualized both internal and external/international migration with “push” and “pull” factors as salient reasons for mobility. Traditional causes of external migration and so-called “push factors” include conflict, natural disaster, economic collapse, war, and transformations of socio-political systems as well as more promising employment options and decent incomes as contributing factors to external migration (Gonçalves & Schluter, 2020, p. 3). Such “forced moves” affect largely disadvantaged populations that are at risk (i.e. asylum seekers, refugees, victims of human trafficking) (Castles, 2003). For individuals engaging in lifestyle migration and lifestyle mobilities and considered voluntary migration, their life circumstances are extremely different in that they are often equipped with “privileged preconditions” (Mancinelli, 2020, p. 419) as “nomads from affluence” (Cohen, 1973) including for the most part, education, specialized skills, high standards of living and favorable visa regimes of their home countries (primarily in the West). These factors facilitate a range of choices in terms of where they travel to (i.e. place), also known as network capital, the kind of work they engage in and the rate of their mobility. Based on years of ethnographic work, in this paper, we investigate the different dimensions and discourses of lifestyle migration and lifestyle mobilities, both of which we argue presents a new trajectory and venue to explore within the field of migration linguistics (Borlongan, 2023). By focusing on two different case studies within Norway, we also draw on the notion of mediational repertoires (Lexander & Androutsopolous, 2021) as part of the communicative ecology in which jobs are found and where communication takes place among different types of migrants and their new permanent or temporary homes.

Sexual Consent and Epistemic Partiality in Rape Fact-Finding

Feminist legal theory has contested rape laws and notions of sexual consent to better reflect the experiences of survivors and address power distortions in legal frameworks that perpetuate women’s subordination. In this paper, I explore an alternative form of criticism to consent-based rape laws and biases within legal systems. I argue that the justifications that are used to select and weigh evidence in rape cases are epistemically suspect because of the unreliability of their epistemic sources. My argument, building on radical realist social analysis in political theory, aims to unveil an epistemic defect in rape evidentiary procedures, which I call epistemic partiality. I suggest that this epistemic defect brings salient reasons to challenge rape laws based on ideals of consent. I hope to show that a radical realist approach may bring reasons to challenge rape laws and flaws in evidentiary systems without the need to centrally agree with or rely on feminist commitments and political goals. This type of criticism may effectively bypass certain limitations of feminist theory and potentially add to discussions focused on power distortions within legal systems.

Why Turkish Parents Refuse Childhood Vaccination? A Qualitative Study.

Anti-vaccination is spreading among parents. In 2017, 23000 families in Turkey refused vaccinations for their children. Meanwhile an increase in infectious diseases was observed, which might be caused by vaccination rejection. The reasons why families do not vaccinate their children may be very different, such as side effects, or advocation for "healthy life" by gurus. However, the real reasons for vaccine refusal are unknown. Our aim is to determine the reasons for anti-vaccination in Turkey. In order to reveal the real reasons for not taking the vaccine, we planned to conduct interviews with the representatives of the vaccine rejection group using qualitative research methodology with the "grounded theory" method. We searched some anti-vaccination blogs to find candidates for interviews. Within the scope of our study, parental concerns about vaccinations were classified by analyzing the data obtained from semi-structured questions and interviews recorded with voice recorders in face-to-face interviews with 21 parents in 13 cities of Turkey. The obtained findings were classified under the headings of ''mistrust'', ''vaccine efficacy-importance'', ''decision-making processes - bases'', and ''law-ethics''. Mistrust was the main theme, almost singularly, as the most important reason for vaccine rejection. The salient reasons for mistrusts were: Companies which produce vaccines especially international companies because of conspiratory beliefs; health authorities, because of the belief about non-transparency in epidemiologic data, immunization council etc. and healthcare professionals, because of their non-communicative and non-concerned attitude. Mistrust is hard to overcome. The beliefs of the patients cannot be easily changed. As a result of our study, we made some recommendations for health authorities, healthcare professionals, companies and other related stakeholders.

Understanding Latinx Child Farmworkers' Reasons for Working: A Mixed Methods Approach.

Agricultural labor is extremely hazardous, yet young children are legally permitted to work on farms. This paper contextualizes and describes Latinx hired child farmworkers’ stated reasons for working. We conducted a mixed-methods study using in-depth interviews ( n = 30) and survey interviews ( n = 202) with Latinx child farmworkers aged 10 to 17 in North Carolina. Our qualitative thematic analysis identified children’s salient reasons for working, including supporting family, contextual factors that lead to farm work, and occupying summer time. Statistical analysis showed that children’s primary reasons for working included buying clothes (91.1%) and school supplies (64.7%), with few differences by gender, age, or other characteristics. The findings demonstrate that most Latinx children view farm work as a necessary but temporary experience that financially supports their families. We discuss the implications for protecting Latinx child workers by reducing their structural vulnerability in order to facilitate healthy development.

Covid-19 And Chinese Reaction To African Migrants

Coronovairus, also known as COVID-19 is an infectious disease ravaging lives across the world. This paper is an examination of Chinese relationship with African migrants during COVID-19 pandemic. It examines the relationship between Chinese and Africans amid the lockdown and as well investigates Chinese-African co-existence before the outbreak of the virus. The study derives its data majorly from documentaries which are subjected to internal and external criticisms for authorization. It was realized in this study that despite the invitation extended to Chinese doctors to assist Nigeria, and bilateral relations between China and African countries, African residents in China were maltreated and denied privileges. The implications of these on African-Chinese relations are increased in incoherent interconnectedness and fragile Chinese investors in African countries which are partly, some of the salient reasons for setback for emerging co-existence and economic ties between African countries and China after independence.

DELAYING CHILDBEARING TO BECOME A DOCTOR: AN EXPLORATION OF MEDICAL STUDENT FAMILY PLANNING GOALS AND KNOWLEDGE OF FERTILITY PRESERVATION OPTIONS

Women pursuing medical education delay child-bearing for many reasons, with career being one of the most salient reasons. Female fecundity declines with age, but the average age of women matriculants to medical school continues to increase. Our study investigated the reproductive goals of medical students and their knowledge and attitudes regarding fertility preservation options.

A Novel Module Based Method of Teaching Electrocardiogram Interpretation for Emergency Medicine Residents.

A Novel Module Based Method of Teaching Electrocardiogram Interpretation for Emergency Medicine Residents.

Exploring the significance of Indian logic in overcoming contemporary limitations in the Indian education system

ABSTRACT Recent studies indicate the hardship of the current education system in endowing students with appropriate skills to understand and critically view information. Indian studies have similarly criticized the Indian education system for failing to help students learn and comprehend the school curriculum. Indian logic critically enquires the validity of knowledge based on proof and allows one to objectively arrive at a conclusion – reflecting essential critical thinking abilities that are missing in the contemporary education scenario. Hence, the current research attempts to study the limitations of the education system and to explore the significance of introducing Indian logic to ameliorate its distressing condition. The present research adopts a grounded theory approach while employing the method of secondary analysis of qualitative data. It helps identify the salient reasons for the qualitative decline of the existing education system and of those constructs rooted in Indian tradition which may help in resolving the same.

Making the Jump: What Led Agriscience Teachers to Adopt Agriscience Research SAEs?

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors, attitudes, and beliefs that led secondary schoolbased agricultural education (SBAE) teachers to adopt agriscience research Supervised Agricultural Experiences (SAEs) into their programs. Nine current SBAE teachers from North Dakota participated in semi-structured interviews regarding their experiences with agriscience research SAEs. The interviews were subjected to two rounds of coding and were collapsed into themes during a third round of analysis. A myriad of experiences, beliefs, and factors contributed to teachers’ decisions to adopt agriscience research SAEs into their programs. However, the most salient reasons were compatibility with the overall goals of the school district, a commitment to whole-student development, teacher ability and support, multitasking behavior, extensive teacher planning and student support, and positive student buy-in. Though the unique experiences of the participants are not generalizable beyond the present study, we offer recommendations for teacher educators, state staff, and teacher leaders regarding the further adoption and integration of agriscience research SAEs into SBAE programs nationwide.

Outstanding students volunteering during covid-19: comparative research among several Israeli colleges

Voluntarily work is very significant. Due to the significance of such work, the researchers explored the attitudes of outstanding students at the Arab Academic College for Education in Israel and students at other colleges in Israel towards voluntarily work during the COVID-19 crisis. Students filled in two scales. The first scale included 34 items. It collected data on the motives of volunteering. The second scale involved 10 items. It collected data about the benefits of volunteering in the future. The researchers used quantitative research methods. Data were collected from 100 students. The researchers used descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results indicate that there is a correlation between the feelings of outstanding students at the Arab college and other excellent students in other colleges; they feel that by volunteering they express their values and talents, and that they are granted independency in making decisions and salient reasons for volunteering: creating a better society, meeting the expectations of the programme coordinator, feeling good, volunteering in a field in which they will closely engage in the future and identifying the goals of the programme and the project in which they are participating.
 Keywords: Volunteering, outstanding students, Arab Academic College for Education, COVID-19

Making the Jump: What Led Agriscience Teachers to Adopt Agriscience Research SAEs?

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors, attitudes, and beliefs that led secondary schoolbased agricultural education (SBAE) teachers to adopt agriscience research Supervised Agricultural Experiences (SAEs) into their programs. Nine current SBAE teachers from North Dakota participated in semi-structured interviews regarding their experiences with agriscience research SAEs. The interviews were subjected to two rounds of coding and were collapsed into themes during a third round of analysis. A myriad of experiences, beliefs, and factors contributed to teachers’ decisions to adopt agriscience research SAEs into their programs. However, the most salient reasons were compatibility with the overall goals of the school district, a commitment to whole student development, teacher ability and support, multitasking behavior, extensive teacher planning and student support, and positive student buy-in. Though the unique experiences of the participants are not generalizable beyond the present study, we offer recommendations for teacher educators, state staff, and teacher leaders regarding the further adoption and integration of agriscience research SAEs into SBAE programs nationwide.

Why it is Not Unreasonable to Fear Terrorism

The fear of terrorism is repeatedly scolded. A common claim is that since we are far more likely to be killed in some road or household accident than in a terror attack, the concern with the latter is unreasonably exaggerated. I argue that terrorism’s relatively limited death toll need not mean that fearing it is unreasonable, nor does it immediately imply that counter-terrorism policies are unjustified – whatever other, legitimate concerns these policies give rise to. First, in the special case of terrorism, it is misleading to focus on risk per capita, as critics typically do. Unlike some other hazards, the fact that an individual person is unlikely to be affected is not necessarily due to a diminished potential on the side of the terrorists. Rather, it may simply reflect the less important fact that the number of victims is expected to be small relative to the size of the population. Second, while terrorism has a probabilistic component which should be relevant to decision-making, risk is not entirely or even primarily what terrorism is all about. There are salient moral reasons for being concerned with terror – reasons that are irrelevant in the case of traffic- or household accidents. Third, I argue that fearing terrorism may be reasonable even while recognizing the small probability of personal harm. Due to terrorism’s random character, the belief that one will escape harm rests on little more than statistical evidence. As I explain, this evidence leaves room for reasonable doubt, which renders at least some level of fear reasonable as well. Please note: The reference list on the abstract page for this paper is automatically generated by a beta feature and may thus contain errors and omissions. Please consult the PDF version of the paper for complete and authoritative reference information.

Terrorist campaigns and the growth of the Muslim population

AbstractThe world population of Muslims has increased exponentially in the past decade. Why is the world's Muslim population growing so quickly? This study offers a new theoretical perspective: the growth of the worldwide Muslim population is a result of a series of terrorist campaigns that inspire non-Muslims to convert to Islam. For empirical testing, this study employs a cross-national, time-series analysis of 152 countries from 1970 to 2007. Although there is lack of data on conversions that follow terrorist campaigns for a direct test of the theory, this study finds a correlation between terrorist attacks and growth of the Muslim population. This finding is robust and consistent even after controlling for salient demographic reasons for growth, such as the level of fertility and immigration.

Volunteer choice of nonprofit organisation: an integrated framework

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how volunteers choose one nonprofit organisation (NPO) rather than another. It identifies the drivers of choice, and the relationship between them, to enable NPOs to strengthen their volunteer recruitment.Design/methodology/approachA total of 51 service-delivery volunteers were interviewed, drawn from 5 leading NPOs. A laddering technique was used to understand the context in which the choice of organisation was made and the underlying personal needs and goals. The data was analysed using means-end chain (MEC) methodology to uncover the relationships between, and hierarchy of, the decision drivers.FindingsBrand, cause, and role were found to be important in meeting personal needs and goals through volunteering. The paper makes three contributions. Firstly, it presents a clearer understanding of NPO choice through adopting an integrated theoretical perspective. Secondly, it identifies the decision-making process and key relationships between the attributes of the NPO, the consequences for the volunteer, and the connection to their personal needs. Finally, the study makes an important contribution to literature through presenting a new conceptual framework of volunteer decision-making in the nonprofit context to act as a catalyst for future research.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is both impactful through, and limited by, its context selection: regular service-delivery volunteers from five NPOs within two causes. The paper presents a rich research stream to extend this understanding to other nonprofit stakeholders, other causes including medical volunteer, and smaller NPOs.Practical implicationsIn an increasingly competitive nonprofit environment with a growing need to support the vulnerable in society, NPO sustainability is dependent on their ability to recruit new volunteers. NPOs compete not only with other organisations with similar causes but also those offering similar volunteering roles, and other uses of time to meet personal needs such as sport, career, or community. Understanding how volunteers make their choice of NPO rather than other uses of their time is of vital importance to make the most effective use of scarce marketing resources. This paper contributes to that practitioner understanding.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to extend the understanding of generic motivations of volunteers to consider specific choice of NPO. Unlike previous literature, the authors bring together theory on brand, cause, and role with personal needs. The authors are also the first to apply MEC methodology to the nonprofit context to uncover the personal underlying, less salient reasons behind NPO choice and the relationship between them.

A systematic review of reasons for abstinence from alcohol reported by lifelong abstainers, current abstainers and former problem-drinkers.

Numerous studies have been conducted to assess non-drinkers' reported reasons for abstinence, and this review summarises and compares the reasons for abstinence reported by lifelong abstainers, current abstainers and former problem-drinkers. Based on a search of four computerised databases, we identified 31 relevant studies, each of which included a sample of at least 20 individuals who had been abstinent from alcohol for at least 14 days and reported a numerical summary of participants' self-reported reasons for not drinking. To identify the most salient reasons for abstinence among each group of abstainers, we calculated a z-score to represent the level of endorsement of each reason in each investigation, assigned listed reasons to one of 13 categories, and calculated average z-scores (weighted by study quality ratings) for each of the categories. Having no interest in drinking and disliking the effects of alcohol were the most salient categories of reasons for lifelong abstainers; having no interest in drinking and health reasons were the most salient categories of reasons for current abstainers; and health reasons was the most salient category of reasons for former problem-drinkers. Understanding the reasons that motivate abstinence from alcohol may help refine theoretical explanations of drinking and abstinence. In addition, understanding the reasons that lifelong abstainers report for not beginning to drink, and that current abstainers and former problem-drinkers report for no longer drinking, may help inform interventions designed either to delay the initiation of alcohol use or help individuals stop drinking.